Pathophysiology And Immunology Trivia Questions! Quiz

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  • 1/50 Questions

    Which of the following is a primary lymphoid tissue?

    • Tonsils
    • Bone marrow
    • Spleen
    • Peyer patches
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About This Quiz

The body has a defense system against threats from the external environment in the form of antibodies. There are some threats where the organization will need medicine to fight of infections of diseases. How good are you when it comes to the immune system, and diseases humans are threatened with? This Pathophysiology and immunology trivia quiz will help you answer See morethat based on how high you score. Give it a try!

Pathophysiology And Immunology Trivia Questions! Quiz - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    An attack on beneficial foreign tissue would be what type of inappropriate immune response?

    • Hyperactivity (allergic)

    • Immunodeficiency

    • Autoimmunity

    • Transplant rejection

    Correct Answer
    A. Transplant rejection
    Explanation
    An attack on beneficial foreign tissue would be classified as a transplant rejection, which is an inappropriate immune response. In this type of response, the immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and launches an attack against it, aiming to eliminate it from the body. This can lead to the failure of the transplant and potential harm to the recipient.

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  • 3. 

    Immunity received during intrauterine development via the placenta or after birth via the breast milk would be what type of immunity?

    • Natural active

    • Artificial active

    • Natural passive

    • Artificial passive

    Correct Answer
    A. Natural passive
    Explanation
    Natural passive immunity refers to the immunity that is acquired passively, without the individual's immune system actively responding to an antigen. In this case, the immunity is received during intrauterine development via the placenta or after birth via breast milk. This type of immunity is temporary and provides immediate protection to the newborn, but it does not stimulate the individual's immune system to produce its own antibodies.

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  • 4. 

    Immunity acquired as a result from vaccination would be

    • Natural active

    • Artificial active

    • Natural passive

    • Artificial passive

    Correct Answer
    A. Artificial active
    Explanation
    Artificial active immunity is acquired through vaccination, where a person is exposed to a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen, triggering an immune response. This immune response leads to the production of antibodies and memory cells, providing long-term protection against future infections from the same pathogen. Unlike natural active immunity, which is acquired through natural exposure to a pathogen, artificial active immunity is intentionally induced through vaccination.

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  • 5. 

    Innate immunity recognizes invaders as foreign and specifically  identifies pathogens.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    it does not specifically identify pathogens

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  • 6. 

    Which is not true about cytokines?

    • Promote inflammation during active infection

    • Target hypothalamus to raise temperature

    • Specifically identify pathogens

    • Are released by neutrophils that have destroyed invaders and attract other cells

    • Activate complement cascade

    Correct Answer
    A. Specifically identify pathogens
    Explanation
    Cytokines are small proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling and immune responses. They are released by various cells of the immune system and can have multiple functions. One of their important roles is to promote inflammation during active infection, which helps in recruiting immune cells to the site of infection. Cytokines can also target the hypothalamus to raise body temperature, leading to fever. Additionally, they can attract other immune cells to the site of infection by being released by neutrophils that have destroyed invaders. However, it is not true that cytokines specifically identify pathogens. They have a more general role in regulating immune responses and coordinating the overall immune system.

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  • 7. 

    Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?

    • Recycle lost fluids from cardiovascular system

    • Transport pathogens to lymph nodes for destruction

    • Store and mature immature lymphocytes

    • A & C

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The lymphatic system has multiple functions, including recycling lost fluids from the cardiovascular system and transporting pathogens to lymph nodes for destruction. Additionally, it stores and matures immature lymphocytes. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above." The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, immune response, and the overall health of the body.

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  • 8. 

    Which is true about lymph capillaries?

    • Run perpendicular to blood capillaries

    • Are close-ended vessels

    • Body movement and smooth muscle contraction propels lymph through system

    • Not found in connective tissue

    Correct Answer
    A. Body movement and smooth muscle contraction propels lymph through system
    Explanation
    Lymph capillaries are close-ended vessels that run parallel to blood capillaries. They are found in connective tissue and are responsible for collecting excess fluid and waste products from the tissues. The movement of lymph through the system is aided by body movement and smooth muscle contractions, which help propel the lymph towards larger lymphatic vessels.

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  • 9. 

    The thoracic duct drains which of the following trunks:

    • Subclavian trunk

    • Intestinal trunk

    • Jugular trunk

    • A & C

    Correct Answer
    A. Intestinal trunk
    Explanation
    The thoracic duct drains the intestinal trunk.

