Organizational Behaviour Chapter 10

1. A contingency power referring to the availability of alternatives.

Substituability

Influence

Centrality

Upward appeal

Discretion

Substituability refers to the ability to replace or substitute one thing with another. In the context of contingency power, substituability means having alternative options or resources that can be used in case the original plan or power source fails. This allows for flexibility and adaptability in dealing with unexpected situations or changes.

Explanation

Substituability refers to the ability to replace or substitute one thing with another. In the context of contingency power, substituability means having alternative options or resources that can be used in case the original plan or power source fails. This allows for flexibility and adaptability in dealing with unexpected situations or changes.

2. The ability to apply pusnishment. Used by employers to suppress and remove employees who had revealed wrongdoings. Ranges from sarcasm to ostracism to peer pressure. Many firms rely on this to control co-worker behaviour.

Reward power

Coercive power

Referent power

Legitimate power

Expert power

Coercive power refers to the ability to apply punishment or negative consequences. In the given explanation, it is mentioned that this power is used by employers to suppress and remove employees who have revealed wrongdoings. It is also stated that many firms rely on coercive power to control co-worker behavior. This aligns with the concept of coercive power, as it involves using punishment or negative consequences to influence others. Therefore, the correct answer is coercive power.

Explanation

Coercive power refers to the ability to apply punishment or negative consequences. In the given explanation, it is mentioned that this power is used by employers to suppress and remove employees who have revealed wrongdoings. It is also stated that many firms rely on coercive power to control co-worker behavior. This aligns with the concept of coercive power, as it involves using punishment or negative consequences to influence others. Therefore, the correct answer is coercive power.

3. A group that attempts to influence people outside the group by pooling the resources and power of its members.

Coalition formation

Exchange

Assertiveness

Silent authority

Information control

Types of Influence Tactics
also called coalition

Explanation

Types of Influence Tactics
also called coalition

4. Derived from the person's ability to control the allocation of gifts valued by others and to remove negative sanctions.

Expert power

Referent power

Reward power

Coercive power

Legitmate power

gifts = rewards

Explanation

gifts = rewards

5. Some people strategically locate themselves in better offices. Many professionals display their educational diplomas and awards on office wall. Medical professionals wear white coats with a stethoscope around their neck to symbolize their neck to symbolize their legitmate and expert power in hospital settings.

Substitutability

Social capital

Discretion

Centrality

Visibility

Contingencies of Power
better offices = more visible offices

Explanation

Contingencies of Power
better offices = more visible offices

6. The practice of actively shaping our public images.

Exchange

Ingratiation

Organizational politics

Impression management

Minimizing organizational politics and its consequences

Impression management refers to the practice of actively shaping our public images. This involves controlling the information we present to others and the way we behave in order to create a desired impression. It is a strategic process aimed at influencing how others perceive us, often for personal or professional gain. By engaging in impression management, individuals can control the way they are perceived by others, enhance their reputation, and gain social approval. This practice is commonly used in various contexts, including interpersonal relationships, job interviews, and social media.

Explanation

Impression management refers to the practice of actively shaping our public images. This involves controlling the information we present to others and the way we behave in order to create a desired impression. It is a strategic process aimed at influencing how others perceive us, often for personal or professional gain. By engaging in impression management, individuals can control the way they are perceived by others, enhance their reputation, and gain social approval. This practice is commonly used in various contexts, including interpersonal relationships, job interviews, and social media.

7. The capacity of a person, team, or organization to influence others.

Coercive power

Legitimate power

Power

Countervailing power

Referent power

Power refers to the capacity of a person, team, or organization to influence others. It represents the ability to make things happen, make decisions, and control resources. Power can be exerted through various means, such as coercive power, which involves the use of force or threats; legitimate power, which is derived from a person's position or authority; referent power, which is based on admiration, respect, or identification with a person; and countervailing power, which is the ability to resist or counterbalance the influence of others.

