From the textbook Essentials of Pathophysiology by Carol Porth. Second edition. ISBN-13: 978-0-7817-7087-3 ISBN-10: 0-7817-7087-4
"Housekeeping" genes
Genes that are necessary for the normal function of a cell
Genes that determine the differentiating characteristics of a particular cell type
Genes that change size and form
All of the above
True
False
True
False
Represents a decrease in cell size
Represents a decrease in the cell size as well as a decrease in the amount of functioning tissue mass
Represents an increase in cell cell
Represents an increase in cell size as well as an increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass
Is consistent evidence of abnormal pathologic conditions
Cardiac
Lymphatic
Skeletal muscle
A and B
A and C
Tissue Atrophy
Physiologic hyperplasia
Pathologic metaplasia
Pathologic dysplasia
Physiologic hypertrophy
True
False
True
False
Refers to an increase in the size of cells in an organ or tissue
Occurs in nerve cells, skeletal muscle cells, and cardiac muscle cells
Occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus and is unable to be controlled or stopped
Occurs in tissues with cells that are capable of mitotic division
All of the above
It is irreversible
When one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell time but never oversteps the boundaries of the primary groups of tissue
Is usually a response to chronic irritation and inflammation
Allows cells that are better able to survive under circumstances in which a more fragile cell type might succumb.
Is thought to involve the reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells that are present in the tissue undergoing the metaplastic changes
Is a cancer
Is cells that vary in size, shape, and appearance
Involves sequential mutations in proliferating cells
In many cases, reverts to former form and function
None of the above
It involves enzymes
Can be a genetic disorder
Most common form is von Gierke disease
When an enzyme is not present to break down glycogen into glucose, glycogen accumulates
None of the above
Defects in protein folds can lead to loss of cell function
Can result in neurodegerative disorders, including Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease
Aggregations of abnormally folded proteins can be a result of genetic mutations, aging, or unknown environmental insults
The deviant protein structure sole cause is from an inherited mutation that alters a normal amino acid sequence
Consequences of misfolded proteins include extracellular deposition of aggregated proteins, retention of secretory proteins, or formation of toxic proteins that accumulate in the cell
Is an yellow-brown pigment
Results from insoluble pigments introduced into the skin
It is an exogenous pigments
Involves carbon
None of above
Tattoos
Lipofuscin
Carbon
Lead poisoning
None of the above
Is known as dystrophic calcification when it occurs in normal tissue
Involves the abnormal tissue deposition of primarily magnesium salts, with smaller amounts of iron and other minerals
Is known as metastatic calcification when it occurs in dead or dying tissue
All of the above are false
None of the above are false
Is a form of reversible cell injury
Occurs with impairment of cellular volume regulation
Resulting in impaired functioning of sodium/potassium ATPase membrane pump
Involves disruption of cell membrane permeability, thus allowing passive entry of sodium into the cell
All of the above
In obese people, the organs most affected with fatty changes are in the spleen and the digestive tract
Small vacuoles of fat are dispersed in the nucleus
Formation of of blebs on the plasma membrane
All of the above
None of the above
Reduced functional demand
Loss of trophic stimuli
Aging
Persistent cell injury
None of the above
Are produced exclusively from the nervous system
Denervation atrophy is from a loss of central nervous system stimuli
Lack of endocrine stimulation produces a form of disuse atrophy
A and B
B and C
Cells
Muscle tissue
Endocrine tissue
Liver tissue
Dermal tissue
True
False
Most often caused by chronic inflammation usually from prolonged viral or bacterial infections
Also known as disuse atrophy
Most often caused by chronic inflammation that can be from immunologic and granulomatous disorders
A and B
A and C
Most organs of the body, especially the brain and heart, decrease in size
Most organs of the body, except the brain and heart, decrease in size
Most organs of the body, especially the brain and heart, experience atrophy
A and B
A and C
Causes the cell to revert to anaerobic metabolism
Causes power failure
Includes ischemia
Causes cellular pH to raise, becoming more basic
Causes cell damage
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