A&pii Exam1
- 1.
Pressure in the left ventricle during ventricular diastole would be:
- A.
A) 120 mmHg
- B.
B) near zero
- C.
C) 80 mmHg
- D.
D) 100 mmHg
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
B. B) near zero -
- 2.
According to the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart,
- A.
A) the left ventricle ejects a larger volume of blood with each systole that the right ventricle
- B.
B) the intrinsic rate of the heart's pacemaker is 100 beats/min
- C.
C) cardiac output increases as heart rate increases
- D.
D) stroke volume increases with increased venous return
- E.
E) both ventricles contract simultaneously
Correct Answer
D. D) stroke volume increases with increased venous return -
- 3.
The adrenergic receptors that directly mediate increases in the heart rate and contractility of the heart are classified as:
- A.
A) alpha-1
- B.
B) beta-1
- C.
C) beta-2
- D.
D) beta-3
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
B. B) beta-1 -
- 4.
The most important factor in determining blood flow to a given tissue or organ is:
- A.
A) arterial pressure
- B.
B) vascular resistance
- C.
C) venous pressure
- D.
D) all of the above
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
B. B) vascular resistance -
- 5.
Even though vessel radius decreases, the cross-sectional area of a capillary bed increases, causing blood flow velocity to:
- A.
A) increase
- B.
B) decrease
- C.
C) stay the same
- D.
D) decrease, then increase
- E.
E) increase/decrease
Correct Answer
B. B) decrease -
- 6.
Serum differed from plasma in that serum lacks which component?
- A.
A) fibrinogen
- B.
B) immunoglobulins
- C.
C) albumin
- D.
D) globulins
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
A. A) fibrinogen -
- 7.
A preserved pig heart with a complete pericardium contains a pin passing from the outer-most layer into the lumen of the left ventricle. What is the correct order of the layers the pin would pass through?
- A.
A) parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium, visceral pericardium, myocardium, endothelium, endocardium
- B.
B) fibrous pericardium, visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium, endocardium, myocardium, endothelium
- C.
C) parietal pericardium, endocardium, fibrous pericardium, myocardium, visceral pericardium, endothelium
- D.
D) fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, endothelium
- E.
E) visceral pericardium, fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, endothelium, myocardium, endocardium
Correct Answer
D. D) fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, endothelium -
- 8.
The epicardium is actually the same as which layer
- A.
A) visceral pericardium
- B.
B) fibrous pericardium
- C.
C) parietal pericardium
- D.
D) endothelium
- E.
E) endocardium
Correct Answer
A. A) visceral pericardium -
- 9.
Identify the correct blood flow pathway
- A.
A) RA-tricuspid valve-RV-aortic semilunar valve-aorta
- B.
B) LA-tricuspid valve-LV-pulmonary semilunar valve-aorta
- C.
C) LA-bicuspid valve-LV-aortic semilunar valve-aorta
- D.
D) RA-bicuspid valve-RV-aortic semilunar valve-aorta
- E.
E) LA-tricupid valve-LV-pulmonary semilunar valve-aorta
Correct Answer
C. C) LA-bicuspid valve-LV-aortic semilunar valve-aorta -
- 10.
Where would you expect to find the origin of the left and right coronary arteries?
- A.
A) just above the pulmonary semilunar valve
- B.
B) just above the aortic semilunar valve
- C.
C) just below the pulmonary semilunar valve
- D.
D) just below the pulmonary semilunar valve
- E.
E) right above the pulmonary semilunar valve & left above the aortic semilunar valve
Correct Answer
B. B) just above the aortic semilunar valve -
- 11.
Which channels account for the "plateau" characteristic of fast cardiac ventricular fibers?
- A.
A) voltage-gated K+ channels
- B.
B) voltage-gated Na+ channels
- C.
C) voltage-gated funny (F-type) Na+ channels
- D.
D) voltage-gated slow (L-type) CA+2 channels
- E.
