Pathoimmunology Of Airway Diseases (Knoell)
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Pathoimmunology of Airway Diseases (Knoell)
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Which of the following cells of the innate immune system fits the following description: very potent granulocytes, persists in circulation for 8-12 hours, presence in lung, skin, or internal organs is indicative of disease?
- A.
Neutrophils
- B.
Eosinophils
- C.
Mast cells
- D.
Dendritic cell
- E.
Phagocytes
Correct Answer
B. EosinophilsExplanation
Eosinophils are a type of granulocyte that are very potent and persist in circulation for 8-12 hours. Their presence in the lung, skin, or internal organs is indicative of disease. Neutrophils are also granulocytes, but they have a shorter lifespan and are not specifically associated with these locations. Mast cells are not granulocytes and are primarily found in tissues, not in circulation. Dendritic cells are not granulocytes and have a different function in the immune system. Phagocytes is a general term that includes various types of cells, including neutrophils and eosinophils, but it does not specifically fit the given description. Therefore, the correct answer is eosinophils.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which of the following cells are able to: recognize invaders with higher specificity, phagocytose the bacterium, process antigen, and mobilizes to regional lymph nodes to present Ag to lymphocytes?
- A.
Neutrophils
- B.
Eosinophils
- C.
Mast cells
- D.
Dendritic cells
- E.
Phagocytes
Correct Answer
D. Dendritic cellsExplanation
Dendritic cells are able to recognize invaders with higher specificity through their specialized receptors. They can phagocytose the bacterium, meaning they can engulf and destroy it. Dendritic cells also have the ability to process antigens, breaking them down into smaller pieces and presenting them on their cell surface. Finally, dendritic cells can mobilize to regional lymph nodes to present antigens to lymphocytes, which is crucial for initiating an immune response.Rate this question:
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- 3.
The hygiene theory attempts to explain the growing incidence of atopic diseases. Which the following CD4+ t-helper cells must predominate for an atopic disease to develop?
- A.
TH1
- B.
TH2
Correct Answer
B. TH2Explanation
The hygiene theory suggests that the increasing prevalence of atopic diseases can be attributed to a lack of exposure to infectious agents during childhood. According to this theory, when the immune system is not adequately stimulated by pathogens, it becomes more prone to developing allergic reactions. In the context of atopic diseases, TH2 cells are believed to play a predominant role. TH2 cells are responsible for promoting the production of antibodies, specifically IgE, which are involved in allergic responses. Therefore, for an atopic disease to develop, TH2 cells must be more abundant than TH1 cells.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which of the following are NOT a major player in perpetuating tissue damage and inflammation related to asthma?
- A.
Mast cells
- B.
TH1 lymphocytes
- C.
TH2 lymphocytes
- D.
Eosinophils
- E.
Neutrophils
Correct Answer
B. TH1 lymphocytesExplanation
TH1 lymphocytes are not a major player in perpetuating tissue damage and inflammation related to asthma. Asthma is primarily driven by an allergic response, which involves the activation of TH2 lymphocytes. TH1 lymphocytes, on the other hand, are involved in cell-mediated immune responses and play a role in fighting intracellular pathogens. While inflammation can occur in asthma, it is mainly driven by the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells, TH2 lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The release of chemotactic factors from mast cells is associated with which of the following?
- A.
Early phase reaction (EPR) of mast cell activation
- B.
Late phase reaction (LPR) of mast cell activation
Correct Answer
B. Late phase reaction (LPR) of mast cell activationExplanation
The release of chemotactic factors from mast cells is associated with the Late phase reaction (LPR) of mast cell activation. Chemotactic factors are substances that attract and guide immune cells to the site of inflammation or infection. In the Late phase reaction, mast cells release these factors, which then attract other immune cells to the site, amplifying the immune response and promoting inflammation. This response occurs after the initial Early phase reaction and is responsible for the prolonged symptoms and tissue damage seen in conditions such as asthma and allergic reactions.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following is a correctly matched pair of disorder and chest condition?
- A.
Asthma: restrictive chest condition
- B.
Atelectasis: restrictive chest condition
- C.
Pleural effusion: obstructive chest condition
- D.
Pneumothorax: obstructive chest condition
- E.
Emphysema: obstructive chest condition
Correct Answer
E. Emphysema: obstructive chest conditionExplanation
Emphysema is a chronic lung condition that is characterized by the destruction of the air sacs in the lungs, leading to difficulty in exhaling air. This results in the lungs being unable to fully empty, causing air to become trapped in the lungs. This trapped air leads to hyperinflation of the lungs and a decrease in lung elasticity. These changes in the lungs cause an obstructive pattern, where there is difficulty in exhaling air. Therefore, emphysema is correctly matched with the term "obstructive chest condition".Rate this question:
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- 7.
