Interesting Quiz On Immunology

IgE, or immunoglobulin E, is an antibody that plays a key role in allergic reactions. When a person with allergies is exposed to an allergen, such as pollen or pet dander, their immune system produces IgE antibodies specific to that allergen. These IgE antibodies then bind to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of histamine and other chemicals that cause allergy symptoms like sneezing, itching, and swelling. Therefore, it is true that IgE is involved in allergies.

An antibody is indeed a type of protein called immunoglobulin. Antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses, in the body. These proteins help to identify and neutralize these foreign substances, thus playing a crucial role in the immune response.

Cytotoxic T cells are CD8 positive. CD8 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of these cells. It plays a crucial role in the recognition of antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on infected or abnormal cells. CD8 positive T cells are responsible for directly killing these target cells, making them an important component of the immune response against viruses, intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells.

Monocytes are immature macrophages. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that circulate in the bloodstream and are involved in the immune response. When they migrate into tissues, they mature into macrophages, which are responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens and cellular debris. Therefore, monocytes can be considered as immature macrophages.

Chemotaxis is the process where neutrophils and macrophages move towards the sources of certain chemicals. This movement is guided by chemical gradients, which attract these immune cells towards areas of infection or inflammation. Chemotaxis plays a crucial role in the immune response, allowing neutrophils and macrophages to migrate towards sites of infection, where they can eliminate pathogens and promote tissue healing.

Adaptive immunity does not directly cause inflammation. Inflammation is primarily triggered by the innate immune response, which is the first line of defense against pathogens. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, involves the activation of specific immune cells (such as T and B cells) to target and eliminate specific pathogens. While adaptive immunity can indirectly contribute to inflammation by recruiting immune cells to the site of infection, it is not the primary cause of inflammation.

An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response in the body, leading to the production of antibodies. This immune response is the body's way of defending itself against foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Antigens can also include substances that are not necessarily harmful, such as pollen or certain foods, but still elicit an immune response in some individuals. The production of antibodies helps to neutralize or eliminate the antigen, protecting the body from potential harm.

When monocytes swell to a size of 60 to 0 micrometers, they are referred to as macrophages. Macrophages play a crucial role in the immune system by engulfing and destroying intratissue disease agents, such as bacteria and viruses. They are responsible for phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and the production of inflammatory mediators. Macrophages are essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and initiating immune responses against pathogens.

Part of the mediated immune response.

Adaptive immunity is characterized by a slow initiation phase followed by a rapid response. This is because adaptive immune responses require the recognition and activation of specific immune cells, such as T and B cells, which takes time. Once these cells are activated, they can rapidly proliferate and differentiate into effector cells that can eliminate the pathogen or infected cells. This process allows the adaptive immune system to mount a targeted and specific response to a particular pathogen, but it may take a few days to fully develop. Therefore, the statement that adaptive immunity is slow initiation, rapid thereafter is true.

Parasitic infections often trigger an immune response in the body, leading to an increase in the production of eosinophils. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in combating parasitic infections. They are responsible for releasing toxic substances that can kill parasites and help in the removal of parasite-infected cells. Therefore, the presence of a large number of eosinophils in the blood is indicative of a parasitic infection.

IgG antibodies constitute about 75 percent of the antibodies in a normal person. IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and is responsible for long-term immunity. It plays a crucial role in fighting against bacterial and viral infections. IgG antibodies are also able to cross the placenta, providing protection to a developing fetus.

Helper T cells are CD4 positive. CD4 is a protein found on the surface of these cells. It plays a crucial role in the immune response by recognizing antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells and helping to activate other immune cells. CD4 positive T cells are primarily involved in coordinating the immune response and assisting in the activation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Who does ot have type D antigen is said to be Rh negative

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Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood or bone marrow. It occurs when the body produces an excessive amount of abnormal white blood cells, which interfere with the production of healthy blood cells. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bleeding or bruising. Leukemia can be classified into different types based on the speed of cell growth and the type of blood cells affected. Treatment options for leukemia include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation.

Memory cells are produced by the division of B and T cells. These memory cells play a crucial role in the immune system's response to a second invasion by the same intruder. They allow the immune system to activate much faster and mount a more efficient and targeted response, leading to a quicker elimination of the threat.