Explanation

Power refers to the capacity of a person, team, or organization to influence others. It represents the ability to make things happen, make decisions, and control resources. Power can be exerted through various means, such as coercive power, which involves the use of force or threats; legitimate power, which is derived from a person's position or authority; referent power, which is based on admiration, respect, or identification with a person; and countervailing power, which is the ability to resist or counterbalance the influence of others.

8. Originates from within the person. It is an individual's or work unit's capacity to influence others by possessing knowledge or skills that they value. Apparent when observing how people respond to authority figures.

Coercive power

Referent power

Countervailing power

Expert power

Reward power

Expert power is the correct answer because it refers to the capacity to influence others based on possessing knowledge or skills that they value. This power originates from within the person and is evident when observing how people respond to authority figures who possess expertise in a particular area. It is different from other types of power such as coercive power, referent power, countervailing power, and reward power, as it is solely based on the individual's expertise.

Explanation

Expert power is the correct answer because it refers to the capacity to influence others based on possessing knowledge or skills that they value. This power originates from within the person and is evident when observing how people respond to authority figures who possess expertise in a particular area. It is different from other types of power such as coercive power, referent power, countervailing power, and reward power, as it is solely based on the individual's expertise.

9. Presents facts, logical arguments, and emotional appeals to change another person's attitudes and behaviour. Depends on characteristics of the person, message content, communication medium, and the audience being persuaded.

Impression management

Visibility

Persusasion

Upward appeal

Exchange

person = persuader

Explanation

person = persuader

10. Involves explicitly manipulating others access to information for the purpose of changing their attitudes and/or behaviour. Employees also influence executive decisions by screening out (filtering) information.

Silent authority

Information control

Assertiveness

Coalition formation

Persuasion

Types of Influence Tactics

Explanation

Types of Influence Tactics

11. The freedom to exercise judgement. Power over employees that is often curtailed by specific rules.

Social capital

Discretion

Visibility

Centrality

Substitutability

Contingencies of Power

Explanation

Contingencies of Power

12. The knowledge and other resources available to people or social units (teams, organizations) due to a durable network that connects them to others. Cultivating social relationships with others to acoomplish one's goals. Durable networks connects people to networks. The more you network, the more likely you will receive valuale information that increases your expert power in the organization. People tend to identify more with partners within their own networks which increases referent power among people within each network.

Exchange

Centrality

Substitutability

Influence

Social capital

Contingencies of Power
Also called social networkiing and power

Explanation

Contingencies of Power
Also called social networkiing and power

13. The capacity to influence others based on an identification and respect for the powerholder. Comes from within the person. Largely a function of the person's interpersonal skills and tends to develop slowly. Usually associated with charismatic leadership.

Countervailing power

Reward power

Referent power

Expert power

Legitimate power

Referent power is the ability to influence others based on the respect and identification that others have for the person. It comes from within the person and is largely dependent on their interpersonal skills. Referent power tends to develop slowly and is usually associated with charismatic leadership. This type of power is not based on rewards, expertise, or formal authority, but rather on the personal qualities and influence that the person possesses.

Explanation

Referent power is the ability to influence others based on the respect and identification that others have for the person. It comes from within the person and is largely dependent on their interpersonal skills. Referent power tends to develop slowly and is usually associated with charismatic leadership. This type of power is not based on rewards, expertise, or formal authority, but rather on the personal qualities and influence that the person possesses.

14. Vocal authority involving actively applying legitmate and coercive power to influence others. Includes persistently reminding the target of his or her obligations, frequently checking the target's work and confronting the target.

Coalition formation

Upward appeal

Silent authority

Information control

Assertiveness

Types of Influence Tactics

Explanation

Types of Influence Tactics

15. A type of influence in which someone with higher authority or expertise is called upon in reality or symbolically to support the influencer's position. Along with seeking out support from higher sources, it occurs when relying on the authority of the firm's policies or values. By reminding others that your request is consistent with the organization's overaching goals, you are implying support from senior executives without formally involving them.

