Unit One Chapter Four 3rd SEC. Quiz 3

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  • 1/148 Questions

    Which of the following convey the longest lasting immunity to an infectious agent?

    • Naturally acquired passive immunity (occurs during pregnancy, in which certain antibodies are passed from the maternal blood into the fetal bloodstream)
    • Artificially acquired passive immunity (the injection of antibodies)
    • Naturally acquired active immunity (a disease-causing organism, that stimulates the immune system to develop protective immunity against that organism)
    • All of these
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About This Quiz

This quiz evaluates understanding of immune system functions, focusing on naturally acquired immunity, immune cells, and differences between cell-mediated and humoral immunity.

Unit One Chapter Four 3rd SEC. Quiz 3 - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    B-cells that produce and release large amounts of antibody are called …….

    • Memory cells

    • Basophils

    • Plasma cells

    • Natural killer cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Plasma cells
    Explanation
    Plasma cells are B-cells that have undergone differentiation and are actively producing and releasing large amounts of antibodies. Memory cells, on the other hand, are B-cells that have been previously exposed to an antigen and are able to mount a quicker and stronger immune response upon re-exposure. Basophils are a type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions and inflammation. Natural killer cells are a type of lymphocyte that are part of the innate immune system and are responsible for killing infected or cancerous cells.

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  • 3. 

    Cell mediated immunity is carried out by………….. while humoral immunity is mainly carried out by………………..

    • T cells / B cells

    • Antibodies / Antigens

    • B cells / T cells

    • Antibodies / Phagocytes

    Correct Answer
    A. T cells / B cells
    Explanation
    Cell mediated immunity is carried out by T cells, while humoral immunity is mainly carried out by B cells. T cells are responsible for recognizing and destroying infected cells, as well as coordinating the immune response. B cells, on the other hand, produce antibodies that can neutralize pathogens and mark them for destruction by other immune cells. This division of labor allows the immune system to effectively combat a wide range of pathogens.

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  • 4. 

    B-cells différentiâtes to form ………….

    • Plasma cells

    • Natural killer cells

    • Plasma and memory cells

    • Phagocytic cell

    Correct Answer
    A. Plasma and memory cells
    Explanation
    B-cells differentiate to form plasma and memory cells. This is because B-cells are a type of white blood cell that are responsible for producing antibodies. When B-cells encounter an antigen, they undergo differentiation and some of them become plasma cells, which produce and release large amounts of antibodies. Other B-cells become memory cells, which are long-lived and can quickly respond to future infections by the same antigen. Therefore, the correct answer is plasma and memory cells.

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  • 5. 

    What is not required in the innate immune responses?

    • Antigen

    • Previous contact

    • Phagocytic cells

    • Pathogen

    Correct Answer
    A. Previous contact
    Explanation
    Previous contact is not required in innate immune responses because the innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens and does not rely on previous exposure to the pathogen. It is a non-specific response that is present from birth and provides immediate protection. The innate immune system recognizes and responds to pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect conserved molecular patterns on pathogens. This allows the innate immune system to quickly initiate a response without the need for previous contact or specific recognition of the pathogen.

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  • 6. 

    Which type of immune cells is responsible for eradicating intracellular pathogens?

    • Natural killer cells

    • Basophils

    • B-lymphocytes

    • Plasma cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Natural killer cells
    Explanation
    Natural killer cells are a type of immune cell that is responsible for eradicating intracellular pathogens. They are able to recognize and kill infected cells by releasing cytotoxic granules, which contain enzymes that induce cell death. Unlike other immune cells, natural killer cells do not require prior activation and can respond quickly to infection. They play a crucial role in the early defense against intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and certain bacteria.

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  • 7. 

    Which immune cell is responsible for the quickest release of histamine that causes the red itchy welts associated with allergies?

