Pathophysiology-cellular And Humoral Immune Response

Phagocytes are a type of white blood cells that are responsible for engulfing and destroying bacteria, viruses, and dead or injured cells. This process is known as phagocytosis. Therefore, the statement "Phagocytes engulf bacteria, viruses and dead or injured cells" is true. Phagocytes play a crucial role in the immune response by eliminating harmful pathogens and cellular debris from the body.

T lymphocytes, also known as T cells, are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system. They are responsible for recognizing and attacking foreign pathogens in the body. T lymphocytes undergo maturation in the thymus gland, which is located in the upper chest region. The thymus gland is responsible for producing and maturing T cells, allowing them to develop into functional immune cells that can effectively respond to infections and diseases. Therefore, the correct answer is "Thymus."

The correct answer is major histocompatibility complex. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a group of genes that encode proteins on the surface of cells that play a critical role in immune responses. These proteins help the immune system recognize self from non-self and are important for the body's ability to fight off infections and diseases.

The antigens representing "self" are indeed present on an individual's cell membrane. These antigens help the immune system recognize and distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign cells. This is important for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing the immune system from attacking the body's own cells.

All immune cells originate in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is responsible for producing all types of blood cells, including immune cells. These cells then mature and differentiate into various types of immune cells, such as B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells. The bone marrow is a crucial organ in the immune system, as it is the site of production for these important cells that play a vital role in defending the body against pathogens and foreign substances.

Antigens are unique molecules found on the surface of cells that help the immune system recognize whether a cell is "self" or "non-self". Since antigens are determined by an individual's genetic makeup, it is highly unlikely for two individuals (except identical twins) to have identical antigens. Therefore, the statement that it is unlikely for two individuals to have identical antigens is true.

Natural killer lymphocytes are a type of immune cell that play a crucial role in the body's defense against infections and cancer. They are capable of recognizing and destroying foreign cells, such as those from viruses, as well as cancer cells. Therefore, the correct answer is 2, 3, and 4, as natural killer lymphocytes can destroy foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and cancer cells.

Cytotoxic T cells are a type of immune cell that specifically target and destroy virus-infected cells. They recognize antigens presented on the surface of infected cells and release toxic substances to kill them. This response is crucial in eliminating viruses from the body and preventing further spread of infection. Cytotoxic T cells play a vital role in the immune response against viral infections.

The three types of T cells are Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, and Suppressor T cells. Helper T cells are responsible for coordinating the immune response by activating other immune cells. Cytotoxic T cells, also known as killer T cells, directly attack and destroy infected cells. Suppressor T cells regulate the immune response by suppressing the activity of other immune cells, preventing excessive immune reactions. These three types of T cells work together to effectively fight off infections and maintain immune balance in the body.

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The MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) is located on chromosome 6. This means that the genes that encode for the MHC proteins are found on chromosome 6. The MHC plays a crucial role in the immune system, as it is responsible for presenting antigens to T cells and initiating an immune response. The specific location of the MHC on chromosome 6 allows for efficient coordination and regulation of the immune response.

Immune cells, such as white blood cells, undergo maturation in two main locations: the bone marrow and the thymus. The bone marrow is responsible for producing and maturing various types of immune cells, including B cells and some T cells. The thymus, on the other hand, is involved in the maturation of T cells. These two organs play crucial roles in the development and functioning of the immune system.

Chemotactic factors are substances that attract phagocytes to the site of inflammation. These factors are released by damaged cells or by bacteria and other microorganisms present at the site of infection or injury. They act as chemical signals, guiding phagocytes towards the area of inflammation where they are needed to eliminate pathogens and promote tissue repair. By attracting phagocytes, chemotactic factors play a crucial role in the immune response and the resolution of inflammation.

Phagocytes consist of granulocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Granulocytes are a type of white blood cell that contain granules in their cytoplasm and are involved in the immune response. Macrophages are large white blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens and cellular debris. Dendritic cells are a type of antigen-presenting cell that play a key role in initiating and regulating the adaptive immune response. Therefore, the correct answer is 1, 3, 4.

Prostaglandins are a group of lipids that have varying effects on the body. Some prostaglandins can cause inflammation, vasodilation (widening of blood vessels), increased permeability of blood vessels, and pain. These effects are important in various physiological processes such as immune response, blood clotting, and regulation of blood pressure.

Plasma cells develop from B cells and secrete specific antibodies. This means that the correct answer is option 4.

Helper T cells play a crucial role in the immune response. They detect infections and activate other cells of the immune system, preparing them for battle. Additionally, they communicate with B cells and stimulate them to produce antibodies, which are essential for targeting and neutralizing pathogens. Therefore, the correct answer is A and B, as helper T cells both detect infections and instruct B cells to produce antibodies.

MHC molecules have an essential role in the activation and regulation of the immune response. They are also useful in detecting changes in cell membranes altered by viruses or cancerous changes. Additionally, MHC molecules alert the immune system when they detect these changes. They also have an essential role in intercellular communications. Therefore, options 1, 2, 3, and 4 all provide accurate statements about the functions of MHC molecules.

The stages of infectious disease include the peak (clinical) stage, where the disease reaches its highest point of development and symptoms are severe, such as aches, chills, vomiting, etc. The incubation stage is the silent stage where the pathogen has gained entry into the host and starts replicating. The recovery stage is when symptoms have mostly vanished and the pathogen has been mostly eliminated. The prodromal stage is characterized by symptoms like itchy, runny nose, dry eyes, etc.

T lymphocytes, also known as T cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response. They are derived from stem cells, which are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into various types of specialized cells. Stem cells undergo a process called hematopoiesis, where they differentiate into different types of blood cells, including T lymphocytes. This process occurs in the bone marrow and thymus gland, where T cells mature and become fully functional. Therefore, the correct answer is stem cells.