Immunology Exam (ch.5-7)
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Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes, The Development of B Lymphocytes, The development of T Lymphocytes.
- 1.What are the two types of T-cells?
- A.
A:B T cells and y:S T cells
- B.
A:B T cells and D:Z T cells
- C.
Y:S T cells and a:L T cells
- D.
None of the Above
- 2.What are immature T cells called?
- A.
Thymocytes
- B.
Stromal cells
- C.
Lymphocytes
- D.
Plasma cells
- E.
Cytokines
- 3.The thymic stroma houses what kinds of cells?
- A.
Thymocytes
- B.
B cells
- C.
Plasma cells
- D.
Double-negative thymocytes
- E.
Double-positive thymocytes
- 4.How do lymphocytes enter and leave the thymus?
- 5.What two parts create the thymus?
- 6.What cells are responsible for the development of the cortex in the thymus?
- A.
Ectodermal cells
- B.
Endodermal cells
- C.
Mesodermal cells
- D.
Exodermal cells
- E.
Psuedodermal cells
- 7.In what syndrome does the thymus fail to develop?
- A.
DiGeroge's syndrome
- B.
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
- C.
Follicular center cell lymphoma
- D.
Hodgkin's Disease
- E.
Lupus
- 8.The process of fat claiming areas of thymocytes after a year birth in the thymus causing it to degenerate is called?
- 9.The involution of the thymus affects T-cell count.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 10.What complement is a characteristic of a stem cell?
- A.
CD34
- B.
CD7
- C.
CD4
- D.
CD8
- E.
CD24
- 11.When a stem cell expresses ____ and _____ it becomes a T cell.
- A.
CD2 and CD5
- B.
CD4 and CD8
- C.
CD34 and CD2
- D.
CD34 and CD5
- E.
CD12 and CD21
- 12.A double-negative thymocyte does not express...
- A.
CD4 and CD8
- B.
CD34 and CD21
- C.
CD7 and CD11
- D.
CD14 and CD21
- E.
CD4 and CD9
- 13.Thymocytes are considered to be double-negative cells. This is possible because...
- A.
Thymocytes are in the process of rearranging their genes
- B.
Thymocytes are unable to express the required complements to divide
- C.
Thymocytes lack CD4 and CD8
- D.
None of the above
- E.
A and C
- 14.Cytokine ______ is critical in the development of T-cells.
- 15.What cells secrete cytokine 7?
- A.
Stromal cells
- B.
Goblet cells
- C.
B lymphocytes
- D.
T lymphocytes
- E.
Follicular cells
- 16.What complement does IL-7 bind to?
- A.
CD34
- B.
CD21
- C.
CD4
- D.
CD5
- E.
CD8
- 17.The cell receptor on a thymocyte is called...
- 18.Notch 1 interacts with transmembrane ligands on thymic epithelial cells which initiates a proteolytic cleavage. The process that follows the proteolytic cleavage which involves an intracellular domain of Notch 1 affects the thymocyte in what particular way?
- A.
Notch 1 sends signals that controls the pathway of T-cell differentiation and keeps it away from the B-cell
- B.
Notch 1 does not allow the binding of MHC I molecules to the thymocyte
- C.
CD8 is allowed to bind to the thymocyte receptor
- D.
CD4 is not allowed to bind to the thymocyte
- E.
Notch 1 sends signals that allow the thymocyte to differentiate into a B-cell
- 19.A double negative thymocyte precursor creates:
- A.
A:B and y:D T cells
- B.
A:B and y:G T cells
- C.
L:a and Z:y T cells
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
- 20.Rearrangement of double-negative thymocytes begins with...
- A.
Rearrangement at the y, D, and B loci at the same time
- B.
Rearrangement at the y, D, and B loci at a different time
- C.
Rearrangement at the a, B, and y loci at the same time
- D.
Rearrangement at the D, S, and y loci at the same time
- E.
Rearrangement at the a, B, and D loci at the same time
- 21.Which two loci compete with the B locus on a double-negative thymocyte during rearrangement?
- A.
Y and D
- B.
B and a
- C.
Y and a
- D.
D and a
- E.
S and z
- 22.What percentage of thymocytes survive positive selection?
- 23.Which TCR does not undergo positive and negative selection?
- A.
Y:D TCR
- B.
A:B TCR
- C.
