A&PII Exam1

1. Assume that one ventricle of a child's heart has an EDV of 90 mL and an ESV of 60 mL. What is the child's stroke volume?

A) 60 mL

B) 30 mL

C) 150 mL

D) 90 mL

E) 120 mL

2. Where does the cardiac cycle typically begin?

A) sin-atrial (SA) node

B) antri-ventricular (AV) node

C) bundle branches

D) Purkinje fibers

E) brainstem cardivascular center

3. An increase in stroke volume due to an increased venous return represents which mechanism for increasing ventricular contraction force?

A) increased afterload

B) increased preload (Frank-Sterling)

C) increased contractility

D) increased total peripheral resistance

E) increased end systolic volume

4. The term used to describe an elevated heart rate is?

A) fibrillation

B) bradycardia

C) arrhythmia

D) tachycardia

E) sinus rhythm

5. Which effect could lead to a decrease in blood pressure?

A) increased sympathetic stimulation of blood vessels

B) increased blood volume

C) increased venous return

D) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart

E) increased activity of the skeletal muscle pump

6. The QRS complex of a normal electrocardiogram indicates?

A) atrial depolarization

B) atrial repolarization

C) ventricule depolarization

D) ventricular repolarization

E) none of the above

7. During one cardiac cycle where is the highest maximum pressure achieved?

A) left atrium

B) left ventricle

C) right atrium

D) right ventricle

E) aorta

8. Drugs that increase cardiac contractility are said to be?

A) myogenic

B) negative inotropic

C) positive inotropic

D) negative chronotropic

E) positive chronotropic

9. The T-wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates?

A) atrial depolarization

B) atrial repolarization

C) ventricular depolarization

D) ventricular repolarization

E) atrial & ventricular repolarization

10. The hematocrit is used to assess the?

A) volume of the plasma in a blood sample

B) buffy coat volume

C) packed red blood cell volume

D) leukocyte volume

E) volume of serum in a blood sample

11. Where would you expect to find the origin of the left and right coronary arteries?

A) just above the pulmonary semilunar valve

B) just above the aortic semilunar valve

C) just below the pulmonary semilunar valve

D) just below the pulmonary semilunar valve

E) right above the pulmonary semilunar valve & left above the aortic semilunar valve

12. The vagus nerves mediate parasympathetic regulation of the heart by the cardiac control centers. If the vagus nerves were stimulated with an electrode, the heart rate would:

A) remain unchanged

B) decrease

C) increase

D) alternatively speed-up and slow-down

E) none of the above

13. Which change would decrease blood flow resistance the most?

A) decrease the vessel radius by half

B) double the vessel radius

C) increase the pressure different (delta P)

D) double the vessel length

E) increase the hematocrit from 40% to 50%

14. The adrenergic receptors that directly mediate increases in the heart rate and contractility of the heart are classified as:

A) alpha-1

B) beta-1

C) beta-2

D) beta-3

E) none of the above

15. A blood vessel made-up of only endothelial cells and their basal lamina would be classified as?

A) metarteriole

B) muscular venule

C) capillary

D) arteriole

E) elastic artery

16. Even though vessel radius decreases, the cross-sectional area of a capillary bed increases, causing blood flow velocity to:

A) increase

B) decrease

C) stay the same

D) decrease, then increase

E) increase/decrease

17. Atrial filling and contraction occurs prior to initiation of ventricular contraction due to a signal conduction delay where?

A) SA node

B) AV node

C) Bundle of His

D) bundle branches

E) Purkinje fibers

18. Someone with Type-B blood would have reduced risk of a transfusion reaction if the donor was type?

A) AB or O

B) B or O

C) A or O

D) A and AB

E) B and AB

19. Parasympathetic nervous system effects on heart-rate are mediated by which SA node receptors?

A) beta-1

B) beta-2

C) nicotinic

D) muscarinic

E) alpha-1

20. An elevated reticulocyte count would indicate overproduction of which cell type?

A) neutrophils

B) eosinophils

C) basophils

D) erythrocytes

E) lymphocytes

21. Identify the correct blood flow pathway

A) RA-tricuspid valve-RV-aortic semilunar valve-aorta

B) LA-tricuspid valve-LV-pulmonary semilunar valve-aorta

C) LA-bicuspid valve-LV-aortic semilunar valve-aorta

D) RA-bicuspid valve-RV-aortic semilunar valve-aorta

E) LA-tricupid valve-LV-pulmonary semilunar valve-aorta

22. An increase in ventricular contractile force due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation would be terms an increase in?

A) preload

B) cardiac output

C) contractility

D) pressure

E) none of the above

23. In a typical blood smear which white blood cell is the most prevalent?

A) lymphocytes

B) monocytes

C) neutrophils

D) eosinophils

E) basophils

24. Which heart valve opens at the end of the left ventricular isovolemic contraction phase?

A) mitral valve

B) tricuspid valve

C) aortic semilunar valve

D) pulmonary semilunar valve

E) venous valves

25. Which effect would not decrease the oxygen transporting capacity of the blood?

A) iron deficiency

B) vitamin B deficiency

C) hemorrhage

D) folic and deficiency

E) erythropoietin overproduction

26. Pernicious anemia results from?

A) hypoxemia

B) iron deficiency

C) malaria

D) lack of intrinsic factor

E) Rh incompatibility

27. A heart rate of 75 bpm and the presence of P waves without accompanying QRS complexes suggest?

A) SA node damage

B) ventricular fibrillation

C) cor pulmonale

D) extra systole

E) AV node damage

28. An increase in ventricular contractile force due to Frank-Starling mechanisms would be termed an increase in?

A) preload

B) cardiac output

C) contractility

D) pressure

E) none of the above

29. According to the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart,

A) the left ventricle ejects a larger volume of blood with each systole that the right ventricle