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  • 10. 

    Which of the following is not true about the spleen?

    • Has lymphatic sinuses

    • Non essential organ but compromises immunity if removed

    • Has red pulp with leukocytes and erythrocytes

    • Removes old, damaged or fragile erythrocytes

    Correct Answer
    A. Has lymphatic sinuses
    Explanation
    The spleen is an organ that plays a crucial role in the immune system. It is responsible for filtering the blood and removing old, damaged, or fragile red blood cells. It also contains red pulp, which consists of leukocytes and erythrocytes. However, the spleen does not have lymphatic sinuses. Lymphatic sinuses are found in lymph nodes, not in the spleen. Therefore, the statement "has lymphatic sinuses" is not true about the spleen.

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  • 11. 

    The thymus

    • Secretes hormones that stimulate the maturation of B cells in lymph nodes

    • Plays vital role in maturation of childhood immunity

    • Located between the thoracic aorta and diaphragm

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Plays vital role in maturation of childhood immunity
    Explanation
    The thymus plays a vital role in the maturation of childhood immunity. It is a gland located between the thoracic aorta and diaphragm. It does not secrete hormones that stimulate the maturation of B cells in lymph nodes.

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  • 12. 

    Lymph is returned to the bloodstream at the left and right subclavian veins.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Lymph is a fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system, which helps remove waste and toxins from the body. The lymphatic system eventually returns the lymph back to the bloodstream. This process occurs at the left and right subclavian veins, where the lymph is emptied into the bloodstream. Therefore, the statement that lymph is returned to the bloodstream at the left and right subclavian veins is true.

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  • 13. 

    Immunoglobulins are

    • Antibodies from plasma cells

    • Insoluble proteins

    • Bind to antigens

    • A & C

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. A & C
    Explanation
    Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are proteins produced by plasma cells. They are soluble and can bind to antigens, which are foreign substances in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is A & C, as immunoglobulins are antibodies from plasma cells and they bind to antigens.

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  • 14. 

    This antibody class attacks bacteria and is responsible for cross-reactions between incompatible blood types.

    • IgE

    • IgG

    • IgM

    • IgA

    Correct Answer
    A. IgM
    Explanation
    IgM is the correct answer because it is an antibody class that is involved in attacking bacteria and is also responsible for cross-reactions between incompatible blood types. IgM antibodies are the first to be produced by the immune system in response to an infection or antigen, making them effective in the early stages of an immune response. Additionally, IgM antibodies have the ability to bind to multiple antigens at once, allowing them to agglutinate or clump together bacteria or incompatible blood cells.

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  • 15. 

    This antibody class occurs in exocrine secretions and attacks pathogens before they enter the body.

    • IgE

    • IgG

    • IgM

    • IgA

    Correct Answer
    A. IgA
    Explanation
    IgA is the correct answer because it is an antibody class that is found in exocrine secretions, such as saliva, tears, and breast milk. It plays a crucial role in protecting the body from pathogens by attacking them before they enter the body. IgE is primarily associated with allergic reactions, IgG is involved in long-term immunity, and IgM is the first antibody produced during an immune response.

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  • 16. 

    This class of antibodies is bound to antigens stimulating basophils and mast cells and releases chemicals that stimulate inflammation.

    • IgG

    • IgE

    • IgM

    • IgA

    Correct Answer
    A. IgE
    Explanation
    IgE antibodies are a class of antibodies that are bound to antigens and stimulate basophils and mast cells. When IgE antibodies bind to these cells, they release chemicals that trigger inflammation. This immune response is important in allergic reactions and defense against parasites.

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  • 17. 

    This antibody class is attached to B cells and is involved in their activation.

    • IgD

    • IgM

    • IgE

    • IgA

    Correct Answer
    A. IgD
    Explanation
    IgD is the correct answer because it is an antibody class that is attached to B cells and plays a role in their activation. IgD is primarily found on the surface of B cells and is involved in the initiation of immune responses. It helps in the recognition of antigens and triggers the activation of B cells, leading to the production of other antibody classes such as IgM, IgG, and IgA.

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  • 18. 