    • Mast cell

    • B-lymphocyte

    • T-lymphocyte

    • Macrophage

    Correct Answer
    A. Mast cell
    Explanation
    Mast cells are immune cells that are responsible for the quickest release of histamine, which causes the red itchy welts associated with allergies. Mast cells are found in connective tissues and mucous membranes and are involved in the body's immune response. When an allergen triggers the mast cells, they release histamine, leading to the symptoms of an allergic reaction. B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages have different roles in the immune system but are not responsible for the rapid release of histamine seen in allergies.

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  • 8. 

    Antibody functions as the effector of the humoral response by antigen binding and neutralizing it. The antigen can be eliminated by ........

    • Facilitating the antibodies update by phagocytes

    • Activating complements and inducing cell lysis

    • Preventing the binding and host cell attachment

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Antibodies can eliminate antigens by facilitating their uptake by phagocytes, activating complements and inducing cell lysis, and preventing their binding and attachment to host cells. By performing all of these functions, antibodies effectively neutralize antigens and aid in their elimination from the body.

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  • 9. 

    Naturally acquired immunity would be mostly acquired through which of the following processes?

    • Vaccination

    • Drinking colostrum

    • Natural health

    • Infection with a diseased-causing microorganism followed by recovery.

    Correct Answer
    A. Infection with a diseased-causing microorganism followed by recovery.
    Explanation
    Naturally acquired immunity is the immunity that develops after exposure to a disease-causing microorganism. When a person is infected with a pathogen and recovers from the illness, their immune system develops specific antibodies and memory cells that provide long-lasting protection against future infections. This type of immunity is considered natural because it occurs through natural exposure to the pathogen. Vaccination, drinking colostrum, and natural health may also contribute to immunity, but they are not considered natural processes for acquiring immunity.

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  • 10. 

    Which of the following immune cells/molecules are most effective at destroying intracellular pathogens?

    • Helper T-cells

    • B cells

    • Antibodies

    • Cytotoxic T-cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Cytotoxic T-cells
    Explanation
    Cytotoxic T-cells are the most effective at destroying intracellular pathogens because they are able to directly kill infected cells. These cells recognize specific antigens presented on the surface of infected cells and release cytotoxic molecules, such as perforin and granzymes, which induce apoptosis in the infected cells. This mechanism allows cytotoxic T-cells to eliminate intracellular pathogens and prevent their spread to other cells. Helper T-cells, B cells, and antibodies have important roles in the immune response, but they are not as effective at directly destroying intracellular pathogens as cytotoxic T-cells.

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  • 11. 

    Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding plasma cells?

    • Plasma cells are short-lived activated cells

    • Plasma cells have surface receptors

    • The precursor of the plasma cell is the B-cell

    • Plasma cells secrete antibodies

    Correct Answer
    A. Plasma cells have surface receptors
    Explanation
    Plasma cells are short-lived activated cells that are derived from B-cells. They are responsible for secreting antibodies, which play a crucial role in the immune response. However, unlike B-cells, plasma cells do not have surface receptors. Instead, they are specialized to produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies. Therefore, the statement "Plasma cells have surface receptors" is incorrect.

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  • 12. 

    Which of the following is NOT true regarding innate immunity?

    • Broadly specific against the foreign antigen

    • Exist prior to the exposure of the antigens

    • Have memory cells

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Innate immunity is not broadly specific against foreign antigens, as it is non-specific and acts against a wide range of pathogens. It also exists prior to the exposure of antigens, as it is present from birth and provides immediate protection. However, innate immunity does not have memory cells, which are a characteristic of adaptive immunity. Therefore, the statement "All of the above" is not true regarding innate immunity.

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  • 13. 

    Which of the following is not an example of innate immunity?

    • Phagocytosis

    • Antibodies

    • Interferon

    • Mucus membrane

    Correct Answer
    A. Antibodies
    Explanation
    Antibodies are not an example of innate immunity because they are produced by the adaptive immune system in response to specific pathogens. Innate immunity, on the other hand, is the body's first line of defense and includes physical barriers like mucus membranes, as well as non-specific mechanisms like phagocytosis and interferon production.