E) voltage-gated transient (T-type) Ca+2 channels
Correct Answer
D. D) voltage-gated slow (L-type) CA+2 channels -
- 12.
What happens during the ECG "S-T" segment?
- A.
A) atrial depolarization
- B.
B) atrial systole
- C.
C) ventricular depolarization
- D.
D) ventricular systole
- E.
E) ventricular repolarization
Correct Answer
D. D) ventricular systole -
- 13.
Which heart valve opens at the end of the left ventricular isovolemic contraction phase?
- A.
A) mitral valve
- B.
B) tricuspid valve
- C.
C) aortic semilunar valve
- D.
D) pulmonary semilunar valve
- E.
E) venous valves
Correct Answer
C. C) aortic semilunar valve -
- 14.
During one cardiac cycle where is the highest maximum pressure achieved?
- A.
A) left atrium
- B.
B) left ventricle
- C.
C) right atrium
- D.
D) right ventricle
- E.
E) aorta
Correct Answer
B. B) left ventricle -
- 15.
Parasympathetic nervous system effects on heart-rate are mediated by which SA node receptors?
- A.
A) beta-1
- B.
B) beta-2
- C.
C) nicotinic
- D.
D) muscarinic
- E.
E) alpha-1
Correct Answer
D. D) muscarinic -
- 16.
An increase in stroke volume due to an increased venous return represents which mechanism for increasing ventricular contraction force?
- A.
A) increased afterload
- B.
B) increased preload (Frank-Sterling)
- C.
C) increased contractility
- D.
D) increased total peripheral resistance
- E.
E) increased end systolic volume
Correct Answer
B. B) increased preload (Frank-Sterling) -
- 17.
A decrease in the pressure difference from the arterioles to the capillaries would reflect which change?
- A.
A) decrease in flow
- B.
B) increase in flow
- C.
C) increase in resistance and decrease in flow
- D.
D) decrease in resistance increase in flow
- E.
E) decrease in resistance and decrease in flow
Correct Answer
D. D) decrease in resistance increase in flow -
- 18.
A heart rate of 75 bpm and the presence of P waves without accompanying QRS complexes suggest?
- A.
A) SA node damage
- B.
B) ventricular fibrillation
- C.
C) cor pulmonale
- D.
D) extra systole
- E.
E) AV node damage
Correct Answer
E. E) AV node damage -
- 19.
Atrial filling and contraction occurs prior to initiation of ventricular contraction due to a signal conduction delay where?
- A.
A) SA node
- B.
B) AV node
- C.
C) Bundle of His
- D.
D) bundle branches
- E.
E) Purkinje fibers
Correct Answer
B. B) AV node -
- 20.
The QRS complex of a normal electrocardiogram indicates?
- A.
A) atrial depolarization
- B.
B) atrial repolarization
- C.
C) ventricule depolarization
- D.
D) ventricular repolarization
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
C. C) ventricule depolarization -
- 21.
An increase in ventricular contractile force due to Frank-Starling mechanisms would be termed an increase in?
- A.
A) preload
- B.
B) cardiac output
- C.
C) contractility
- D.
D) pressure
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
A. A) preload -
- 22.
Which effect could lead to a decrease in blood pressure?
- A.
A) increased sympathetic stimulation of blood vessels
- B.
B) increased blood volume
- C.
C) increased venous return
- D.
D) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart
- E.
E) increased activity of the skeletal muscle pump
Correct Answer
D. D) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart -
- 23.
The term used to describe an elevated heart rate is?
- A.
A) fibrillation
- B.
B) bradycardia
- C.
C) arrhythmia
- D.
D) tachycardia
- E.
E) sinus rhythm
Correct Answer
D. D) tachycardia -
- 24.
Drugs that increase cardiac contractility are said to be?
- A.
A) myogenic
- B.
B) negative inotropic
- C.
C) positive inotropic
- D.
D) negative chronotropic
- E.
E) positive chronotropic
Correct Answer
C. C) positive inotropic -
- 25.
The blood contained in a ventricle during the isovolumetric relaxation phase is?
- A.