An allograft refers to the transplantation of an organ, tissue, or cells from one human being to another human being. It can also refer to the transplantation between animals of the same species. In this context, the answer "Allograft" suggests that the transfer is occurring between two individuals of the same species, either humans or animals.

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IgE is a type 1 antibody that is involved in allergic reactions such as allergic asthma and hay fever. It is produced in response to an allergen and binds to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine. This immune response leads to symptoms like wheezing, itching, and sneezing commonly seen in allergic conditions.

Innate immunity causes inflammation because it is the body's first line of defense against pathogens and injury. When the immune system detects a threat, it triggers a cascade of events that result in inflammation. This response is essential for recruiting immune cells to the site of infection or injury, promoting tissue repair, and eliminating pathogens. Inflammation is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are all indications of the immune system's active response to protect the body.

Inflammation is the correct answer because when tissues are injured, it triggers a response in the body where multiple substances are released. This response is known as inflammation, which is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain at the site of injury. The release of these substances helps to initiate the healing process and protect the body from further damage.

Leukopenia refers to a decrease in the number of white blood cells (WBC) in the body. This condition can be caused by various factors such as viral infections, certain medications, autoimmune disorders, or bone marrow disorders. A lower number of WBCs can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases. Therefore, leukopenia is the correct answer for the given question.

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Basophils are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in allergic reactions. When an allergen enters the body, basophils release histamine, a chemical that triggers an inflammatory response. This response leads to symptoms such as itching, redness, and swelling. Basophils also release other chemicals that attract other immune cells to the site of the allergic reaction. Overall, basophils are an essential component of the immune system's response to allergies.

Diapedesis refers to the process of neutrophils and monocytes squeezing through the pores of the blood capillaries. This allows these immune cells to migrate from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissues, where they can effectively combat infections and inflammation. Diapedesis is an essential mechanism for the immune system to respond to tissue damage and infection, as it enables immune cells to reach the site of injury or infection and initiate the immune response.

Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints, particularly the small joints of the hands and feet. The immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of the joints, causing inflammation and damage. Over time, this can lead to joint deformities and loss of function. Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis aims to reduce inflammation, relieve symptoms, and prevent joint damage.

A xenograft refers to the transplantation of living cells, tissues, or organs from one species to another. In the context of the given statement, "From a lower animal to a human being," a xenograft would involve transplanting cells, tissues, or organs from a lower animal species to a human being. This could be done for various purposes, such as medical research or treatment.

Helper T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response. They are involved in both humoral immunity, which involves the production of antibodies by B cells, and cell-mediated immunity, which involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells to directly attack infected cells. Helper T cells help coordinate and regulate these immune responses by releasing signaling molecules called cytokines. Therefore, it is correct to say that helper T cells are both involved in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

Suppressor T cells, also known as regulatory T cells, are a subset of T cells that have the ability to suppress the functions of both cytotoxic and helper T cells. They play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis by preventing excessive immune responses and suppressing autoimmune reactions. By inhibiting the activation and proliferation of other T cells, suppressor T cells help regulate the immune system and prevent immune-mediated damage to the body's own tissues.

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Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response against bacterial infections. They are mature cells that are capable of actively attacking and destroying bacteria through a process called phagocytosis. Neutrophils are highly effective in engulfing and neutralizing bacteria, and they release antimicrobial substances to further eliminate the pathogens. Therefore, neutrophils are the correct answer to the question.

An autograft refers to a transplant of tissue or a whole organ from one part of the same animal. This means that the donor and recipient are the same individual. Autografts are commonly used in medical procedures such as skin grafts or organ transplants, where the tissue or organ is taken from one area of the body and transplanted to another area. Autografts are preferred in many cases because they have a lower risk of rejection compared to transplants from another individual.

An isograft refers to a type of graft where tissue or an organ is transferred from one identical twin to another. Since identical twins share the same genetic makeup, there is minimal risk of rejection or immune response, making isografts one of the most successful types of grafts.

The presence of IgG and IgM antibodies suggests a Type II hypersensitivity reaction. In Type II hypersensitivity, antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of cells, leading to their destruction or dysfunction. Erythroblastosis fetalis is a condition where maternal antibodies (IgG) attack fetal red blood cells. Goodpasture's nephritis is an autoimmune disease where antibodies (IgG) attack the basement membrane in the kidneys. Both conditions involve the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens, indicating a Type II hypersensitivity reaction. IgG and IgM are the most commonly involved antibodies in Type II reactions.

