Unit One Chapter Four 3rd SEC. Quiz 3
Immune System Mechanism in Man
Questions and Answers
- 1.
The primary immune response is slow, because of the ……..
- A.
Spreading of the microbe in the body tissues
- B.
Decrease in the amount of antibodies
- C.
Absence of the helper T-cells
- D.
Absence of both memory B and T cells
Correct Answer
D. Absence of both memory B and T cellsExplanation
The primary immune response is slow because of the absence of both memory B and T cells. Memory B and T cells are responsible for recognizing and responding to specific pathogens that the body has encountered before. During a primary immune response, the immune system needs time to identify the pathogen and mount a specific response. Memory cells allow for a faster and more efficient immune response upon subsequent encounters with the same pathogen. Without memory cells, the immune system has to start from scratch each time, leading to a slower response.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The following diagram illustrates both Humoral and Cell mediated immunity. What are the numbers that correspond to the following respectively: B-lymphocyte, interleukin, macrophage, T-cytotoxic, natural killer cell and cytokine?
- A.
1 – 2 – 3 – 6 – 5 – 8
- B.
4 – 7 – 1 – 5 – 6 – 8
- C.
4 – 8 – 1 – 6 – 5 – 7
- D.
1 – 2 – 3 – 5 – 6 – 8
Correct Answer
B. 4 – 7 – 1 – 5 – 6 – 8 -
- 3.
The molecules of the MHC are found in ………
- A.
Cells with multilobed-nucleus and monocytes
- B.
Plasma cells and helper T-cells
- C.
Monocytes and helper T-cells
- D.
Macrophages and B-lymphocytes
Correct Answer
D. Macrophages and B-lymphocytesExplanation
The molecules of the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) are found in macrophages and B-lymphocytes. The MHC molecules play a crucial role in the immune response by presenting antigens to T-cells. Macrophages are phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, while B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies. Both of these cell types are involved in the immune response and express MHC molecules on their surface to present antigens to T-cells.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Antigen-MHC complex activates …….
- A.
Plasma cells
- B.
Helper T-cells
- C.
Cytotoxic T-cells
- D.
Suppressor T-cells
Correct Answer
B. Helper T-cellsExplanation
When an antigen-MHC complex is formed, it is recognized by helper T-cells. Helper T-cells play a crucial role in the immune response by activating other immune cells, such as B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells. They release chemical signals called cytokines that stimulate the production of antibodies by B-cells and enhance the killing ability of cytotoxic T-cells. Therefore, helper T-cells are responsible for coordinating and amplifying the immune response against the antigen.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following immune cells/molecules are most effective at destroying intracellular pathogens? (Choose all correct answers)
- A.
T helper cells
- B.
B cells
- C.
Antibodies
- D.
Macrophages
- E.
T cytotoxic cells
- F.
Natural killer cells
- G.
Complements
Correct Answer(s)
E. T cytotoxic cells
F. Natural killer cellsExplanation
T cytotoxic cells and natural killer cells are both immune cells that are highly effective at destroying intracellular pathogens. T cytotoxic cells are a type of T cell that directly kills infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell that can recognize and kill infected cells without prior activation. Both of these cells play a crucial role in the immune response against intracellular pathogens.Rate this question:
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- 6.
……… protein inhibits the immune response.
- A.
Perforin
- B.
Lymphokines
- C.
Lymphokines
- D.
Chemokines
Correct Answer
C. LymphokinesExplanation
Lymphokines are a type of protein that are released by lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, and they play a key role in regulating the immune response. Lymphokines can either enhance or inhibit the immune response, depending on the specific situation. In this case, the correct answer suggests that lymphokines inhibit the immune response.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Naturally acquired immunity would be mostly acquired through which of the following processes?
- A.
Vaccination
- B.
Drinking colostrum
- C.
Natural health
- D.
Infection with a diseased-causing microorganism followed by recovery.