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  • 14. 

    The adaptive immunity that involves the production of antibodies for the clearance of antigen is called ……..

    • Cell-mediated cytotoxicity

    • Cell-mediated immunity

    • Humoral Immunity

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Humoral Immunity
    Explanation
    Humoral immunity is the correct answer because it refers to the adaptive immune response that involves the production of antibodies by B cells. These antibodies are produced in response to the presence of antigens and are responsible for neutralizing and eliminating the antigens from the body. This type of immunity is called "humoral" because it involves the presence of antibodies in the body fluids, such as blood and lymph. The production of antibodies is a key mechanism for the clearance of antigens in the immune system.

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  • 15. 

    Which of the following is NOT a major feature (characteristic) of the adaptive immune system?

    • Specificity

    • Diversity

    • Inflammatory response

    • It has memory cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Inflammatory response
    Explanation
    The inflammatory response is not a major feature of the adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system is characterized by specificity, diversity, and the presence of memory cells. Specificity refers to the ability of the immune system to recognize and target specific pathogens. Diversity refers to the wide range of different antigens that the immune system can recognize. Memory cells are responsible for the immune system's ability to remember and mount a faster and stronger response upon subsequent exposure to a pathogen. The inflammatory response, on the other hand, is a major feature of the innate immune system, which is the first line of defense against pathogens.

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  • 16. 

    Which of the following cells is involved in the second line of defense?

    • Macrophage

    • Cytotoxic-T

    • Plasma

    • Helper-T

    Correct Answer
    A. Macrophage
    Explanation
    Macrophages are involved in the second line of defense. They are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response by engulfing and destroying pathogens. Macrophages are part of the innate immune system and are activated when they encounter foreign substances. They release chemicals that attract other immune cells to the site of infection and help coordinate the immune response. Macrophages are particularly important in phagocytosis, the process of engulfing and digesting pathogens, and they also play a role in presenting antigens to other immune cells.

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  • 17. 
    A doctor vaccinates a child against measles. A few weeks after the vaccination, the child becomes infected with measles viruses from another person. The graph shows the number of measles antibodies in the child’s blood from before the vaccination until after the infection. Describe the difference in the immune response after infection compared with after vaccination. - ProProfs

    A doctor vaccinates a child against measles. A few weeks after the vaccination, the child becomes infected with measles viruses from another person. The graph shows the number of measles antibodies in the child’s blood from before the vaccination until after the infection. Describe the difference in the immune response after infection compared with after vaccination.

    • After vaccination some lymphocytes develop into memory cells but after infection the required lymphocytes are able to reproduce rapidly

    • Vaccine provides the body with low amounts of ready-made antibodies but after infection more antibodies are produced

    • More antibodies are produced after the vaccination than after the infection

    • After vaccination the body remains immune for a long period but after infection the body remains immune for a short time

    Correct Answer
    A. After vaccination some lymphocytes develop into memory cells but after infection the required lymphocytes are able to reproduce rapidly
    Explanation
    After vaccination, some lymphocytes develop into memory cells. This means that the body has a reserve of immune cells that can recognize and respond quickly to future infections. However, after infection, the required lymphocytes are able to reproduce rapidly. This means that the body can produce a large number of immune cells to fight the infection. So, the main difference in the immune response after infection compared with after vaccination is that vaccination provides long-term immunity through memory cells, while infection triggers a rapid reproduction of lymphocytes.

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  • 18. 

    What is its function of MHC, present on B cells?

    • To respond to interleukins from T-helper cells

    • To bind with another type of antigen on a pathogen

    • To activate phagocytosis in neutrophils

    • To present processed antigens for T-helper cells to detect

    • To bind to the histamine released from mast cells

    Correct Answer
    A. To present processed antigens for T-helper cells to detect
    Explanation
    The function of MHC present on B cells is to present processed antigens for T-helper cells to detect. This allows B cells to interact with T-helper cells and initiate an immune response against specific antigens.