D:a TCR
- D.
Y:B TCR
- E.
L:T TCR
- 24.What is the B-chain of the thymocyte test for when translocated to the ER after double-negative rearrangement?
- A.
The capacity to bind to pTa
- B.
The capacity to bind to y:D chain
- C.
The capacity to bind to self-antigens
- D.
The capacity to bind to CD3
- E.
The capacity to bind to CD34
- 25.PTa is an invariant polypeptide that acts as a _________ __________.
- 26.TCR genes can make nonproductive or productive rearrangements.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 27.Y:D TCR undergo positive and negative selection.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 28.When the B-chain of a thymocyte combines with pTa, what kind of receptor is created?
- A.
Pre-T-cell receptor
- B.
Post-T-cell receptor
- C.
Meta-T-cell receptor
- D.
Plasma T-cell receptor
- E.
Globular T-cell receptor
- 29.Thymocytes that pass a test in which the B-chain is tested for the potential to bind to a-chains are called...
- A.
Pre-T-cells
- B.
Plasma cells
- C.
Follicular cells
- D.
Lymphatic cells
- E.
Post-T-cells
- 30.
- A.
The a:B chain lineage only requires one productive gene rearrangement.
- B.
The y:D chain lineage only requires one productive gene rearrangement.
- C.
The a:B chain lineage requires two productive gene rearrangements
- D.
The a:B chain lineage is stronger and capable of producing better immunity.
- E.
None of the above
- 31.How many attempts can thymocytes undergo to rearrange a B-chain gene?
- A.
4
- B.
1
- C.
8
- D.
10
- E.
0
- 32.What is the percentage of making a productive rearrangement of a B-chain in a thymocyte?
- A.
80%
- B.
100%
- C.
35%
- D.
50%
- E.
75%
- 33.When a rearrangement is successful in the B-chain gene, what two genes are suppressed?
- A.
RAG 1 and RAG 2
- B.
RAG 3 and RAG 9
- C.
PTa
- D.
Both a and b
- E.
None of the above
- 34.Why are RAG 1 and RAG 2 suppressed when a successful B-chain of a thymocyte is created?
- A.
So that only one productive B-chain is expressed
- B.
To allow y:D chains to be created
- C.
In order to stop rearrangement in the a-chain
- D.
To signal apoptosis
- E.
RAG 1 and RAG 2 do not get suppressed
- 35.What are the T-cell receptor a-chain genes?
- A.
V and J
- B.
V, D, and J
- C.
V and D
- D.
D and J
- E.
None of the above
- 36.When does a T-cell a-chain rearrange?
- A.
After their partner receptor chain has been expressed
- B.
Before their partner receptor chain has been expressed
- C.
During the same time as their partner receptor
- D.
Before their partner receptor has been expressed
- E.
After two successful B-chains are expressed
- 37.Repeated attempts at a-chain gene rearrangement are not possible.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 38.What happens to the D locus situated within the a locus once an a-chain gene is rearranged?
- A.
It becomes deleted
- B.
It becomes duplicated
- C.
It translocates to another chain
- D.
It is removed by RAG 1
- E.
It incorporates itself within the a-chain
- 39.T cells with an initial nonproductive a-gene rearrangement are highly likely to be rescued by a subsequent rearrangement.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 40.What is the a-chain in a TCR tested for?
- A.
The capacity to bind to the B-chain
- B.
The capacity to bind to self-antigens
- C.
The capacity to bind to a MHC class II molecule
- D.
The capacity to bind to a MHC class I molecule
- E.
A and C
- 41.What reduces the probability that a T cell committed to the aB lineage will end up expressing a yD receptor?
- A.
The deletion of the delta locus
- B.
The duplication of the a locus
- C.
The substitution of the y locus
- D.
The translocation of the B locus
- E.
The deletion of the B locus
- 42.How many checkpoints must a pre-T cell undergo before it is given a signal to survive and proceed to positive selection?
- A.
2
- B.
5
- C.
9
- D.
0
- E.
3
- 43.Which enzyme that is involved in somatic recombination is expressed throughout the T-cell development?
- A.
Tdt
- B.
PTa
- C.
RAG 1
- D.
RAG 2
- E.
Both C and D
- 44.Tdt is an enzyme. What is it responsible for?
- A.