Correct Answer
D. Infection with a diseased-causing microorganism followed by recovery.Explanation
Naturally acquired immunity is the immunity that develops after exposure to a disease-causing microorganism. When a person is infected with a pathogen and recovers from the illness, their immune system develops specific antibodies and memory cells that provide long-lasting protection against future infections. This type of immunity is considered natural because it occurs through natural exposure to the pathogen. Vaccination, drinking colostrum, and natural health may also contribute to immunity, but they are not considered natural processes for acquiring immunity.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Lymphatic cells that induce B-cells to produce antibodies are …..
- A.
Helper-T cells
- B.
Cytotoxic-T cells
- C.
Suppressor-T cells
- D.
Natural killer cells
Correct Answer
A. Helper-T cellsExplanation
Helper-T cells play a crucial role in the immune response by activating B-cells to produce antibodies. These cells recognize antigens presented by B-cells and release cytokines that stimulate B-cell proliferation and differentiation. This interaction between Helper-T cells and B-cells is essential for the production of specific antibodies that can target and neutralize pathogens. Cytotoxic-T cells, Suppressor-T cells, and Natural killer cells have different functions in the immune system and do not directly induce B-cells to produce antibodies.Rate this question:
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- 9.
…….. and ……… cells are responsible for the primary immune response.
- A.
B and macrophages
- B.
Macrophages and T
- C.
B and T
- D.
Mast and macrophages
Correct Answer
C. B and TExplanation
B and T cells are responsible for the primary immune response. B cells produce antibodies that target specific antigens, while T cells directly attack infected cells. Together, they coordinate the immune response and help eliminate pathogens from the body.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The following graph illustrates the concentration of three types of T-cells (X), (Y) and (Z) after the entrance of pathogen into the blood of a patient. What are the three types (X), (Y) and (Z) respectively?
- A.
Helper – Suppressor – Cytotoxic
- B.
Cytotoxic – Helper – Suppressor
- C.
Cytotoxic – Suppressor – Helper
- D.
Helper – Cytotoxic – Suppressor
Correct Answer
D. Helper – Cytotoxic – SuppressorExplanation
The correct answer is Helper - Cytotoxic - Suppressor. This is because the graph illustrates the concentration of T-cells in the blood after the entrance of a pathogen. The concentration of Helper T-cells is shown to increase first, followed by an increase in Cytotoxic T-cells, and finally an increase in Suppressor T-cells. Therefore, the correct order of the T-cell types is Helper - Cytotoxic - Suppressor.Rate this question:
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- 11.
The immune cell that is able to respond quickly after any subsequent encounter with the same antigen is the …….
- A.
Memory cell
- B.
Basophil
- C.
Plasma cell
- D.
Helper T-cell
Correct Answer
A. Memory cellExplanation
Memory cells are immune cells that are formed after an initial encounter with an antigen. These cells "remember" the antigen and can respond quickly and effectively upon subsequent encounters. This rapid response is possible because memory cells have already been sensitized to the antigen and can quickly differentiate into effector cells, such as plasma cells or cytotoxic T cells, to mount a targeted immune response. Basophils are a type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions, plasma cells are responsible for producing antibodies, and helper T cells play a crucial role in coordinating the immune response but do not possess the ability to quickly respond to subsequent encounters with antigens.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The transfer of antibodies for a certain disease from the blood of the mother to the circulation of the embryo is considered …….
- A.
Long lasting protection acquired immunity
- B.
Long lasting protection innate immunity
- C.
Short lasting protection acquired immunity
- D.
Short lasting protection innate immunity
Correct Answer
A. Long lasting protection acquired immunityExplanation
The transfer of antibodies from the mother's blood to the embryo's circulation is known as passive immunity. This transfer provides the embryo with antibodies that can protect against certain diseases. Acquired immunity refers to the immune response that the body develops after exposure to a specific pathogen, which can provide long-lasting protection. Therefore, the transfer of antibodies from the mother to the embryo through the blood provides long-lasting protection through acquired immunity.Rate this question:
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- 13.
………. cells are responsible for the secondary immune response.
- A.
Memory
- B.
Macrophages
- C.
Monocytes
- D.