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  • 19. 

    Which of the following immune cells/molecules are most effective at destroying intracellular pathogens? (Choose all correct answers)

    • T helper cells

    • B cells

    • Antibodies

    • Macrophages

    • T cytotoxic cells

    • Natural killer cells

    • Complements

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. T cytotoxic cells
    A. Natural killer cells
    Explanation
    T cytotoxic cells and natural killer cells are both immune cells that are highly effective at destroying intracellular pathogens. T cytotoxic cells are a type of T cell that directly kills infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell that can recognize and kill infected cells without prior activation. Both of these cells play a crucial role in the immune response against intracellular pathogens.

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  • 20. 

    Which of the following cells are involved in the second and third line defense?

    • Helper-T / Activated –T

    • Plasma / Basophils

    • Natural killer / Macrophages

    • Macrophages / T-killer

    Correct Answer
    A. Natural killer / Macrophages
    Explanation
    Natural killer cells and macrophages are involved in the second and third line of defense. Natural killer cells are a type of lymphocyte that can directly kill infected or cancerous cells. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens. Both of these cells play important roles in the immune response and are part of the body's defense against infections and diseases.

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  • 21. 

    All of the following are among the characteristics of the primary immune response except ……. The infection could be widely spread The response takes about 48 hours to reach its maximum Appearance of the disease symptoms Immune cells respond to the antigens of the pathogen, attack it and destroy it.

    • Option 1

    • Option 2

    • Option 3

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Option 2
    Explanation
    The primary immune response is the initial response of the immune system to a pathogen. During this response, immune cells recognize the antigens of the pathogen, attack it, and destroy it. The response takes time to reach its maximum, usually around 48 hours. The appearance of disease symptoms is also a characteristic of the primary immune response. However, the option "Option 2" states that the primary immune response does not take about 48 hours to reach its maximum. This is incorrect because the response does indeed take time to fully develop.

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  • 22. 

    The immune cell that is able to respond quickly after any subsequent encounter with the same antigen is the …….

    • Memory cell

    • Basophil

    • Plasma cell

    • Helper T-cell

    Correct Answer
    A. Memory cell
    Explanation
    Memory cells are immune cells that are formed after an initial encounter with an antigen. These cells "remember" the antigen and can respond quickly and effectively upon subsequent encounters. This rapid response is possible because memory cells have already been sensitized to the antigen and can quickly differentiate into effector cells, such as plasma cells or cytotoxic T cells, to mount a targeted immune response. Basophils are a type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions, plasma cells are responsible for producing antibodies, and helper T cells play a crucial role in coordinating the immune response but do not possess the ability to quickly respond to subsequent encounters with antigens.

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  • 23. 

    The third Line of defense includes …….

    • Skin and Mucous membranes.

    • Inflammatory response.

    • Immune Response.

    • Cerumen and Tears

    Correct Answer
    A. Immune Response.
    Explanation
    The third line of defense refers to the immune response, which is a complex system of cells and molecules that work together to identify and eliminate pathogens. This response includes the activation of immune cells such as T cells and B cells, the production of antibodies, and the release of cytokines to coordinate the immune response. The immune response is a crucial defense mechanism against infections and plays a vital role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

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  • 24. 

    Innate defense system includes ………

    • Immune response 

    • Cell mediated immunity

    • Humoral mediated immunity

    • Inflammatory response.

    Correct Answer
    A. Inflammatory response.
    Explanation
    The innate defense system includes the inflammatory response, which is a non-specific defense mechanism that occurs in response to tissue injury or infection. During the inflammatory response, various cellular and chemical components are activated to eliminate the harmful stimuli and initiate the healing process. This response involves the release of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine and cytokines, which cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and recruitment of immune cells to the site of injury or infection. The inflammatory response is an important component of the innate immune system and plays a crucial role in protecting the body from pathogens.

