Pathophysiology And Immunology Trivia Questions! Quiz

Cyanosis is not a sign of inflammation. Cyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to a lack of oxygen in the blood. It is typically caused by respiratory or circulatory issues and is not directly related to inflammation. Inflammation, on the other hand, is characterized by pain, heat, and swelling, which are the body's natural responses to tissue damage or infection.

During the inflammatory response, multiple changes occur in the body. Capillary permeability increases, allowing fluid and immune cells to move out of the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissues. Vasodilation occurs, causing the blood vessels to widen and increase blood flow to the affected area. Damaged tissues release histamine and cytokines, which are chemical messengers that further promote inflammation. Therefore, all of the given options are correct and contribute to the inflammatory response.

Rheumatoid arthritis is the correct answer because it matches the description given in the question. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and swelling in the synovial membrane of joints. This leads to joint pain, stiffness, and eventually the destruction of cartilage and adjacent bone. The mention of bilateral joint stiffness further supports the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

Inflammation is indeed part of the innate immunity. When the body detects a harmful stimulus, such as an injury or infection, it initiates an inflammatory response. This response includes the release of various chemicals and immune cells that help to eliminate the threat and repair any damage. Additionally, inflammation also plays a crucial role in activating the adaptive immune response. It helps to recruit immune cells to the site of infection or injury, which then interact with the adaptive immune system to mount a more specific and targeted defense. Therefore, the statement that inflammation is part of the innate immunity and triggers adaptive immunity is true.

Systemic lupus erythematous is the correct answer because it is a chronic autoimmune disease that can cause inflammation in various parts of the body, including the joints, nervous system, kidneys, and other organs. It is characterized by a butterfly-shaped rash on the face and rashes on other parts of the body. Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder that causes muscle weakness and fatigue, multiple sclerosis is a neurological disease that affects the central nervous system, and rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder primarily affecting the joints.

Neutrophils are the first responders to the site of invasion because they are the most abundant type of white blood cells and are constantly patrolling the bloodstream. They are highly mobile and quickly migrate to the site of infection or injury. Neutrophils are equipped with various mechanisms to eliminate pathogens, such as phagocytosis and the release of antimicrobial substances. Their rapid response helps to contain the infection and initiate the immune response. Basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils also play important roles in the immune response, but they are not typically the first to arrive at the site of invasion.

Vasculitis is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by inflammation of the blood vessel walls. This inflammation can lead to necrosis, the death of cells and tissues, as well as the formation of thrombus, a blood clot, and infarction, the death of tissue due to inadequate blood supply. SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, and myasthenia gravis are not specifically associated with these symptoms.

Natural passive immunity refers to the immunity that is acquired passively, without the individual's immune system actively responding to an antigen. In this case, the immunity is received during intrauterine development via the placenta or after birth via breast milk. This type of immunity is temporary and provides immediate protection to the newborn, but it does not stimulate the individual's immune system to produce its own antibodies.

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. It occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen, such as certain foods, medications, or insect stings. During anaphylaxis, the body releases chemicals that cause blood vessels to widen (vasodilation) and lead to a drop in blood pressure (low BP). This can result in a lack of blood flow to vital organs and tissues, potentially causing organ damage or failure. Therefore, it is correct to say that anaphylaxis is dangerous because it causes widespread vasodilation and low BP.

B cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response. They have the ability to differentiate into plasma cells, which are responsible for secreting antibodies. B cells also undergo sensitization and activation processes in order to recognize and respond to specific antigens. Additionally, B cells can form memory B cells, which are long-lived cells that are primed to respond quickly and effectively to future infections by the same antigen. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all the statements are true for B cells.

they are born in the bone marrow

Lymph is a fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system, which helps remove waste and toxins from the body. The lymphatic system eventually returns the lymph back to the bloodstream. This process occurs at the left and right subclavian veins, where the lymph is emptied into the bloodstream. Therefore, the statement that lymph is returned to the bloodstream at the left and right subclavian veins is true.

Multiple sclerosis is the correct answer because it is a disease that involves inflammation of the central nervous system and demyelination of the nerves in the brain and spinal cord. This inflammation and damage to the nerves can lead to a variety of symptoms, including problems with coordination, muscle weakness, and difficulties with balance and mobility. Ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and myasthenia gravis are all conditions that affect different parts of the body and do not involve inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system.

Eosinophils are a type of leukocyte that play a role in allergic reactions and parasitic infestations. They work by opposing the actions of basophils and mast cells, which are involved in inflammation. Eosinophils are not typically involved in the inflammatory response, but instead help to regulate it.

Hay fever and hives are both examples of local hypersensitivity reactions. Local hypersensitivity reactions occur when the immune system overreacts to a specific allergen or irritant in a localized area of the body. In the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen or other airborne allergens, causing symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and congestion. Hives, on the other hand, are a skin reaction characterized by itchy, raised welts that can occur in response to various triggers, including certain foods, medications, or insect bites. Both hay fever and hives are localized reactions that result from an exaggerated immune response.