Plasma
Correct Answer
A. MemoryExplanation
Memory cells are responsible for the secondary immune response. This is because memory cells are a type of immune cell that "remember" a specific pathogen and can quickly mount a response if the same pathogen is encountered again. This secondary immune response is faster and more effective than the primary immune response, which is why memory cells play a crucial role in long-term immunity. Macrophages, monocytes, and plasma are all important components of the immune system, but they do not specifically mediate the secondary immune response like memory cells do.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Helper-T cells cannot recognize the antigens unless it is bind to …..
- A.
Immune globulin
- B.
MHC
- C.
CD8
- D.
All the above
Correct Answer
B. MHCExplanation
Helper-T cells cannot recognize antigens unless they are bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. MHC molecules are proteins found on the surface of cells that present antigens to the immune system. When an antigen is bound to an MHC molecule, it can be recognized by a Helper-T cell, which plays a crucial role in coordinating the immune response. Immune globulin is a type of antibody, CD8 is a protein found on cytotoxic T cells, but neither of these are directly involved in antigen recognition by Helper-T cells.Rate this question:
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- 15.
There are …… type(s) of memory cells found in the human body.
- A.
One
- B.
Two
- C.
Three
- D.
Four
Correct Answer
B. TwoExplanation
The correct answer is "Two" because there are two types of memory cells found in the human body. These memory cells are responsible for storing and retrieving information, allowing individuals to remember and recall past experiences and knowledge. The two types of memory cells are short-term memory cells, which hold information temporarily, and long-term memory cells, which store information for a longer period of time.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following pairs of chemical substances are antagonistic to each other?
- A.
Interleukins – Cytokines
- B.
Interferons – Cytokines
- C.
Cytokines – Lymphokines
- D.
Interleukins – Chemokines
Correct Answer
C. Cytokines – LymphokinesExplanation
Cytokines and lymphokines are both types of chemical substances that are involved in regulating the immune response. However, they have different functions and can have opposing effects on the immune system. Cytokines are a broad category of proteins that are involved in cell signaling and communication within the immune system. Lymphokines, on the other hand, are a specific subset of cytokines that are produced by lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Lymphokines are involved in the activation and regulation of other immune cells. Therefore, cytokines and lymphokines can have antagonistic effects on each other in terms of immune response regulation.Rate this question:
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- 17.
What will happen if a red blood cell is damaged?
- A.
It will be eliminated by the cytotoxic-T cells
- B.
It will be picked up by mobile phagocytic cell
- C.
It will be picked up by phagocytic cells in the liver
- D.
Its membrane will be perforated by the action of Perforin protein
Correct Answer
C. It will be picked up by phagocytic cells in the liver -
- 18.
The main aim for vaccinating a healthy person with a weak microbe is the …….
- A.
Activation of T-helper cells
- B.
Formation of plasma B-cells
- C.
Production of antibodies
- D.
Formation of memory cells.
Correct Answer
D. Formation of memory cells.Explanation
When a healthy person is vaccinated with a weak microbe, it stimulates the immune system to produce memory cells. These memory cells "remember" the specific microbe and can mount a rapid and effective immune response if the person is exposed to the actual pathogen in the future. This is the main aim of vaccination - to create a long-lasting immune response that can protect against future infections.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which statement is not true?
- A.
The B cell can bind to extracellular and intracellular antigens.
- B.
Each B cell will have a different type of antibody receptor on its surface.
- C.
Each B cell has only one type of antibody receptor that binds to one specific antigen.
- D.
The B cell antigen receptor has a similar structure to a soluble antibody.
- E.
The B cell antibody receptor is complementary to an antigen.
Correct Answer
A. The B cell can bind to extracellular and intracellular antigens.Explanation
The B cell can only bind to extracellular antigens, not intracellular antigens. Intracellular antigens are recognized by T cells, not B cells.Rate this question:
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- 20.
The third Line of defense includes …….
- A.
Skin and Mucous membranes.
- B.
Inflammatory response.
- C.
Immune Response.
- D.
Cerumen and Tears
Correct Answer
C. Immune Response.Explanation
The third line of defense refers to the immune response, which is a complex system of cells and molecules that work together to identify and eliminate pathogens. This response includes the activation of immune cells such as T cells and B cells, the production of antibodies, and the release of cytokines to coordinate the immune response. The immune response is a crucial defense mechanism against infections and plays a vital role in maintaining overall health and well-being.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Complements do not function unless in the presence of …....