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  • 25. 
    The following diagram illustrates both Humoral and Cell mediated immunity. What are the numbers that correspond to the following respectively: B-lymphocyte, interleukin, macrophage, T-cytotoxic, natural killer cell and cytokine? - ProProfs

    The following diagram illustrates both Humoral and Cell mediated immunity. What are the numbers that correspond to the following respectively: B-lymphocyte, interleukin, macrophage, T-cytotoxic, natural killer cell and cytokine?

    • 1 – 2 – 3 – 6 – 5 – 8

    • 4 – 7 – 1 – 5 – 6 – 8

    • 4 – 8 – 1 – 6 – 5 – 7

    • 1 – 2 – 3 – 5 – 6 – 8

    Correct Answer
    A. 4 – 7 – 1 – 5 – 6 – 8
  • 26. 

    Helper-T cells cannot recognize the antigens unless it is bind to …..

    • Immune globulin

    • MHC

    • CD8

    • All the above

    Correct Answer
    A. MHC
    Explanation
    Helper-T cells cannot recognize antigens unless they are bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. MHC molecules are proteins found on the surface of cells that present antigens to the immune system. When an antigen is bound to an MHC molecule, it can be recognized by a Helper-T cell, which plays a crucial role in coordinating the immune response. Immune globulin is a type of antibody, CD8 is a protein found on cytotoxic T cells, but neither of these are directly involved in antigen recognition by Helper-T cells.

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  • 27. 

    Complements do not function unless in the presence of …....

    • Cytotoxic-T cells

    • T- suppressor cells

    • Helper-T cells

    • B-cells

    Correct Answer
    A. B-cells
    Explanation
    Complements are a group of proteins that help in the immune response by enhancing the ability of antibodies to eliminate pathogens. However, complements cannot function on their own and require the presence of other immune cells to be activated. Among the options given, B-cells are the most likely to interact with complements. B-cells are responsible for producing antibodies, which can bind to antigens on pathogens and activate complements to destroy the pathogens. Therefore, B-cells are necessary for complements to function effectively in the immune response.

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  • 28. 
    The figure below illustrates the primary and secondary immune responses. At which point do Ts-cells start their action: (A), (B) or (C)? - ProProfs

    The figure below illustrates the primary and secondary immune responses. At which point do Ts-cells start their action: (A), (B) or (C)?

    • (A)

    • (B)

    • (C)

    • (A) and (C)

    Correct Answer
    A. (B)
    Explanation
    Ts-cells start their action at point (B).

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  • 29. 

    Activated T-cells together with viral infected cells produce …....

    • Interferon

    • Chemokines

    • Interleukins

    • Complements

    Correct Answer
    A. Interferon
    Explanation
    Activated T-cells are a type of immune cell that plays a crucial role in the body's defense against viral infections. When T-cells encounter viral infected cells, they release interferons. Interferons are proteins that help to inhibit viral replication and spread by interfering with the virus's ability to infect new cells. They also stimulate the immune response by activating other immune cells and enhancing their ability to kill virus-infected cells. Therefore, the correct answer is Interferon.

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  • 30. 

    Lymphatic cells that induce B-cells to produce antibodies are …..

    • Helper-T cells

    • Cytotoxic-T cells

    • Suppressor-T cells

    • Natural killer cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Helper-T cells
    Explanation
    Helper-T cells play a crucial role in the immune response by activating B-cells to produce antibodies. These cells recognize antigens presented by B-cells and release cytokines that stimulate B-cell proliferation and differentiation. This interaction between Helper-T cells and B-cells is essential for the production of specific antibodies that can target and neutralize pathogens. Cytotoxic-T cells, Suppressor-T cells, and Natural killer cells have different functions in the immune system and do not directly induce B-cells to produce antibodies.