    The secondary response describes

    • The activation of the adaptive immune system after breach of the innate occurs

    • Reaction upon second exposure to a pathogen

    • The second line of defense

    • Less effective than the primary response

    Correct Answer
    A. Reaction upon second exposure to a pathogen
    Explanation
    The secondary response refers to the reaction that occurs upon second exposure to a pathogen. This response is part of the adaptive immune system and is activated after the innate immune system has been breached. Unlike the primary response, which occurs during the first exposure to a pathogen, the secondary response is more effective and rapid in eliminating the pathogen due to the presence of memory cells that recognize and respond to the specific pathogen.

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  • 19. 

    Which cytokine is involved in innate and adaptive immunity and mediates communication between cells?

    • Interferon

    • Interleukin

    • Tumor necrosis factor

    Correct Answer
    A. Interleukin
    Explanation
    Interleukins are a group of cytokines that play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity. They act as messengers between cells, facilitating communication and coordination of immune responses. Interleukins are involved in various immune processes such as inflammation, cell growth, and differentiation. They help in activating and regulating immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Therefore, interleukins are the cytokines that are involved in innate and adaptive immunity and mediate communication between cells.

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  • 20. 

    Which cytokine is produced by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells?

    • Interrferon

    • Interleukin

    • Tumor necrosis factor

    Correct Answer
    A. Interrferon
    Explanation
    Interferon is a cytokine that is produced by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells. When a cell is infected by a virus, it releases interferon, which then binds to neighboring uninfected cells. This binding triggers a series of events within the uninfected cells that enhance their resistance to viral infection. Interferon helps to limit the spread of the virus by activating the immune response and inducing antiviral defenses in surrounding cells.

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  • 21. 

    Which cytokine stimulates macrophages into action and causes cell death in cancer cells?

    • Interleukin

    • Interferon

    • Tumor necrosis factor

    Correct Answer
    A. Tumor necrosis factor
    Explanation
    Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine that stimulates macrophages, which are immune cells, to become active and initiate an immune response. TNF also plays a role in causing cell death in cancer cells, making it a potential target for cancer therapies. This cytokine has been shown to induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells, thereby inhibiting their growth and spread. TNF can also enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. Therefore, TNF is the correct answer to the question.

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  • 22. 

    Leukocytes are born in the thymus.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    they are born in the bone marrow

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  • 23. 

    The first responders to the site of invasion are

    • Neutrophils

    • Basophils

    • Mast cells

    • Eosinophils

    Correct Answer
    A. Neutrophils
    Explanation
    Neutrophils are the first responders to the site of invasion because they are the most abundant type of white blood cells and are constantly patrolling the bloodstream. They are highly mobile and quickly migrate to the site of infection or injury. Neutrophils are equipped with various mechanisms to eliminate pathogens, such as phagocytosis and the release of antimicrobial substances. Their rapid response helps to contain the infection and initiate the immune response. Basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils also play important roles in the immune response, but they are not typically the first to arrive at the site of invasion.

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  • 24. 

    These phagocytic leukocytes arrive late and are able to leave tissue and migrate into the blood.

    • Neutrophils

    • Macrophages

    • Basophils

    • Mast cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Macrophages
    Explanation
    Macrophages are phagocytic leukocytes that arrive late at the site of infection or inflammation. They have the ability to leave the tissue where they were initially recruited and migrate into the bloodstream. This characteristic allows them to travel to different parts of the body and continue their immune response. Neutrophils, on the other hand, are also phagocytic leukocytes but they arrive early at the site of infection and do not have the same ability to leave the tissue and migrate into the blood. Basophils and mast cells are not phagocytic leukocytes and do not have a similar migratory capability.

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  • 25. 

    These leukocytes play a key role in allergy and anaphylaxis, they also promote inflammation and release heparin and histamine

    • Eosinophils

    • Basophils

    • Macrophages

    • Neutrophils

    Correct Answer
    A. Basophils
    Explanation
    Basophils are a type of leukocytes that play a crucial role in allergy and anaphylaxis. They are involved in promoting inflammation and release substances like heparin and histamine. Heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting, while histamine is responsible for allergic reactions and inflammation. The presence of these characteristics indicates that basophils are the correct answer to the question.

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  • 26. 

    These leukocytes are not mobile but are found in connective tissue where they play a key role in allergy and anaphylaxis. they are also able to release histamine and heparin

    • Basophils

    • Eosinophils

    • Mast cells

    • Lymphocytes

    Correct Answer
    A. Mast cells
    Explanation
    Mast cells are a type of leukocyte that are not mobile but are found in connective tissue. They play a key role in allergy and anaphylaxis by releasing histamine and heparin. This release of histamine can cause allergic reactions and inflammation. Mast cells are also involved in the immune response and can recruit other immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

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  • 27. 