Centrality

Ingraciation

Persuasion

Impression management

Upward appeal

Upward appeal is a type of influence where the influencer seeks support from someone with higher authority or expertise to strengthen their position. This can be done by referencing the organization's policies or values and implying support from senior executives without directly involving them. It is a strategy used to gain credibility and persuade others by aligning oneself with higher sources of authority or expertise.

Explanation

Upward appeal is a type of influence where the influencer seeks support from someone with higher authority or expertise to strengthen their position. This can be done by referencing the organization's policies or values and implying support from senior executives without directly involving them. It is a strategy used to gain credibility and persuade others by aligning oneself with higher sources of authority or expertise.

16. Behaviours that others perceive as self-serving tactics for personal gain at the expense of other people and possible the organization. One of the conditions is scarce resources. This flourishes when resource allocation decisions are ambiguouis, complex, or lack formal rules. Change in an organization encourages such behaviours. To minimize this, introduce clear rules and regulations to specify the use of scare resources. Can also be minimized through effective change practices. Leaders also need to actively management group norms to curtail self-servinng influence activies. Leaders should become role models of organizational citizenship. They should give employee more control over their work and keep them inform of events in the organization.

Impression management

Upward appeal

Persuasion

Organizational politics

Ingratiation

change in an organization = organizational change
such behaviours = political behaviours
change practices = organizational change practices

Explanation

change in an organization = organizational change
such behaviours = political behaviours
change practices = organizational change practices

17. The capacity of a person, team, or organization to keep a more powerful person or group in the exchange relationship.

Reward power

Referent power

Countervailing power

Power

Legitimate power

Countervailing power refers to the capacity of a person, team, or organization to keep a more powerful person or group in the exchange relationship. In other words, it is the ability to balance or counterbalance the power of a stronger individual or group. This can be achieved through various means such as negotiation, alliances, or leveraging alternative resources. Countervailing power allows the weaker party to have some control and influence in the relationship, ensuring a more equitable exchange of power.

Explanation

Countervailing power refers to the capacity of a person, team, or organization to keep a more powerful person or group in the exchange relationship. In other words, it is the ability to balance or counterbalance the power of a stronger individual or group. This can be achieved through various means such as negotiation, alliances, or leveraging alternative resources. Countervailing power allows the weaker party to have some control and influence in the relationship, ensuring a more equitable exchange of power.

18. Involves the promises of benefits or resources in return for the target person's compliance with your request. Also includes reminding the target person of past benefits or favours with the expectation that he or she will now make up for that debt.

Impression management

Persuasion

Organizational politics

Exchange

Ingratiation

The concept described in the given statement is exchange. It involves offering benefits or resources to someone in exchange for their compliance with a request. It also includes reminding the person of past favors or benefits with the expectation that they will reciprocate. This suggests a transactional approach where individuals engage in a give-and-take relationship to achieve their goals.

Explanation

The concept described in the given statement is exchange. It involves offering benefits or resources to someone in exchange for their compliance with a request. It also includes reminding the person of past favors or benefits with the expectation that they will reciprocate. This suggests a transactional approach where individuals engage in a give-and-take relationship to achieve their goals.

19. An agreement among organizational memers that people in certain roles can request certain behaviours of others. Depends on more than job descriptions and mutual agreement from those expected to abide by authority. Operates within a zone of indifference - the range within which people are willing to accept someone else's authority. People in high power distance cultures tend to have higher obedience of authority. The organization's culture represents another factor.

Countervailing power

Coercive power

Expert power

Reward power

Legitimate power

Legitimate power refers to the authority granted to individuals based on their position or role within an organization. It is an agreement among organizational members that certain individuals have the right to request specific behaviors from others. Legitimate power goes beyond job descriptions and relies on the mutual agreement of those who are expected to abide by the authority. It operates within a zone of indifference, which is the range in which people are willing to accept someone else's authority. The organization's culture also plays a role in determining the extent of legitimate power.