B) the intrinsic rate of the heart's pacemaker is 100 beats/min

C) cardiac output increases as heart rate increases

D) stroke volume increases with increased venous return

E) both ventricles contract simultaneously

30. The blood contained in a ventricle during the isovolumetric relaxation phase is?

A) end systolic volume (ESV)

B) end diastolic volume (EDV)

C) stroke volume (VS)

D) ejection fraction

E) none of the above

31. The Frank-Starling mechanism describes the relationship between:

A) end-diastolic volume and heart rate

B) end-diastolic volume and stroke volume

C) end-systolic volume and heart rate

D) end-systolic volume and stroke volume

E) contractility and stroke volume

32. Aortic arch stretch receptors that are sensitive to changes in vascular pressure are termed:

A) pressoreceptors

B) chemoreceptors

C) peripheral resistance

D) heart rate

E) none of the above

33. Which class of blood vessels serves as the primary determinant of the total peripheral resistance (TPR) and therefore blood pressure?

A) elastic arteries

B) muscular arteries

C) arterioles

D) capillaries

E) venules

34. Hemolytic disease of a newborn occurs when a pregnant woman develops an immune response against which antigen (Ag)?

A) A-Ag

B) B-Ag

C) AB-Ag

D) D-Ag

E) O-Ag

35. Serum differed from plasma in that serum lacks which component?

A) fibrinogen

B) immunoglobulins

C) albumin

D) globulins

E) none of the above

36. Which catecholamine receptor regulated vascular smooth muscle tone via the IP3 and DAG second messenger system?

A) alpha 1

B) alpha 2

C) beta 1

D) beta 2

E) none of the above

37. Carotid sinus baroreceptor and carotid body chemoreceptor sensation is principally mediated by which pathway?

A) Cranial nerve IX Glossopharyngeal afferent fibers

B) cranial nerve I Glossopharyngeal efferent fibers

C) cranial nerve X Vagus afferent fibers

D) cranial nerve X Vagus efferent fibers

E) sympathetic efferent fibers

38. The epicardium is actually the same as which layer

A) visceral pericardium

B) fibrous pericardium

C) parietal pericardium

D) endothelium

E) endocardium

39. During exercise, skeletal muscle total blood flow increases 12-fold or more. What is the basis for this dramatic increase in blood flow?

A) increase in total peripheral resistance

B) increase in cardiac output

C) change in blood flow distribution

D) A and B

E) B and C

40. The most important determinant of "long-term" regulation of blood pressure would be:

A) cardiac output

B) blood volume

C) peripheral resistance

D) heart rate

E) none of the above

41. A preserved pig heart with a complete pericardium contains a pin passing from the outer-most layer into the lumen of the left ventricle. What is the correct order of the layers the pin would pass through?

A) parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium, visceral pericardium, myocardium, endothelium, endocardium

B) fibrous pericardium, visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium, endocardium, myocardium, endothelium

C) parietal pericardium, endocardium, fibrous pericardium, myocardium, visceral pericardium, endothelium

D) fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, endothelium

E) visceral pericardium, fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, endothelium, myocardium, endocardium

42. Which channels account for the "plateau" characteristic of fast cardiac ventricular fibers?

A) voltage-gated K+ channels

B) voltage-gated Na+ channels

C) voltage-gated funny (F-type) Na+ channels

D) voltage-gated slow (L-type) CA+2 channels

E) voltage-gated transient (T-type) Ca+2 channels

43. Which channels account for action potential depolarization in slow, autorhythmic cardiac cells?

A) Na channels

B) slow, L-type Ca channels

C) fast T-tyle Ca channels

D) F-type Na channels

E) potassium channels

44. Which statement characterizes a portal system of blood vessels?

A) the absence of a capillary bed, thus shunting arterial blood directly to venules

B) a capillary bed supplied and drained by a larger, no capillary vessel

C) two capillary beds connected by a larger blood vessel

D) a continuous capillary bed that extends from one organ to another

E) none of the above

45. Pressure in the left ventricle during ventricular diastole would be:

A) 120 mmHg

B) near zero

C) 80 mmHg

D) 100 mmHg

E) none of the above

46. Which factor does not contribute to intrinsic (local) control of blood flow?

A) ANG-II

B) myogenic effects

C) decreased O2 or increased CO2

D) nitric oxide

E) none of the above

47. Ventricular filling primarily occurs during which phase:

A) atrial & ventricular diastole

B) atrial & ventricular systole

C) ventricular systole

D) atrial systole

E) none of the above

48. What happens during the ECG "S-T" segment?

A) atrial depolarization

B) atrial systole

C) ventricular depolarization

D) ventricular systole

E) ventricular repolarization

49. The most important factor in determining blood flow to a given tissue or organ is:

A) arterial pressure

B) vascular resistance

C) venous pressure

D) all of the above

E) none of the above

50. Which channels account for action potential depolarization in fast cardiac muscle cells?

A) Na channels

B) slow, L-type Ca channels

C) fast T-type Ca channels

D) F-type Na channels

E) potassium channels

51. While capillary hyostratic pressure is important for fluid filtration out of the capillaries, which effect is most important for fluid reabsorption back into the capillaries?

A) plasma colloid "oncotic" pressure

B) interstitial colloid osomotic pressure

C) interstitial pressure

D) plasma [Na]

E) none of the above