    These leukocytes oppose the action of basophils and mast cells, they are active in allergy and parasitic infestation but stop inflammation

    • Basophil

    • Lymphocyte

    • Neutrophil

    • Eosinophil

    Correct Answer
    A. Eosinophil
    Explanation
    Eosinophils are a type of leukocyte that play a role in allergic reactions and parasitic infestations. They work by opposing the actions of basophils and mast cells, which are involved in inflammation. Eosinophils are not typically involved in the inflammatory response, but instead help to regulate it.

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  • 28. 

    These cells are weakly phagocytic but are important antigen presenters that alert the adaptive immunity

    • Mast cells

    • Dendrite cells

    • Eosinophils

    • Neutrophils

    Correct Answer
    A. Dendrite cells
    Explanation
    Dendritic cells are weakly phagocytic but play a crucial role in the immune response by presenting antigens to activate the adaptive immunity. They capture antigens, process them, and present them on their surfaces to activate T cells, which then initiate an immune response. Dendritic cells are therefore important in initiating and coordinating immune responses against pathogens and foreign substances. Mast cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils are also involved in the immune response, but they do not have the same antigen-presenting capabilities as dendritic cells.

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  • 29. 

    Complement cascade is

    • Leads to clumping of cells with foreign cells and attack of invading pathogens

    • inactivation of normally active plasma proteins or proteins from interstitial fluid

    • Part of innate and adaptive immunity

    • A & C

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. A & C
    Explanation
    The complement cascade is part of both innate and adaptive immunity. It involves a series of reactions that result in the clumping of cells with foreign cells and the attack of invading pathogens. Additionally, the complement cascade can also lead to the inactivation of normally active plasma proteins or proteins from interstitial fluid. Therefore, the correct answer is A & C, which means that both options A and C are correct explanations for the complement cascade.

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  • 30. 

    Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation?

    • Pain

    • Heat

    • Cyanosis

    • Swelling

    Correct Answer
    A. Cyanosis
    Explanation
    Cyanosis is not a sign of inflammation. Cyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to a lack of oxygen in the blood. It is typically caused by respiratory or circulatory issues and is not directly related to inflammation. Inflammation, on the other hand, is characterized by pain, heat, and swelling, which are the body's natural responses to tissue damage or infection.

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  • 31. 

    During the inflammatory response

    • Capillary permeability increases

    • Vasodilation occurs

    • Release of histamine and cytokines from damaged tissues

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    During the inflammatory response, multiple changes occur in the body. Capillary permeability increases, allowing fluid and immune cells to move out of the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissues. Vasodilation occurs, causing the blood vessels to widen and increase blood flow to the affected area. Damaged tissues release histamine and cytokines, which are chemical messengers that further promote inflammation. Therefore, all of the given options are correct and contribute to the inflammatory response.

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  • 32. 

    Inflammation is part of the innate immunity and triggers adaptive immunity.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Inflammation is indeed part of the innate immunity. When the body detects a harmful stimulus, such as an injury or infection, it initiates an inflammatory response. This response includes the release of various chemicals and immune cells that help to eliminate the threat and repair any damage. Additionally, inflammation also plays a crucial role in activating the adaptive immune response. It helps to recruit immune cells to the site of infection or injury, which then interact with the adaptive immune system to mount a more specific and targeted defense. Therefore, the statement that inflammation is part of the innate immunity and triggers adaptive immunity is true.

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  • 33. 

    Anaphylaxis results from

    • Wide spread vasoconstriction

    • Systemic inflammation

    • Usually doesn't require emergency intervention

    Correct Answer
    A. Systemic inflammation
    Explanation
    Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen. It leads to the release of inflammatory substances throughout the body, causing systemic inflammation. This inflammation can result in various symptoms, including difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, and swelling. Prompt emergency intervention is crucial in anaphylaxis to prevent life-threatening complications.

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  • 34. 

    Which of the following is a difference between cytotoxic t cells and regulatory T cells?