- A.
Cytotoxic-T cells
- B.
T- suppressor cells
- C.
Helper-T cells
- D.
B-cells
Correct Answer
D. B-cellsExplanation
Complements are a group of proteins that help in the immune response by enhancing the ability of antibodies to eliminate pathogens. However, complements cannot function on their own and require the presence of other immune cells to be activated. Among the options given, B-cells are the most likely to interact with complements. B-cells are responsible for producing antibodies, which can bind to antigens on pathogens and activate complements to destroy the pathogens. Therefore, B-cells are necessary for complements to function effectively in the immune response.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following enable the immune system to recognize the causing agent of the disease?
- A.
Interleukins
- B.
Antibodies
- C.
Cytokines
- D.
Antigens
Correct Answer
D. AntigensExplanation
Antigens enable the immune system to recognize the causing agent of the disease. Antigens are molecules that can be found on the surface of pathogens such as bacteria or viruses. When these pathogens enter the body, the immune system recognizes the antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate them. This response includes the production of antibodies, which specifically bind to antigens and help to neutralize or eliminate the pathogens. Therefore, antigens play a crucial role in allowing the immune system to identify and respond to the causing agent of the disease.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Among the different ways of defense carried out by the immune system is ……..
- A.
Secretion of toxins
- B.
Production of antibodies
- C.
Camouflage
- D.
Running to escape
Correct Answer
B. Production of antibodiesExplanation
The immune system carries out defense by producing antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that are produced by specialized cells in the immune system called B cells. These antibodies bind to specific foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses, and help to neutralize or eliminate them from the body. This is an important mechanism of defense in the immune system, as it helps to identify and target harmful invaders. Secretion of toxins, camouflage, and running to escape are not specific mechanisms of defense carried out by the immune system.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Which cells can bind to the CD8 receptors found on the surface of T-suppressor cells?
- A.
Plasma cells and carcinogenic cells
- B.
T-helper, B-cells and natural killer cells
- C.
Macrophage and T-cytotoxic
- D.
T-helper, plasma cells and T-cytotoxic
Correct Answer
D. T-helper, plasma cells and T-cytotoxicExplanation
T-suppressor cells, also known as CD8+ T cells, play a role in regulating the immune response. They can bind to CD8 receptors found on the surface of T-helper cells, plasma cells, and T-cytotoxic cells. This binding allows T-suppressor cells to interact with these cells and modulate their activity, helping to maintain immune balance and prevent excessive immune responses.Rate this question:
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- 25.
All the following cells secrete interferon protein except …..
- A.
Plasma cells
- B.
T-lymphocytes
- C.
Macrophages
- D.
Viral infected-cells
Correct Answer
A. Plasma cellsExplanation
Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that produce and secrete antibodies, not interferon protein. Interferon is a protein that is released by cells in response to viral infection, and it plays a key role in the body's immune response to viruses. T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and viral infected-cells are all capable of secreting interferon protein as part of the immune response. Therefore, the correct answer is plasma cells.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Virual infected cells cannot be destroyed by antibodies produced by plasma cells because ……
- A.
The antibodies are of few amounts that they are not effective
- B.
The antibodies are affected by the enzymes found inside the cells
- C.
The virus digests the antibodies and changes them into amino acids
- D.
The antibodies are relatively large sized molecules that cannot reach the virus inside the cell.
Correct Answer
D. The antibodies are relatively large sized molecules that cannot reach the virus inside the cell.Explanation
Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma cells in response to an infection. They work by binding to specific antigens on the surface of pathogens, such as viruses, and marking them for destruction by the immune system. However, in the case of viral infections, antibodies may not be able to destroy infected cells because they are too large to enter the cells and directly neutralize the virus. Instead, other immune cells, such as cytotoxic T cells, are needed to recognize and eliminate the infected cells. Therefore, the correct answer is that antibodies are relatively large sized molecules that cannot reach the virus inside the cell.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Humoral-mediated immunity defends the body against antigens and pathogens present in(at) ……..
