Health Test 1 - Immune System Quiz

Sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, play a crucial role in the development of secondary sex characteristics and the functioning of the reproductive system. These hormones are responsible for the growth of underarm and pubic hair, deepening of the voice in males, and other physical changes that occur during puberty. Additionally, sex hormones regulate the menstrual cycle in females and contribute to the development of reproductive organs. Therefore, it is true that sex hormones aid in the development of secondary sex characteristics and the proper functioning of the reproductive system.

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the lymphatic system. They act as filters, trapping and destroying pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Lymph nodes are primarily found in the head, neck, axilla (armpit), and groin areas. They play a crucial role in the body's immune response by producing and storing white blood cells, which help fight infections and diseases.

The immune system serves as a defense mechanism against invaders by first recognizing them as foreign entities. Once recognized, it responds by initiating a series of reactions and processes to eliminate the invaders. Finally, its ultimate goal is to destroy the invaders, whether through direct attack or by activating other components of the immune system to neutralize and eliminate the threat.

The two types of immunity are specific and nonspecific. Specific immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is a targeted response to a specific pathogen or foreign substance. It involves the production of antibodies and memory cells that provide long-term protection against future infections. Nonspecific immunity, also known as innate immunity, is a general defense mechanism that provides immediate, but temporary, protection against a wide range of pathogens. It includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as chemical and cellular components such as inflammation and phagocytosis.

A vaccine is a substance that stimulates the immune system to produce an immune response against a specific pathogen. In this case, the question is asking about the type of immunity that is induced by a vaccine. Active artificially acquired immunity refers to the immune response that is generated by the body's own immune system after receiving a vaccine. This type of immunity involves the production of antibodies and memory cells, providing long-term protection against future infections from the same pathogen.

Active naturally acquired immunity occurs when a person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune. This type of immunity is a result of the body's own immune response, where the immune system produces antibodies and memory cells to fight off the infection and provide long-lasting protection against future exposures to the same pathogen. It is called "naturally acquired" because it happens naturally through exposure to the pathogen, rather than through deliberate intervention like vaccination.

The spleen is the correct answer because it is an organ located under the rib cage, near the stomach, and it plays a crucial role in filtering blood. The spleen helps to remove old or damaged red blood cells, as well as filtering out bacteria and other foreign substances from the bloodstream. It also helps to store and produce white blood cells, which are important for immune function. The liver, pancreas, and kidneys are all important organs, but they do not specifically filter blood and remove bacteria like the spleen does.

The immune system is responsible for protecting the body against harmful invaders. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are all examples of microorganisms that can invade the body and trigger an immune response. Transplanted cells, which are foreign cells introduced into the body through transplantation, can also be recognized as invaders by the immune system. Tumor cells, which are abnormal cells that can form cancerous growths, can be seen as invaders as well since they can disrupt normal bodily functions. Therefore, all of the options listed are immune system invaders.

The examples provided in the answer (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, type 1 diabetes) are all autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues, causing inflammation and damage. Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by joint inflammation, multiple sclerosis affects the central nervous system, lupus is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs, and type 1 diabetes is caused by the immune system attacking the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Cancer and osteoarthritis, on the other hand, are not autoimmune diseases but have different causes and mechanisms.