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  • 31. 

    What will happen if a red blood cell is damaged?

    • It will be eliminated by the cytotoxic-T cells

    • It will be picked up by mobile phagocytic cell

    • It will be picked up by phagocytic cells in the liver

    • Its membrane will be perforated by the action of Perforin protein

    Correct Answer
    A. It will be picked up by phagocytic cells in the liver
  • 32. 

    Virual infected cells cannot be destroyed by antibodies produced by plasma cells because ……

    • The antibodies are of few amounts that they are not effective

    • The antibodies are affected by the enzymes found inside the cells

    • The virus digests the antibodies and changes them into amino acids

    • The antibodies are relatively large sized molecules that cannot reach the virus inside the cell.

    Correct Answer
    A. The antibodies are relatively large sized molecules that cannot reach the virus inside the cell.
    Explanation
    Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma cells in response to an infection. They work by binding to specific antigens on the surface of pathogens, such as viruses, and marking them for destruction by the immune system. However, in the case of viral infections, antibodies may not be able to destroy infected cells because they are too large to enter the cells and directly neutralize the virus. Instead, other immune cells, such as cytotoxic T cells, are needed to recognize and eliminate the infected cells. Therefore, the correct answer is that antibodies are relatively large sized molecules that cannot reach the virus inside the cell.

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  • 33. 
    The following diagram illustrates the beginning of an immune response done by T lymphocytes. Which type of T-cells is the one in reaction? - ProProfs

    The following diagram illustrates the beginning of an immune response done by T lymphocytes. Which type of T-cells is the one in reaction?

    • Killer-T

    • Helper-T

    • Regulatory-T

    • Suppressor-T

    Correct Answer
    A. Helper-T
    Explanation
    The diagram shows the beginning of an immune response, which involves T lymphocytes. Among the given options, Helper-T cells are the ones that play a crucial role in coordinating and regulating the immune response. They help activate other immune cells, such as B cells and cytotoxic T cells, by releasing chemical signals called cytokines. This activation is important for the immune system to effectively eliminate pathogens. Therefore, the correct answer is Helper-T cells.

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  • 34. 

    Tears possess a defense mechanism that protects the body, because they contain …..

    • Interleukins

    • Antimicrobial substances

    • N.K-cells

    • Inflammatory substances

    Correct Answer
    A. Antimicrobial substances
    Explanation
    Tears possess a defense mechanism that protects the body because they contain antimicrobial substances. These substances help to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, on the surface of the eye. This defense mechanism helps to prevent eye infections and maintain the overall health of the eye.

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  • 35. 

    The ……. line of defense starts by a severe inflammation.

    • First

    • Second

    • Third

    • Any of the three

    Correct Answer
    A. Second
    Explanation
    The second line of defense starts by a severe inflammation. This suggests that there are multiple lines of defense, and the second line is initiated by inflammation. This implies that the first line of defense is something other than inflammation, and the third line of defense is not mentioned as starting with inflammation. Therefore, the correct answer is Second.

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  • 36. 

    From the inflammation-generating substances there is ……

    • Histamine

    • Chemokines

    • Interleukins

    • Interferon

    Correct Answer
    A. Histamine
    Explanation
    Histamine is a substance released by cells in response to injury, infection, or allergic reactions. It is known to cause inflammation by dilating blood vessels and increasing blood flow to the affected area. This increased blood flow leads to redness, swelling, and warmth, which are characteristic signs of inflammation. Therefore, histamine is one of the inflammation-generating substances mentioned in the question.

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  • 37. 

    ……. cells secrete inflammation-generating substances.

    • Mast and B-lymphocytes

    • B and T lymphocytes

    • Mast and basophil

    • Macrophages and B-lymphocytes

    Correct Answer
    A. Mast and basophil
    Explanation
    Mast cells and basophils are both types of white blood cells that are involved in the immune response. They secrete inflammation-generating substances such as histamine and cytokines, which can cause redness, swelling, and pain at the site of an injury or infection. This inflammatory response is an important part of the body's defense against pathogens, but it can also contribute to tissue damage and disease if it becomes chronic or excessive.