- A.
Body cells
- B.
Body fluids
- C.
Mucus of the respiratory tracts
- D.
Place of inflammation
Correct Answer
B. Body fluidsExplanation
Humoral-mediated immunity refers to the immune response that involves the production of antibodies by B cells. These antibodies are then released into the body fluids, such as blood and lymph, to target and neutralize antigens and pathogens. This type of immunity is particularly effective against extracellular pathogens, which are present in body fluids rather than inside cells. Therefore, the correct answer is body fluids.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following increased by decreasing plasma B cells?
- A.
Perforin
- B.
Complements
- C.
Lymphokines
- D.
Interferons
Correct Answer
C. LymphokinesExplanation
Lymphokines increased by decreasing plasma B cells because lymphokines are signaling molecules produced by activated T cells, and they play a role in regulating the immune response. When plasma B cells decrease, it means that there is a decrease in the production of antibodies. Lymphokines are involved in the activation and differentiation of B cells, so when plasma B cells decrease, the production of lymphokines increases to compensate and stimulate the immune response.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Humoral-mediated immunity takes place by means of ….
- A.
The mucous
- B.
The saliva
- C.
The antibodies
- D.
All the previous
Correct Answer
C. The antibodiesExplanation
Humoral-mediated immunity is a type of immune response that involves the production and circulation of antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced by specialized cells called B cells, which are part of the immune system. These antibodies are released into the bloodstream and other body fluids, such as saliva and mucous, to help neutralize and eliminate pathogens. Therefore, the correct answer is "The antibodies" because they play a crucial role in humoral-mediated immunity.Rate this question:
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- 30.
The figure below illustrates the primary and secondary immune responses. At which point do Ts-cells start their action: (A), (B) or (C)?
- A.
(A)
- B.
(B)
- C.
(C)
- D.
(A) and (C)
Correct Answer
B. (B)Explanation
Ts-cells start their action at point (B).Rate this question:
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- 31.
B-cells after being activated by means of Helper T-cells, they start to ……
- A.
Produce antibodies
- B.
Form plasma cells
- C.
Produce memory B-cells
- D.
Divide and multiply
Correct Answer
D. Divide and multiplyExplanation
After being activated by Helper T-cells, B-cells undergo a process called clonal expansion, where they divide and multiply rapidly. This allows for the production of a large number of B-cells, which can then differentiate into plasma cells or memory B-cells. The plasma cells are responsible for producing and secreting antibodies, while the memory B-cells help to provide long-term immunity by "remembering" the specific antigen and quickly responding to future infections.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which sequence is the correct one concerning the immune response?
- A.
Activated B-cells – interleukin – activated helper T-cells – antibodies – plasma cells
- B.
Interleukin – plasma cells – activated helper T-cells – activated B-cells – antibodies
- C.
Activated B-cells – plasma cells – antibodies – activated helper T-cells – interleukin
- D.
Activated helper T-cells – interleukin – activated B-cells – plasma cells – antibodies
Correct Answer
D. Activated helper T-cells – interleukin – activated B-cells – plasma cells – antibodiesExplanation
The correct sequence of the immune response is as follows: Activated helper T-cells release interleukin, which activates B-cells. Activated B-cells then differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies. Therefore, the correct sequence is Activated helper T-cells – interleukin – activated B-cells – plasma cells – antibodies.Rate this question:
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- 33.
B-cells adhere to their antigen by ……..
- A.
Antibodies
- B.
MHC
- C.
Immune receptors
- D.
CD4
Correct Answer
C. Immune receptorsExplanation
B-cells adhere to their antigen by immune receptors. Immune receptors are proteins on the surface of B-cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens. When an immune receptor on a B-cell binds to its corresponding antigen, it triggers a series of events that activate the B-cell and initiate an immune response. This binding is crucial for the B-cell to recognize and respond to foreign invaders, such as bacteria or viruses, and produce antibodies to neutralize them. MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules are involved in presenting antigens to T-cells, not in the direct adherence of B-cells to antigens. CD4 is a protein found on helper T-cells, which plays a role in the immune response, but it is not directly involved in the adherence of B-cells to antigens.Rate this question:
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- 34.
