Medical Science I

1. Muscle weakness
Central nervous system and cardiovascular problems
Heart disease
Beri beri
These are the effects having ___________ deficiency.

Thiamine

Cobalamin

Calcium

Pyridoxine

Vitamin B1 defiency- thiamine

Explanation

Vitamin B1 defiency- thiamine

2. What is the clinical use of drug Nifedipine?

Used to lower hypertension

Reduce swelling in the body

Used to treat seizures

Used to avoid nauseated feeling

3. 3 main chronic disease faced by indigenous?

Hypertension, back pain, osteoarthritis

Poisoning, diabetes, stroke

Renal failure, neoplasm, respiratory infections

Cardiovascular, diabetes, renal failure

4. Which of these statements are FALSE about drug Imodium?

Increase density of stools

Reduces the amount of fluid in the stool

Encourages water and electrolytes reabsorption

Slows the rate at which the stomach and oesophagus move

slows the rate at which the stomach and small intestines move (used in diarrhoea not vomiting)

Explanation

slows the rate at which the stomach and small intestines move (used in diarrhoea not vomiting)

5. What is the most common cause of hyperkalaemia?

Metabolic acidosis

Hypoaldosteronism

Renal impairment

Insulin deficiency

6. Which of these values does not exhibit the contraction characteristics of smooth muscles?

Slow

Periodic

Incessant

Protracted

7. Which of these are not retroperitoneal?

Inferior vena cava

Spleen

Ascending colon

Rectum

Descending colon

8. What is the least likely cause of hypokalaemia?

Metabolic alkalosis

Insulin treatment

Loop diuretics

Decreased intake of potassium

9. Adult polycystic kidney disease is a/an ____________ genetic inheritance disease.

Autosomal-dominant

Autosomal-recessive

X-linked recessive

Mitochondrial inheritance

10. Regarding the pancreas...
Pick the wrong match.

It is supplied by both foregut and midgut arteries

The uncinate process is in contact with the spleen

Pancreatic pain may be referred to the back

It is in the posterior wall of the lesser sac

Cancer of the head of the pancreas may block the common bile duct

B. False. The tail is in contact with the spleen; the uncicate process is within the loop of duodenum.

Explanation

B. False. The tail is in contact with the spleen; the uncicate process is within the loop of duodenum.

11. What are the microscopic features of Ulcerative Colitis?

Inflammation protuding all layers

Depletion of mucin from goblet cells

Deep ulcerations

Fistulae

Other than B- are features of Crohn's disease

Explanation

Other than B- are features of Crohn's disease

12. Which of these are not Antigen Presenting Cells?

T-Helper Cells

B-lymphocytes

Dendritic cells

Macrophages

13. What is the treatment of hypovolaemia?

Colloid solution

5% dextrose

0.9% saline

Oral replacement solution

14. The lesser omentum...
Pick the wrong match.

Runs between stomach and liver

Forms the anterior wall of the lesser sac

Is attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach

Is derived from the dorsal mesogastrium

Has a free edge containing the portal vein and common bile duct

D. False. It is derived from the ventral mesogastrium (This is difficult and unimportant.

E. True. It also contains the hepatic artery.

Explanation

D. False. It is derived from the ventral mesogastrium (This is difficult and unimportant.

E. True. It also contains the hepatic artery.

15. Which of these statements are TRUE about erythropoietin?

A glycolipid hormone that stimulates an increase in the production of proerythroblasts

Increase the number of reticulocytes released into the lymphatic system

It is stimulated when a patients has an oxygen saturation of 95%

A glycoprotein hormone produced from the bone marrow

EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production. It is a cytokine for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. Also called hematopoietin or hemopoietin, it is produced by the liver and kidney, and is the hormone that regulates red blood cell production.
Regulation is believed to rely on a feed-back mechanism measuring blood oxygenation. Constitutively synthesized transcription factors for EPO, known as hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs), are hydroxylated and proteosomally digested in the presence of oxygen. (95% O2 Sat= hypoxia)

Explanation

EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production. It is a cytokine for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. Also called hematopoietin or hemopoietin, it is produced by the liver and kidney, and is the hormone that regulates red blood cell production.
Regulation is believed to rely on a feed-back mechanism measuring blood oxygenation. Constitutively synthesized transcription factors for EPO, known as hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs), are hydroxylated and proteosomally digested in the presence of oxygen. (95% O2 Sat= hypoxia)