Gas exchange during respiration requires an even match between which TWO of the following parameters?
- A.
Alveolar space
- B.
Blood perfusion
- C.
CO2 diffusion capacity
- D.
Lung volume
- E.
Ventilation (air movement)
Correct Answer(s)
B. Blood perfusion
E. Ventilation (air movement)Explanation
Gas exchange during respiration requires an even match between blood perfusion and ventilation (air movement). Blood perfusion refers to the flow of blood through the pulmonary capillaries, allowing for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Ventilation, on the other hand, refers to the movement of air in and out of the lungs, which ensures that fresh oxygen is brought in and carbon dioxide is expelled. Both parameters need to be balanced in order for efficient gas exchange to occur.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Bronchial morphology of an asthmatic includes all of the following except:
- A.
Inflammation
- B.
Eosinophils
- C.
Gland hyperplasia --> mucus plug
- D.
Hypertrophy of muscle layer
- E.
Weakened or collapsed alveolar sacs
Correct Answer
E. Weakened or collapsed alveolar sacsExplanation
The bronchial morphology of an asthmatic includes inflammation, eosinophils, gland hyperplasia, and hypertrophy of the muscle layer. These changes contribute to the narrowing of the airways and increased mucus production, leading to symptoms such as wheezing and difficulty breathing. However, weakened or collapsed alveolar sacs are not typically seen in asthma. Alveolar sacs are structures in the lungs responsible for gas exchange, and their weakening or collapse is more commonly associated with conditions like emphysema.Rate this question:
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- 9.
The most common predisposing factors associated with asthma include all of the following except:
- A.
History of atopy/exposure to airbourne allergens
- B.
Initiation of asthma is early life
- C.
Respiratory viral infections
- D.
Positive family history
- E.
All of the above are predisposing factors
Correct Answer
E. All of the above are predisposing factorsExplanation
The correct answer is "all of the above are predisposing factors." This means that all of the listed factors, including history of atopy/exposure to airborne allergens, initiation of asthma in early life, respiratory viral infections, and positive family history, are commonly associated with asthma as predisposing factors.Rate this question:
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- 10.
What is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
- A.
History of atopy
- B.
Chronic viral infection
- C.
Cigarette smoking
- D.
Alpha-1-amitrypsin deficiency
- E.
Occupational exposure to chemicals
Correct Answer
C. Cigarette smokingExplanation
Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Long-term exposure to tobacco smoke damages the airways and lungs, leading to inflammation and narrowing of the air passages. This results in symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Smoking is responsible for about 90% of COPD cases, making it the most significant risk factor for developing the disease. Quitting smoking is crucial in preventing and managing COPD, as it can slow down the progression of the disease and improve lung function.Rate this question:
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- 11.
True or False: COPD, like other diseases such as coronary heart disease and strokes, are on a death decline due to the development of effective treatment.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is not on a death decline like coronary heart disease and strokes. While effective treatments have been developed for COPD, it is still a progressive and incurable disease that can lead to severe complications and death. The prevalence and mortality rates of COPD have been increasing globally, making it a significant public health concern. Therefore, it is incorrect to claim that COPD is on a death decline due to the development of effective treatment.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The diagnostic definition of chronic bronchitis includes all of the following EXCEPT:
- A.
Abnormal, permanent air space enlargement
- B.
Chronic, productive cough for 3 months during each of the past 2 years
- C.
Decline in FEV1
- D.
Asymptomatic until pulmonary function is
- E.
Classic symptoms: cough, dyspnea, wheezing, sputum production
Correct Answer
A. Abnormal, permanent air space enlargement -
- 13.
Using spirometry, which of the following values obtain after a bronchodilator challenge confirms the presence of airflow limitation that is NOT fully reversible?
- A.
>12% improvement in FEV
- B.
FEV1/FVC < 70%
- C.
FEV1/FVC > 80%
- D.
>200 ml change in spirometry
- E.
All of the above are indicative of COPD's irreversible nature
Correct Answer
B. FEV1/FVC < 70%Explanation
An FEV1/FVC ratio below 70% indicates airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. This means that even after a bronchodilator challenge, the airflow limitation remains. This is a characteristic feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is a progressive lung disease. The other options, such as a 12% improvement in FEV, an FEV1/FVC ratio above 80%, and a 200 ml change in spirometry, do not necessarily indicate irreversible airflow limitation.Rate this question:
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Jun 07, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Jun 06, 2010Quiz Created by
Teatimebarbie
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