Interleukins are a group of cytokines that play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity. They act as messengers between cells, facilitating communication and coordination of immune responses. Interleukins are involved in various immune processes such as inflammation, cell growth, and differentiation. They help in activating and regulating immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Therefore, interleukins are the cytokines that are involved in innate and adaptive immunity and mediate communication between cells.

Kaposi sarcoma is a malignancy commonly associated with AIDS. It is caused by a virus called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. Kaposi sarcoma causes abnormal growth of blood vessels, leading to the development of purple or red skin lesions. It can also affect other organs, including the lungs, digestive tract, and lymph nodes. The presence of Kaposi sarcoma in an individual with AIDS is a strong indicator of advanced disease progression.

The antibody class that is the largest and most diverse, providing resistance against numerous viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins, and possessing the ability to cross the placenta is IgG (Immunoglobulin G).

Interferon is a cytokine that is produced by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells. When a cell is infected by a virus, it releases interferon, which then binds to neighboring uninfected cells. This binding triggers a series of events within the uninfected cells that enhance their resistance to viral infection. Interferon helps to limit the spread of the virus by activating the immune response and inducing antiviral defenses in surrounding cells.

Macrophages are phagocytic leukocytes that arrive late at the site of infection or inflammation. They have the ability to leave the tissue where they were initially recruited and migrate into the bloodstream. This characteristic allows them to travel to different parts of the body and continue their immune response. Neutrophils, on the other hand, are also phagocytic leukocytes but they arrive early at the site of infection and do not have the same ability to leave the tissue and migrate into the blood. Basophils and mast cells are not phagocytic leukocytes and do not have a similar migratory capability.

IgE antibodies are a class of antibodies that are bound to antigens and stimulate basophils and mast cells. When IgE antibodies bind to these cells, they release chemicals that trigger inflammation. This immune response is important in allergic reactions and defense against parasites.

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen. It leads to the release of inflammatory substances throughout the body, causing systemic inflammation. This inflammation can result in various symptoms, including difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, and swelling. Prompt emergency intervention is crucial in anaphylaxis to prevent life-threatening complications.

Artificial active immunity is acquired through vaccination, where a person is exposed to a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen, triggering an immune response. This immune response leads to the production of antibodies and memory cells, providing long-term protection against future infections from the same pathogen. Unlike natural active immunity, which is acquired through natural exposure to a pathogen, artificial active immunity is intentionally induced through vaccination.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine that stimulates macrophages, which are immune cells, to become active and initiate an immune response. TNF also plays a role in causing cell death in cancer cells, making it a potential target for cancer therapies. This cytokine has been shown to induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells, thereby inhibiting their growth and spread. TNF can also enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. Therefore, TNF is the correct answer to the question.

Dendritic cells are weakly phagocytic but play a crucial role in the immune response by presenting antigens to activate the adaptive immunity. They capture antigens, process them, and present them on their surfaces to activate T cells, which then initiate an immune response. Dendritic cells are therefore important in initiating and coordinating immune responses against pathogens and foreign substances. Mast cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils are also involved in the immune response, but they do not have the same antigen-presenting capabilities as dendritic cells.

If you have a B cell deficiency, you would be more susceptible to bacterial infections. B cells are a type of white blood cell that produce antibodies, which are proteins that help the immune system recognize and destroy foreign substances like bacteria. Without enough B cells, your body would have a weakened ability to fight off bacterial infections, making you more susceptible to them.

The bone marrow is considered a primary lymphoid tissue because it is responsible for the production and maturation of lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. Lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow and then migrate to other lymphoid organs such as the thymus, where they further mature. The bone marrow also plays a crucial role in the production of other blood cells, including red blood cells and platelets.

All of the given options (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, and multiple sclerosis) are autoimmune diseases. This means that the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the body's own tissues and organs. Therefore, the correct answer is "none of the above" as all the options listed are autoimmune diseases.

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease caused by autoantibodies targeting acetylcholine receptors. These autoantibodies interfere with the normal functioning of the nerve-muscle junctions, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue. This condition is characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness, which can affect various muscles in the body, including those responsible for breathing and swallowing. Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, and multiple sclerosis are unrelated autoimmune diseases and do not involve the same mechanism of action as myasthenia gravis.

IgA is the correct answer because it is an antibody class that is found in exocrine secretions, such as saliva, tears, and breast milk. It plays a crucial role in protecting the body from pathogens by attacking them before they enter the body. IgE is primarily associated with allergic reactions, IgG is involved in long-term immunity, and IgM is the first antibody produced during an immune response.

Lymph capillaries are close-ended vessels that run parallel to blood capillaries. They are found in connective tissue and are responsible for collecting excess fluid and waste products from the tissues. The movement of lymph through the system is aided by body movement and smooth muscle contractions, which help propel the lymph towards larger lymphatic vessels.