A) end systolic volume (ESV)
- B.
B) end diastolic volume (EDV)
- C.
C) stroke volume (VS)
- D.
D) ejection fraction
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
A. A) end systolic volume (ESV) -
- 26.
Which channels account for action potential depolarization in fast cardiac muscle cells?
- A.
A) Na channels
- B.
B) slow, L-type Ca channels
- C.
C) fast T-type Ca channels
- D.
D) F-type Na channels
- E.
E) potassium channels
Correct Answer
B. B) slow, L-type Ca channels -
- 27.
Which channels account for action potential depolarization in slow, autorhythmic cardiac cells?
- A.
A) Na channels
- B.
B) slow, L-type Ca channels
- C.
C) fast T-tyle Ca channels
- D.
D) F-type Na channels
- E.
E) potassium channels
Correct Answer
B. B) slow, L-type Ca channels -
- 28.
Assume that one ventricle of a child's heart has an EDV of 90 mL and an ESV of 60 mL. What is the child's stroke volume?
- A.
A) 60 mL
- B.
B) 30 mL
- C.
C) 150 mL
- D.
D) 90 mL
- E.
E) 120 mL
Correct Answer
B. B) 30 mL -
- 29.
Where does the cardiac cycle typically begin?
- A.
A) sin-atrial (SA) node
- B.
B) antri-ventricular (AV) node
- C.
C) bundle branches
- D.
D) Purkinje fibers
- E.
E) brainstem cardivascular center
Correct Answer
A. A) sin-atrial (SA) node -
- 30.
The vagus nerves mediate parasympathetic regulation of the heart by the cardiac control centers. If the vagus nerves were stimulated with an electrode, the heart rate would:
- A.
A) remain unchanged
- B.
B) decrease
- C.
C) increase
- D.
D) alternatively speed-up and slow-down
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
B. B) decrease -
- 31.
The T-wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates?
- A.
A) atrial depolarization
- B.
B) atrial repolarization
- C.
C) ventricular depolarization
- D.
D) ventricular repolarization
- E.
E) atrial & ventricular repolarization
Correct Answer
D. D) ventricular repolarization -
- 32.
Ventricular filling primarily occurs during which phase:
- A.
A) atrial & ventricular diastole
- B.
B) atrial & ventricular systole
- C.
C) ventricular systole
- D.
D) atrial systole
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
A. A) atrial & ventricular diastole -
- 33.
The Frank-Starling mechanism describes the relationship between:
- A.
A) end-diastolic volume and heart rate
- B.
B) end-diastolic volume and stroke volume
- C.
C) end-systolic volume and heart rate
- D.
D) end-systolic volume and stroke volume
- E.
E) contractility and stroke volume
Correct Answer
B. B) end-diastolic volume and stroke volume -
- 34.
An increase in ventricular contractile force due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation would be terms an increase in?
- A.
A) preload
- B.
B) cardiac output
- C.
C) contractility
- D.
D) pressure
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
C. C) contractility -
- 35.
Carotid sinus baroreceptor and carotid body chemoreceptor sensation is principally mediated by which pathway?
- A.
A) Cranial nerve IX Glossopharyngeal afferent fibers
- B.
B) cranial nerve I Glossopharyngeal efferent fibers
- C.
C) cranial nerve X Vagus afferent fibers
- D.
D) cranial nerve X Vagus efferent fibers
- E.
E) sympathetic efferent fibers
Correct Answer
A. A) Cranial nerve IX Glossopharyngeal afferent fibers -
- 36.
Which statement characterizes a portal system of blood vessels?
- A.
A) the absence of a capillary bed, thus shunting arterial blood directly to venules
- B.
B) a capillary bed supplied and drained by a larger, no capillary vessel
- C.
C) two capillary beds connected by a larger blood vessel
- D.
D) a continuous capillary bed that extends from one organ to another
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
C. C) two capillary beds connected by a larger blood vessel -
- 37.
Which catecholamine receptor regulated vascular smooth muscle tone via the IP3 and DAG second messenger system?