The following diagram illustrates the beginning of an immune response done by T lymphocytes. Which type of T-cells is the one in reaction?
- A.
Killer-T
- B.
Helper-T
- C.
Regulatory-T
- D.
Suppressor-T
Correct Answer
B. Helper-TExplanation
The diagram shows the beginning of an immune response, which involves T lymphocytes. Among the given options, Helper-T cells are the ones that play a crucial role in coordinating and regulating the immune response. They help activate other immune cells, such as B cells and cytotoxic T cells, by releasing chemical signals called cytokines. This activation is important for the immune system to effectively eliminate pathogens. Therefore, the correct answer is Helper-T cells.Rate this question:
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- 35.
…….. is an example of specific immunity.
- A.
Tears
- B.
Macrophages found at site of inflammation
- C.
B-lymphocytes
- D.
Skin
Correct Answer
C. B-lymphocytesExplanation
B-lymphocytes are an example of specific immunity because they are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune response. B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that specifically target and neutralize pathogens or foreign substances in the body. This targeted response is characteristic of specific immunity, as it allows the immune system to recognize and respond to specific threats in a highly specific manner.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Activated helper T-cells secrete protein called ……
- A.
Interleukins
- B.
Interferon
- C.
Chemokines
- D.
Histamine
Correct Answer
A. InterleukinsExplanation
Activated helper T-cells secrete proteins called interleukins. Interleukins are a group of cytokines that act as signaling molecules between immune cells. They play a crucial role in regulating the immune response by promoting the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of other immune cells. Interleukins also help in coordinating the immune response by mediating communication between different types of immune cells. Therefore, the secretion of interleukins by activated helper T-cells is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system.Rate this question:
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- 37.
One of the following is not a function of cytokines ……
- A.
Attract the macrophages to the site of infection in large amounts.
- B.
Stimulate the plasma cells to produce antibodies
- C.
Activating the natural killer cells
- D.
Activating macrophages together with Tc and B lymphocytes
Correct Answer
B. Stimulate the plasma cells to produce antibodiesExplanation
Cytokines are small proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling during immune responses. They are involved in various functions such as attracting immune cells to the site of infection, activating immune cells like natural killer cells and macrophages, and coordinating the immune response. However, stimulating plasma cells to produce antibodies is not a function of cytokines. Plasma cells are activated by B lymphocytes through a process called antigen presentation and T cell help. Cytokines may indirectly support this process by promoting the activation and proliferation of B lymphocytes, but they do not directly stimulate plasma cells to produce antibodies.Rate this question:
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- 38.
The cell which divides into two types of cells is ….
- A.
Natural killer cell
- B.
B-lymphocyte
- C.
Monocyte
- D.
Macrophage
Correct Answer
B. B-lymphocyteExplanation
B-lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that are responsible for producing antibodies. They have the ability to divide and differentiate into two types of cells: plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies, and memory cells, which "remember" a specific pathogen and provide long-term immunity. This division and differentiation process allows B-lymphocytes to effectively respond to and eliminate infections in the body. Natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages do not undergo this type of division and differentiation.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Which cells can bind to the CD4 receptors found on the surface of T-helper cells?
- A.
Macrophage and B-cells
- B.
T-cytotoxic and B-memory cells
- C.
Macrophage and B-plasma cells
- D.
B-plasma cells and B-memory cells
Correct Answer
A. Macrophage and B-cellsExplanation
Macrophages and B-cells are capable of binding to the CD4 receptors found on the surface of T-helper cells. This binding is important for the activation of T-helper cells and the initiation of an immune response. Macrophages are antigen-presenting cells that can present antigens to T-helper cells, while B-cells can interact with T-helper cells to receive signals for antibody production. Therefore, both macrophages and B-cells play crucial roles in the immune response by binding to CD4 receptors on T-helper cells.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Tears possess a defense mechanism that protects the body, because they contain …..
- A.
Interleukins
- B.
Antimicrobial substances
- C.