Ankylosing spondylitis is a disease characterized by inflammation and ossification of the joints, particularly the sacroiliac joint. This leads to a decreased range of motion in the spine. Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and SLE are not typically associated with ossification of the joints or decreased spinal range of motion.

An attack on beneficial foreign tissue would be classified as a transplant rejection, which is an inappropriate immune response. In this type of response, the immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and launches an attack against it, aiming to eliminate it from the body. This can lead to the failure of the transplant and potential harm to the recipient.

Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system's defense against cancer. They are able to recognize and directly attack cancer cells without the need for prior exposure or activation. Natural killer cells release toxic substances that induce apoptosis or cell death in cancer cells, helping to eliminate them from the body. Therefore, natural killer cells are the cells that attack cancer cells.

it does not specifically identify pathogens

The lymphatic system has multiple functions, including recycling lost fluids from the cardiovascular system and transporting pathogens to lymph nodes for destruction. Additionally, it stores and matures immature lymphocytes. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above." The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, immune response, and the overall health of the body.

The complement cascade is part of both innate and adaptive immunity. It involves a series of reactions that result in the clumping of cells with foreign cells and the attack of invading pathogens. Additionally, the complement cascade can also lead to the inactivation of normally active plasma proteins or proteins from interstitial fluid. Therefore, the correct answer is A & C, which means that both options A and C are correct explanations for the complement cascade.

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are proteins produced by plasma cells. They are soluble and can bind to antigens, which are foreign substances in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is A & C, as immunoglobulins are antibodies from plasma cells and they bind to antigens.

Mast cells are a type of leukocyte that are not mobile but are found in connective tissue. They play a key role in allergy and anaphylaxis by releasing histamine and heparin. This release of histamine can cause allergic reactions and inflammation. Mast cells are also involved in the immune response and can recruit other immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

The secondary response refers to the reaction that occurs upon second exposure to a pathogen. This response is part of the adaptive immune system and is activated after the innate immune system has been breached. Unlike the primary response, which occurs during the first exposure to a pathogen, the secondary response is more effective and rapid in eliminating the pathogen due to the presence of memory cells that recognize and respond to the specific pathogen.

Cytotoxic T cells directly attack foreign cells or infected cells, while regulatory T cells only affect other T cells. This means that cytotoxic T cells play a role in the immune response by directly eliminating harmful cells, while regulatory T cells help to regulate and control the immune response by suppressing the activity of other T cells. These two types of T cells have different functions and contribute to different aspects of the immune system's response to pathogens or abnormal cells.

Suppressor T cells, also known as regulatory T cells, are a type of T cell that suppress or regulate immune responses. They play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing excessive immune activation. In the context of immune response, memory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells are typically activated earlier than suppressor T cells. This is because memory T cells and cytotoxic T cells are involved in the direct elimination of pathogens, while B cells are responsible for producing antibodies. On the other hand, suppressor T cells are activated later to modulate and dampen the immune response, preventing it from becoming overly aggressive or damaging.

Cytokines are small proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling and immune responses. They are released by various cells of the immune system and can have multiple functions. One of their important roles is to promote inflammation during active infection, which helps in recruiting immune cells to the site of infection. Cytokines can also target the hypothalamus to raise body temperature, leading to fever. Additionally, they can attract other immune cells to the site of infection by being released by neutrophils that have destroyed invaders. However, it is not true that cytokines specifically identify pathogens. They have a more general role in regulating immune responses and coordinating the overall immune system.

Basophils are a type of leukocytes that play a crucial role in allergy and anaphylaxis. They are involved in promoting inflammation and release substances like heparin and histamine. Heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting, while histamine is responsible for allergic reactions and inflammation. The presence of these characteristics indicates that basophils are the correct answer to the question.

IgD is the correct answer because it is an antibody class that is attached to B cells and plays a role in their activation. IgD is primarily found on the surface of B cells and is involved in the initiation of immune responses. It helps in the recognition of antigens and triggers the activation of B cells, leading to the production of other antibody classes such as IgM, IgG, and IgA.

IgM is the correct answer because it is an antibody class that is involved in attacking bacteria and is also responsible for cross-reactions between incompatible blood types. IgM antibodies are the first to be produced by the immune system in response to an infection or antigen, making them effective in the early stages of an immune response. Additionally, IgM antibodies have the ability to bind to multiple antigens at once, allowing them to agglutinate or clump together bacteria or incompatible blood cells.

The thymus plays a vital role in the maturation of childhood immunity. It is a gland located between the thoracic aorta and diaphragm. It does not secrete hormones that stimulate the maturation of B cells in lymph nodes.

The spleen is an organ that plays a crucial role in the immune system. It is responsible for filtering the blood and removing old, damaged, or fragile red blood cells. It also contains red pulp, which consists of leukocytes and erythrocytes. However, the spleen does not have lymphatic sinuses. Lymphatic sinuses are found in lymph nodes, not in the spleen. Therefore, the statement "has lymphatic sinuses" is not true about the spleen.

work against cancer also

The thoracic duct drains the intestinal trunk.