- A.
A) alpha 1
- B.
B) alpha 2
- C.
C) beta 1
- D.
D) beta 2
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
A. A) alpha 1 -
- 38.
During exercise, skeletal muscle total blood flow increases 12-fold or more. What is the basis for this dramatic increase in blood flow?
- A.
A) increase in total peripheral resistance
- B.
B) increase in cardiac output
- C.
C) change in blood flow distribution
- D.
D) A and B
- E.
E) B and C
Correct Answer
E. E) B and C -
- 39.
Which factor does not contribute to intrinsic (local) control of blood flow?
- A.
A) ANG-II
- B.
B) myogenic effects
- C.
C) decreased O2 or increased CO2
- D.
D) nitric oxide
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
A. A) ANG-II -
- 40.
A blood vessel made-up of only endothelial cells and their basal lamina would be classified as?
- A.
A) metarteriole
- B.
B) muscular venule
- C.
C) capillary
- D.
D) arteriole
- E.
E) elastic artery
Correct Answer
C. C) capillary -
- 41.
The most important determinant of "long-term" regulation of blood pressure would be:
- A.
A) cardiac output
- B.
B) blood volume
- C.
C) peripheral resistance
- D.
D) heart rate
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
B. B) blood volume -
- 42.
Aortic arch stretch receptors that are sensitive to changes in vascular pressure are termed:
- A.
A) pressoreceptors
- B.
B) chemoreceptors
- C.
C) peripheral resistance
- D.
D) heart rate
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
B. B) chemoreceptors -
- 43.
While capillary hyostratic pressure is important for fluid filtration out of the capillaries, which effect is most important for fluid reabsorption back into the capillaries?
- A.
A) plasma colloid "oncotic" pressure
- B.
B) interstitial colloid osomotic pressure
- C.
C) interstitial pressure
- D.
D) plasma [Na]
- E.
E) none of the above
Correct Answer
C. C) interstitial pressure -
- 44.
Which change would decrease blood flow resistance the most?
- A.
A) decrease the vessel radius by half
- B.
B) double the vessel radius
- C.
C) increase the pressure different (delta P)
- D.
D) double the vessel length
- E.
E) increase the hematocrit from 40% to 50%
Correct Answer
B. B) double the vessel radius -
- 45.
Which class of blood vessels serves as the primary determinant of the total peripheral resistance (TPR) and therefore blood pressure?
- A.
A) elastic arteries
- B.
B) muscular arteries
- C.
C) arterioles
- D.
D) capillaries
- E.
E) venules
Correct Answer
C. C) arterioles -
- 46.
An elevated reticulocyte count would indicate overproduction of which cell type?
- A.
A) neutrophils
- B.
B) eosinophils
- C.
C) basophils
- D.
D) erythrocytes
- E.
E) lymphocytes
Correct Answer
D. D) erythrocytes -
- 47.
Pernicious anemia results from?
- A.
A) hypoxemia
- B.
B) iron deficiency
- C.
C) malaria
- D.
D) lack of intrinsic factor
- E.
E) Rh incompatibility
Correct Answer
D. D) lack of intrinsic factor -
- 48.
Someone with Type-B blood would have reduced risk of a transfusion reaction if the donor was type?
- A.
A) AB or O
- B.
B) B or O
- C.
C) A or O
- D.
D) A and AB
- E.
E) B and AB
Correct Answer
B. B) B or O -
- 49.
The hematocrit is used to assess the?
- A.
A) volume of the plasma in a blood sample
- B.
B) buffy coat volume
- C.
C) packed red blood cell volume
- D.
D) leukocyte volume
- E.
E) volume of serum in a blood sample
Correct Answer
C. C) packed red blood cell volume -
- 50.
In a typical blood smear which white blood cell is the most prevalent?
- A.
A) lymphocytes
- B.
B) monocytes
- C.
C) neutrophils
- D.
D) eosinophils
- E.
E) basophils
Correct Answer
C. C) neutrophils -
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