N.K-cells
- D.
Inflammatory substances
Correct Answer
B. Antimicrobial substancesExplanation
Tears possess a defense mechanism that protects the body because they contain antimicrobial substances. These substances help to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, on the surface of the eye. This defense mechanism helps to prevent eye infections and maintain the overall health of the eye.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Fragments of antigens will bind to a protein called ……. Inside the macrophage.
- A.
Perforin
- B.
Major histocompatibility complex
- C.
Interferon
- D.
Cytokines
Correct Answer
B. Major histocompatibility complexExplanation
Fragments of antigens will bind to a protein called Major histocompatibility complex inside the macrophage. The Major histocompatibility complex is responsible for presenting the antigen fragments to T cells, which triggers an immune response. This process helps the immune system identify and eliminate foreign substances in the body.Rate this question:
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- 42.
What triggers the activation of a T-helper cell?
- A.
Binding to an antigen-presenting cell with a specific processed antigen on its surface
- B.
Bacterial toxins present in blood, lymph, and other body fluids
- C.
Mast cells and complement proteins present at the site of inflammation
- D.
Extracellular antigens present on an invading bacterium
- E.
Binding to a viral-infected body cell with a specific processed antigen on its surface
Correct Answer
A. Binding to an antigen-presenting cell with a specific processed antigen on its surfaceExplanation
T-helper cells are activated when they bind to an antigen-presenting cell that displays a specific processed antigen on its surface. This interaction is crucial for the immune response as it allows the T-helper cell to recognize the antigen and initiate a cascade of immune reactions. The other options, such as bacterial toxins, mast cells, complement proteins, and extracellular antigens, are not directly involved in the activation of T-helper cells.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Which of the following is not an example of innate immunity?
- A.
Phagocytosis
- B.
Antibodies
- C.
Interferon
- D.
Mucus membrane
Correct Answer
B. AntibodiesExplanation
Antibodies are not an example of innate immunity because they are produced by the adaptive immune system in response to specific pathogens. Innate immunity, on the other hand, is the body's first line of defense and includes physical barriers like mucus membranes, as well as non-specific mechanisms like phagocytosis and interferon production.Rate this question:
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- 44.
A doctor vaccinates a child against measles. A few weeks after the vaccination, the child becomes infected with measles viruses from another person. The graph shows the number of measles antibodies in the child’s blood from before the vaccination until after the infection. Describe the difference in the immune response after infection compared with after vaccination.
- A.
After vaccination some lymphocytes develop into memory cells but after infection the required lymphocytes are able to reproduce rapidly
- B.
Vaccine provides the body with low amounts of ready-made antibodies but after infection more antibodies are produced
- C.
More antibodies are produced after the vaccination than after the infection
- D.
After vaccination the body remains immune for a long period but after infection the body remains immune for a short time
Correct Answer
A. After vaccination some lymphocytes develop into memory cells but after infection the required lymphocytes are able to reproduce rapidlyExplanation
After vaccination, some lymphocytes develop into memory cells. This means that the body has a reserve of immune cells that can recognize and respond quickly to future infections. However, after infection, the required lymphocytes are able to reproduce rapidly. This means that the body can produce a large number of immune cells to fight the infection. So, the main difference in the immune response after infection compared with after vaccination is that vaccination provides long-term immunity through memory cells, while infection triggers a rapid reproduction of lymphocytes.Rate this question:
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- 45.
The adaptive immunity that involves the production of antibodies for the clearance of antigen is called ……..
- A.
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- B.
Cell-mediated immunity
- C.
Humoral Immunity
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Humoral ImmunityExplanation
Humoral immunity is the correct answer because it refers to the adaptive immune response that involves the production of antibodies by B cells. These antibodies are produced in response to the presence of antigens and are responsible for neutralizing and eliminating the antigens from the body. This type of immunity is called "humoral" because it involves the presence of antibodies in the body fluids, such as blood and lymph. The production of antibodies is a key mechanism for the clearance of antigens in the immune system.Rate this question:
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- 46.
How does the nonspecific immune response compare to the specific response to antigens?
- A.