    • Regulatory T cells are a part of cell mediated immunity and cytotoxic T cells are a part of humoral immunity

    • Cytotoxic T cells directly attack foreign cells or infected cells

    • Regulatory T cells only affect other T cells

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Cytotoxic T cells directly attack foreign cells or infected cells
    Explanation
    Cytotoxic T cells directly attack foreign cells or infected cells, while regulatory T cells only affect other T cells. This means that cytotoxic T cells play a role in the immune response by directly eliminating harmful cells, while regulatory T cells help to regulate and control the immune response by suppressing the activity of other T cells. These two types of T cells have different functions and contribute to different aspects of the immune system's response to pathogens or abnormal cells.

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  • 35. 

    Which of the following would be the last to be activated?

    • Memory T cells

    • Cytotoxic T cells

    • Suppressor T cells

    • B cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Suppressor T cells
    Explanation
    Suppressor T cells, also known as regulatory T cells, are a type of T cell that suppress or regulate immune responses. They play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing excessive immune activation. In the context of immune response, memory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells are typically activated earlier than suppressor T cells. This is because memory T cells and cytotoxic T cells are involved in the direct elimination of pathogens, while B cells are responsible for producing antibodies. On the other hand, suppressor T cells are activated later to modulate and dampen the immune response, preventing it from becoming overly aggressive or damaging.

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  • 36. 

    B cells

    • Form plasma cells that secrete antibodies

    • Must go through sensitization and activation

    • Form memory b cells that are put on reserve for future infections

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    B cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response. They have the ability to differentiate into plasma cells, which are responsible for secreting antibodies. B cells also undergo sensitization and activation processes in order to recognize and respond to specific antigens. Additionally, B cells can form memory B cells, which are long-lived cells that are primed to respond quickly and effectively to future infections by the same antigen. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all the statements are true for B cells.

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  • 37. 

    Which cell attacks cancer cells?

    • Eosinophils

    • Cytotoxic T cells

    • Memory B cells

    • Natural killers

    Correct Answer
    A. Natural killers
    Explanation
    Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system's defense against cancer. They are able to recognize and directly attack cancer cells without the need for prior exposure or activation. Natural killer cells release toxic substances that induce apoptosis or cell death in cancer cells, helping to eliminate them from the body. Therefore, natural killer cells are the cells that attack cancer cells.

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  • 38. 

    NK cells

    • Respond after T /B cells

    • Secrete perforins

    • Only work against bacteria and viral infections

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Secrete perforins
    Explanation
    work against cancer also

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  • 39. 

    Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?

    • Rheumatoid arthritis

    • Systemic lupus erythematosus

    • Myasthenia gravis

    • Multiple sclerosis

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. None of the above
    Explanation
    All of the given options (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, and multiple sclerosis) are autoimmune diseases. This means that the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the body's own tissues and organs. Therefore, the correct answer is "none of the above" as all the options listed are autoimmune diseases.

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  • 40. 

    This disease feature inflammation in joints, the nervous system, the kidneys, and other organs. It also features a butterfly rash on the face and rashes elsewhere on the body.

    • Myasthenia gravis

    • Multiple sclerosis

    • Rheumatoid arthritis

    • Systemic lupus erythematous

    Correct Answer
    A. Systemic lupus erythematous
    Explanation
    Systemic lupus erythematous is the correct answer because it is a chronic autoimmune disease that can cause inflammation in various parts of the body, including the joints, nervous system, kidneys, and other organs. It is characterized by a butterfly-shaped rash on the face and rashes on other parts of the body. Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder that causes muscle weakness and fatigue, multiple sclerosis is a neurological disease that affects the central nervous system, and rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder primarily affecting the joints.

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  • 41. 

    This disease is inflammation and edema of the synovial membrane of joints and leads to joint pain and stiffness. there is also the destruction of cartilage and adjacent bone with bilateral joint stiffness.

    • Multiple sclerosis

    • Rheumatoid arthritis

    • Myasthenia gravis

    • SLE

    Correct Answer
    A. Rheumatoid arthritis
    Explanation
    Rheumatoid arthritis is the correct answer because it matches the description given in the question. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and swelling in the synovial membrane of joints. This leads to joint pain, stiffness, and eventually the destruction of cartilage and adjacent bone. The mention of bilateral joint stiffness further supports the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

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  • 42. 

    This disease features inflammation and ossification of the joints leading to a decreased spinal range of motion, usually affecting the sacroiliac joint.

    • Ankylosing spodylitis

    • Rheumatoid arthritis

    • Multiple sclerosis

    • SLE

    Correct Answer
    A. Ankylosing spodylitis
    Explanation
    Ankylosing spondylitis is a disease characterized by inflammation and ossification of the joints, particularly the sacroiliac joint. This leads to a decreased range of motion in the spine. Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and SLE are not typically associated with ossification of the joints or decreased spinal range of motion.