The correct answer includes phagocytosis, resistance of the skin, and presence in the blood of certain chemical compounds. Phagocytosis is a process where immune cells engulf and destroy pathogens. The resistance of the skin acts as a physical barrier preventing the entry of pathogens. The presence of certain chemical compounds in the blood, such as antimicrobial peptides, can directly kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens. Specific B cells and T cells are part of adaptive immunity, not innate immunity.

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system. They are composed of a combination of heavy and light polypeptide chains. The heavy chains are larger and provide structural stability, while the light chains are smaller and help with antigen recognition and binding. Together, these chains form the Y-shaped structure of immunoglobulins, allowing them to recognize and neutralize specific antigens in the body.

Systemic lupus erythmatosus

The average adult human has a normal white blood cell count ranging from 4,000 to 11,000 cells per microliter of blood. A count of 7,000 falls within this normal range. White blood cells play a crucial role in the body's immune system, helping to fight off infections and diseases.

The correct answer is IgG, IgM. IgG and IgM are types of antibodies that are involved in the immune response against Type 3 antigens, which are soluble antigens. Examples of diseases caused by Type 3 antigens include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and farmer's lung disease. IgG and IgM play a crucial role in recognizing and neutralizing these antigens, helping to prevent and control the associated diseases.

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Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow called hematopoietic stem cell. These stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various types of blood cells, including leukocytes. This process is essential for maintaining a healthy immune system and fighting off infections.

The correct answer is humoral immunity, B cell immunity. Humoral immunity refers to the immune response that involves the production of antibodies by B cells. These antibodies circulate in the blood and attack the invading agents, such as bacteria or viruses. B cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response by producing antibodies specific to the antigens present on the invading agents. This type of immunity is important for defending against extracellular pathogens.

Both neutrophils and macrophages are types of immune cells that can move through tissues by a process called ameboid motion. Ameboid motion is a type of cellular movement where the cells extend protrusions called pseudopodia, which allow them to crawl and change shape. This movement is essential for immune cells to migrate towards sites of infection or inflammation, where they can engulf and destroy pathogens or damaged cells. Ameboid motion is driven by the coordinated actions of the cytoskeleton and molecular motors within the cells.

Erythroblastosis Fetalis, also known as Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, is a condition where a mother's antibodies attack and destroy red blood cells in her fetus. This occurs when the mother and fetus have incompatible blood types, such as when the mother is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive. The mother's immune system produces antibodies against the Rh factor, which can cross the placenta and attack the fetus's red blood cells. This can lead to severe anemia and other complications in the newborn. Treatment may involve blood transfusions and other interventions to manage the condition.

Sjogren Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the immune cells mistakenly attack and destroy the exocrine glands responsible for producing tears and saliva. This leads to symptoms such as dry eyes and mouth. The immune system's abnormal response causes inflammation and damage to these glands, resulting in reduced tear and saliva production.

The common feature among all patients is hypogammaglobulinemia, which is a condition characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the blood. This leads to recurrent and chronic infections, chronic swelling of the lymph glands, and an enlarged spleen. These symptoms are consistent with common variable immunodeficiency, a primary immunodeficiency disorder where the immune system is unable to produce enough antibodies to fight off infections effectively.

Isolated IgA deficiency refers to a condition where individuals have extremely low levels of only the immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody in their serum and secretions. This deficiency can lead to recurrent sinopulmonary and gastrointestinal diseases. The given information matches the characteristics of isolated IgA deficiency, making it the correct answer.

Systemic sclerosis is a rare chronic disease that is characterized by diffuse fibrosis, degenerative changes, and vascular abnormalities in the skin and internal organs such as the esophagus, lower GI tract, lung, heart, and kidney. The exact cause of systemic sclerosis is unknown.

Antigenic substances inherited are known as agglutinogens. Agglutinogens are specific molecules or proteins found on the surface of red blood cells that can stimulate the production of antibodies. These antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances in the body. Agglutinogens play a crucial role in determining an individual's blood type and compatibility for blood transfusions.