Explanation

Legitimate power refers to the authority granted to individuals based on their position or role within an organization. It is an agreement among organizational members that certain individuals have the right to request specific behaviors from others. Legitimate power goes beyond job descriptions and relies on the mutual agreement of those who are expected to abide by the authority. It operates within a zone of indifference, which is the range in which people are willing to accept someone else's authority. The organization's culture also plays a role in determining the extent of legitimate power.

20. A contingency of power referring to the degree and nature of independence between the powerholder and others. If you have a high amount of this, most people in the organization would be adversely affected by your absence, and they would be affected quickly. Actions affect many p eople, and those actions affect others very quickly.

Upward appeal

Centrality

Substitutability

Information and power

Persuasion

Contingencies of Power

Explanation

Contingencies of Power

21. Any behaviour that attempts to alter someone's attitudes or behaviour. Applies one or more power bases to get people to alter their beliefs, feelings, and activities. People coordinate their effort and act in concert to achieve organizational objectives. Operates down, across, and up the corporate hierachy. Conseqences of these type of tactics include people reacting more favourably to soft tactics rather than hard tactics which tend to build commitment to the influencer's request. A second contiengency is whether the person is higher, lower, or at the same level in the organization. Finally, the appropriate tactic depends on personal, organizational, and cultural values.

Persuasion

Substitutability

Discretion

Influence

Centrality

Influence refers to any behavior that attempts to alter someone's attitudes or behavior. It involves using one or more power bases to get people to change their beliefs, feelings, and activities. It can be applied at different levels of the corporate hierarchy, and its effectiveness depends on the type of tactic used. Soft tactics are generally more favorable and build commitment to the influencer's request. The appropriateness of the tactic also depends on personal, organizational, and cultural values. Therefore, influence is the correct answer as it encompasses all the aspects mentioned in the explanation.

Explanation

Influence refers to any behavior that attempts to alter someone's attitudes or behavior. It involves using one or more power bases to get people to change their beliefs, feelings, and activities. It can be applied at different levels of the corporate hierarchy, and its effectiveness depends on the type of tactic used. Soft tactics are generally more favorable and build commitment to the influencer's request. The appropriateness of the tactic also depends on personal, organizational, and cultural values. Therefore, influence is the correct answer as it encompasses all the aspects mentioned in the explanation.

22. When someone complies with a request because of the requester's legitimate power as well as the target person's role expectations. The most common form of influence in high power distance cultures.

Information control

Impression management

Assertiveness

Coalition formation

Silent authority

Types of Influence Tactics

Explanation

Types of Influence Tactics

23. People gain knowledge power when they control, through legitimate power, the flow of information to others. Relates to the ability to cope with organizational uncertainties. There are three general strategies. Prevention - preventing environmental changes from occurring. Forecasting - predicting environmental changes or variations. Absorption - people and work units also gain power by asorbing or neturalizing the impact of environmental shifts as they occur.

Substitutability

Influence

Centrality

Power

Information and power

knowledge = information

Explanation

knowledge = information

24. Any attempt to increase liking by, or perceived similarity to, some targeted person.

Ingratiation

Impression management

Exchange

Social capital

Organizational politics

Ingratiation refers to any attempt to increase liking or perceived similarity to a targeted person. This can involve behaviors such as flattery, conformity, or doing favors for the person in order to gain their favor or influence their opinion. Ingratiation is often used as a strategy in social interactions or professional settings to enhance relationships or gain advantages.

Explanation

Ingratiation refers to any attempt to increase liking or perceived similarity to a targeted person. This can involve behaviors such as flattery, conformity, or doing favors for the person in order to gain their favor or influence their opinion. Ingratiation is often used as a strategy in social interactions or professional settings to enhance relationships or gain advantages.