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  • 43. 

    This disease features inflammation of the central nervous system and demyelination of the nerves of the brain and the spinal cord.

    • Ankylosing spondylitis

    • Rheumatoid arthritis

    • Multiple sclerosis

    • Myasthenia gravis

    Correct Answer
    A. Multiple sclerosis
    Explanation
    Multiple sclerosis is the correct answer because it is a disease that involves inflammation of the central nervous system and demyelination of the nerves in the brain and spinal cord. This inflammation and damage to the nerves can lead to a variety of symptoms, including problems with coordination, muscle weakness, and difficulties with balance and mobility. Ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and myasthenia gravis are all conditions that affect different parts of the body and do not involve inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system.

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  • 44. 

    This disease is a result of autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors which leads to ineffective nerve muscle junctions and weakness.

    • Rheumatoid arthritis

    • SLE

    • Multiple sclerosis

    • Myasthenia gravis

    Correct Answer
    A. Myasthenia gravis
    Explanation
    Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease caused by autoantibodies targeting acetylcholine receptors. These autoantibodies interfere with the normal functioning of the nerve-muscle junctions, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue. This condition is characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness, which can affect various muscles in the body, including those responsible for breathing and swallowing. Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, and multiple sclerosis are unrelated autoimmune diseases and do not involve the same mechanism of action as myasthenia gravis.

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  • 45. 

    This disease features inflammation of the walls of the blood vessels and leads to necrosis, thrombus, and infarction.

    • SLE

    • Rheumatoid arthritis

    • Vasculitis

    • Myasthenia gravis

    Correct Answer
    A. Vasculitis
    Explanation
    Vasculitis is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by inflammation of the blood vessel walls. This inflammation can lead to necrosis, the death of cells and tissues, as well as the formation of thrombus, a blood clot, and infarction, the death of tissue due to inadequate blood supply. SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, and myasthenia gravis are not specifically associated with these symptoms.

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  • 46. 

    Hay fever and hives are

    • Anaphylaxis

    • Local hypersensitivity reactions

    • Autoimmune reactions

    • Immunodeficiency

    Correct Answer
    A. Local hypersensitivity reactions
    Explanation
    Hay fever and hives are both examples of local hypersensitivity reactions. Local hypersensitivity reactions occur when the immune system overreacts to a specific allergen or irritant in a localized area of the body. In the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen or other airborne allergens, causing symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and congestion. Hives, on the other hand, are a skin reaction characterized by itchy, raised welts that can occur in response to various triggers, including certain foods, medications, or insect bites. Both hay fever and hives are localized reactions that result from an exaggerated immune response.

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  • 47. 

    Anaphylaxis is dangerous because it causes widespread vasodilation and low BP.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. It occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen, such as certain foods, medications, or insect stings. During anaphylaxis, the body releases chemicals that cause blood vessels to widen (vasodilation) and lead to a drop in blood pressure (low BP). This can result in a lack of blood flow to vital organs and tissues, potentially causing organ damage or failure. Therefore, it is correct to say that anaphylaxis is dangerous because it causes widespread vasodilation and low BP.

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  • 48. 

    Which of the following would you be more susceptible to if you have a B cell deficiency?

    • Protozoa

    • Bacteria

    • Viruses

    • Fungus

    Correct Answer
    A. Bacteria
    Explanation
    If you have a B cell deficiency, you would be more susceptible to bacterial infections. B cells are a type of white blood cell that produce antibodies, which are proteins that help the immune system recognize and destroy foreign substances like bacteria. Without enough B cells, your body would have a weakened ability to fight off bacterial infections, making you more susceptible to them.

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  • 49. 

    Which of the following is a malignancy of AIDS?

    • Herpes zoster

    • Kaposi sarcoma

    • Toxoplasmosis

    • Candida albicans

    Correct Answer
    A. Kaposi sarcoma
    Explanation
    Kaposi sarcoma is a malignancy commonly associated with AIDS. It is caused by a virus called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. Kaposi sarcoma causes abnormal growth of blood vessels, leading to the development of purple or red skin lesions. It can also affect other organs, including the lungs, digestive tract, and lymph nodes. The presence of Kaposi sarcoma in an individual with AIDS is a strong indicator of advanced disease progression.

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