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  • 38. 

    Secretion of ……. dilates the blood vessels at the place of injury.

    • Interferon

    • Chemokines

    • Interleukins

    • Histamine

    Correct Answer
    A. Histamine
    Explanation
    Histamine is a chemical compound released by mast cells and basophils in response to injury or inflammation. When released, histamine causes the blood vessels to dilate at the site of injury, leading to increased blood flow to the area. This increased blood flow helps to bring in immune cells and other factors necessary for the healing process. Therefore, histamine is responsible for dilating the blood vessels at the place of injury.

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  • 39. 

    Acquired immunity is considered the …….. line of defense against microbes.

    • First

    • Second

    • Third

    • Fourth

    Correct Answer
    A. Third
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Third" because acquired immunity is the third line of defense against microbes. The first line of defense is the physical and chemical barriers of the body, such as the skin and mucous membranes. The second line of defense is the innate immune response, which includes inflammation and the activation of immune cells. Acquired immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is the third line of defense and involves the production of specific antibodies and immune cells to target and eliminate specific pathogens.

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  • 40. 

    B-cells adhere to their antigen by ……..

    • Antibodies

    • MHC

    • Immune receptors

    • CD4

    Correct Answer
    A. Immune receptors
    Explanation
    B-cells adhere to their antigen by immune receptors. Immune receptors are proteins on the surface of B-cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens. When an immune receptor on a B-cell binds to its corresponding antigen, it triggers a series of events that activate the B-cell and initiate an immune response. This binding is crucial for the B-cell to recognize and respond to foreign invaders, such as bacteria or viruses, and produce antibodies to neutralize them. MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules are involved in presenting antigens to T-cells, not in the direct adherence of B-cells to antigens. CD4 is a protein found on helper T-cells, which plays a role in the immune response, but it is not directly involved in the adherence of B-cells to antigens.

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  • 41. 

    Activated helper T-cells secrete protein called ……

    • Interleukins

    • Interferon

    • Chemokines

    • Histamine

    Correct Answer
    A. Interleukins
    Explanation
    Activated helper T-cells secrete proteins called interleukins. Interleukins are a group of cytokines that act as signaling molecules between immune cells. They play a crucial role in regulating the immune response by promoting the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of other immune cells. Interleukins also help in coordinating the immune response by mediating communication between different types of immune cells. Therefore, the secretion of interleukins by activated helper T-cells is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system.

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  • 42. 

    Fragments of antigens will bind to a protein called ……. Inside the macrophage.

    • Perforin

    • Major histocompatibility complex

    • Interferon

    • Cytokines

    Correct Answer
    A. Major histocompatibility complex
    Explanation
    Fragments of antigens will bind to a protein called Major histocompatibility complex inside the macrophage. The Major histocompatibility complex is responsible for presenting the antigen fragments to T cells, which triggers an immune response. This process helps the immune system identify and eliminate foreign substances in the body.

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  • 43. 

    Cytotoxic T-cells secrete ………. to perforate the membrane of the pathogen.

    • Perforin

    • Lymphatic toxins

    • Cytokines

    • Lymphokines

    Correct Answer
    A. Perforin
    Explanation
    Cytotoxic T-cells use perforin to puncture the membrane of pathogens. Perforin is a protein that forms pores in the target cell's membrane, allowing for the entry of other molecules and ultimately leading to the destruction of the pathogen. This mechanism is an important defense mechanism of the immune system, as it allows the cytotoxic T-cells to directly attack and eliminate infected or abnormal cells.

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  • 44. 

    Cytotoxic T-cells induce “cellular suicide” to pathogen cells by secreting .......