The nonspecific response is faster than the specific immune response.
- B.
The nonspecific response is slower than the specific immune response.
- C.
The nonspecific response provides protection against future infections but the specific response does not.
- D.
The nonspecific response produces more memory cells than the specific immune response.
Correct Answer
A. The nonspecific response is faster than the specific immune response.Explanation
The nonspecific immune response refers to the general defense mechanisms that the body has in place to prevent and fight against infections, such as inflammation and fever. These responses are not specific to a particular antigen and can be activated quickly. On the other hand, the specific immune response is a targeted response that is tailored to a specific antigen, such as a virus or bacteria. This response takes longer to develop as it involves the production of specific antibodies and immune cells. Therefore, the nonspecific immune response is faster than the specific immune response.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Antibody functions as the effector of the humoral response by antigen binding and neutralizing it. The antigen can be eliminated by ........
- A.
Facilitating the antibodies update by phagocytes
- B.
Activating complements and inducing cell lysis
- C.
Preventing the binding and host cell attachment
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Antibodies can eliminate antigens by facilitating their uptake by phagocytes, activating complements and inducing cell lysis, and preventing their binding and attachment to host cells. By performing all of these functions, antibodies effectively neutralize antigens and aid in their elimination from the body.Rate this question:
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- 48.
What is a difference between cell-mediated and humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity?
- A.
All the immune cells involved in humoral immunity are B cells, while those in cell-mediated immunity are all T cells.
- B.
Cell-mediated immunity is rapid, while humoral immunity is a more delayed but sustained response.
- C.
Humoral immunity involves a specific response to an antigen, but cell-mediated immunity does not.
- D.
Clonal selection occurs in humoral immunity but not in cell-mediated immunity.
- E.
Humoral immunity responds to extracellular pathogens, while cell-mediated immunity responds to intracellular pathogens.
Correct Answer
E. Humoral immunity responds to extracellular pathogens, while cell-mediated immunity responds to intracellular pathogens.Explanation
The correct answer states that humoral immunity responds to extracellular pathogens, while cell-mediated immunity responds to intracellular pathogens. This means that humoral immunity is responsible for targeting pathogens that are outside of the body's cells, such as bacteria and viruses in the bloodstream or tissues. On the other hand, cell-mediated immunity is involved in targeting pathogens that have infected the body's cells, such as viruses that have entered and replicated within a host cell. This differentiation in the type of pathogens targeted is a key difference between the two types of immunity.Rate this question:
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- 49.
Which of the following is NOT a major feature (characteristic) of the adaptive immune system?
- A.
Specificity
- B.
Diversity
- C.
Inflammatory response
- D.
It has memory cells
Correct Answer
C. Inflammatory responseExplanation
The inflammatory response is not a major feature of the adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system is characterized by specificity, diversity, and the presence of memory cells. Specificity refers to the ability of the immune system to recognize and target specific pathogens. Diversity refers to the wide range of different antigens that the immune system can recognize. Memory cells are responsible for the immune system's ability to remember and mount a faster and stronger response upon subsequent exposure to a pathogen. The inflammatory response, on the other hand, is a major feature of the innate immune system, which is the first line of defense against pathogens.Rate this question:
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- 50.
The figure shows changes in antibody concentrations in the blood after exposure to antigens A and B. How does the time lag between initiating a primary immune response to antigen A and its peak approximately compare to the time lag of the secondary immune response to antigen A?
- A.
The primary response takes approximately half as long to peak as the secondary response.
- B.
The primary response takes approximately the same time to peak as the secondary response.
- C.
The primary response takes approximately twice as long to peak as the secondary response.
- D.
The primary response takes approximately ten times as long to peak as the secondary response.
- E.
The primary response takes approximately three times as long to peak as the secondary response.
Correct Answer
C. The primary response takes approximately twice as long to peak as the secondary response.Explanation
The figure shows that the peak of the primary immune response to antigen A occurs at a later time compared to the peak of the secondary immune response to antigen A. Therefore, the primary response takes approximately twice as long to peak as the secondary response.Rate this question:
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Jun 12, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Jun 28, 2020Quiz Created by
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