    • Perforin

    • Cytokines

    • Lymphokines

    • Lymphatic toxins

    Correct Answer
    A. Lymphatic toxins
    Explanation
    Cytotoxic T-cells induce "cellular suicide" to pathogen cells by secreting lymphatic toxins. These toxins are released by the T-cells and cause damage to the pathogen cells, leading to their destruction. This mechanism is an important part of the immune response and helps to eliminate infected cells from the body.

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  • 45. 

    The ……. cells activate both the humoral and cellular immunity.

    • Helper T

    • Natural killer

    • Cytotoxic T

    • Suppressor T

    Correct Answer
    A. Helper T
    Explanation
    Helper T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in activating both the humoral and cellular immune responses. They help coordinate and regulate the immune system by releasing chemical signals that stimulate other immune cells, such as B cells and cytotoxic T cells, to mount an immune response against pathogens. Helper T cells are essential for the production of antibodies by B cells, which is a key component of the humoral immune response. Additionally, they also help activate cytotoxic T cells, which are responsible for directly killing infected cells and enhancing the cellular immune response.

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  • 46. 

    The 1ry immune response is slow, because of the ……..

    • Spreading of the microbe in the body tissues

    • Decrease in the amount of antibodies

    • Decrease in the number of T and B-lymphocytes

    • Absence of T and B-memory cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Absence of T and B-memory cells
    Explanation
    The primary immune response is slow because of the absence of T and B-memory cells. Memory cells are a crucial component of the immune system as they "remember" previous encounters with a specific pathogen. During a primary immune response, the body is encountering a pathogen for the first time, so there are no memory cells to quickly recognize and respond to the pathogen. This results in a slower immune response as the immune system needs time to identify the pathogen, activate the appropriate immune cells, and produce antibodies to fight off the infection.

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  • 47. 
    The figure bellow illustrates the start of an immune response in the 2nd line of defense. Which of the following is an example of the chemical signals (X) secreted by the cells? - ProProfs

    The figure bellow illustrates the start of an immune response in the 2nd line of defense. Which of the following is an example of the chemical signals (X) secreted by the cells?

    • Interferon

    • Lymphokines

    • Histamine

    • Perforin

    Correct Answer
    A. Histamine
    Explanation
    Histamine is an example of a chemical signal secreted by cells during the start of an immune response in the 2nd line of defense. Histamine is released by mast cells and basophils in response to injury or allergens, and it plays a role in inflammation and allergic reactions. It causes blood vessels to dilate, leading to increased blood flow to the area, and also increases the permeability of blood vessels, allowing immune cells to move more easily to the site of infection or injury.

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  • 48. 

    ………. are cells involved in each of natural and acquired immunity.

    • Macrophages and natural killers

    • Macrophages and mast cells

    • T-cells and mast cells

    • T-cells and B-cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Macrophages and natural killers
    Explanation
    Macrophages and natural killers are cells involved in both natural and acquired immunity. Macrophages are part of the innate immune system and play a role in engulfing and destroying pathogens. Natural killer cells are also part of the innate immune system and are responsible for killing infected cells and tumor cells. Both of these cell types are involved in the initial response to pathogens and also contribute to the adaptive immune response by activating other immune cells.

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  • 49. 

    The molecules of the MHC are found in ………

    • Cells with multilobed-nucleus and monocytes

    • Plasma cells and helper T-cells

    • Monocytes and helper T-cells

    • Macrophages and B-lymphocytes

    Correct Answer
    A. Macrophages and B-lymphocytes
    Explanation
    The molecules of the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) are found in macrophages and B-lymphocytes. The MHC molecules play a crucial role in the immune response by presenting antigens to T-cells. Macrophages are phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, while B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies. Both of these cell types are involved in the immune response and express MHC molecules on their surface to present antigens to T-cells.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Jun 12, 2023 +

Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.

  • Current Version
  • Jun 12, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Jun 28, 2020
    Quiz Created by
    Samy
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