Insertion of the N-nucleotides
- B.
Deletion of P-nucleotides
- C.
Suppression of RAG 1
- D.
Suppression of RAG 2
- E.
Deletion of N-nucleotides
- 45.Co-receptors CD4 and CD8, the signaling complex CD3, the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 and the tyrosine kinase Lck are factors needed by the pre-T cell to_____.
- A.
Send signals
- B.
Activate rearrangement
- C.
Develop a successful B-chain
- D.
To pass positive selection
- E.
To induce apoptosis
- 46.How does positive and negative selection help in selecting thymocytes?
- A.
Positive selection selects cells that are capable of binding to antigens and negative selection removes cells that bind too strongly to self-antigens.
- B.
Positive selection selects cells that do not bind strongly to antigens and negative selection removes cells that do not bind to self-antigens
- C.
Positive selection selects cells that bind to self-antigens and negative selection removes cells that do not bind to antigens
- D.
Positive selection requires the cell to expend energy while negative selection gains energy
- E.
None of the above
- 47.Which complement is an adhesion molecule on T-cells?
- A.
CD2
- B.
CD34
- C.
CD21
- D.
CD4
- E.
CD8
- 48.T-cells interact with which complement on other cells in order to generate signals?
- A.
CD58
- B.
CD7
- C.
CD9
- D.
CD1
- E.
CD88
- 49.Which transcription factors are expressed in early T-cell progenitors?
- A.
Ikaros
- B.
GATA-3
- C.
RAG1
- D.
RAG2
- E.
Both a and b
- 50.Which transcription factor is expressed in late development of a T-cell?
- A.
Th-POK
- B.
RAG2
- C.
GATA-3
- D.
Ikaros
- E.
None of the above
- 51.Double-positive thymocytes express.....
- A.
Both CD4 and CD8 and a functional receptor
- B.
CD4 and a functional receptor
- C.
CD8 and CD4 with a nonfunctional receptor
- D.
CD34
- E.
CD58 and a functional receptor
- 52.Y:D T cells are indifferent to the peptides presented by MHC molecules and recognize different types of antigen.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 53.How many screenings do aB double-positive thymocytes undergo?
- A.
2
- B.
4
- C.
9
- D.
6
- E.
11
- 54.When is a single positive thymocytes created?
- A.
After positive and negative selection
- B.
Before positive selection
- C.
After negative selection
- D.
After positive selection
- E.
None of the above
- 55.When a T cell recognizes self-MHC molecules, this is known as negative selection.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 56.Where does positive selection of a thymocyte take place?
- A.
Cortex of the thymus
- B.
Medulla of the thymus
- C.
Cortex of the bone marrow
- D.
Medulla of the bone marrow
- E.
Both a and c
- 57.The thymic cortical epithelium expresses...
- A.
MHC 1 molecules
- B.
MHC 2 molecules
- C.
Both a and b
- D.
CD12
- E.
None of the above
- 58.How many days does a MHC complex have to be bind to a pre-T-cell in oder to mature further?
- A.
3-4
- B.
7-10
- C.
12-18
- D.
1-3
- E.
19-21
- 59.The a-chain of a T-cell is not subject to allelic expression.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 60.Rearrangements can not occur at both copies of the a-chain of a T-cell,
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 61.Why is the lack of allelic exclusion at the T-cell receptor a chain locus not so disruptive?
- A.
Because each TCR only contains one a-chain
- B.
Because each TCR only contains one B-chain
- C.
Because each TCR contains two B-chains
- D.
Because each TCR contains two a-chains
- E.
Both a and b
- 62.Define T-cell receptor editing.
- A.
The process by which a TCR tries out different a-chains in order to become reactive with self-MHC molecules
- B.
The process by which a BCR tires out different a-chains in order to become reactive with MHC I molecules
- C.
The process by which a TCR is chosen to proliferate
- D.
The process by which a TCR is chosen to die
- E.
The process by which a TCR tries out different b-chains in order to become reactive with self-MHC molecules
- 63.________ _______ _________ is characterized by a lack of expression of either MHC class I or II molecules by lymphocytes and thymic epithelial cells. (Hint: a syndrome)
- 64.Where does negative selection of a T cell take place?
- A.
The medulla of the thymus
- B.
The cortex of the thymus
- C.
Both a and b
- D.
The cortex of lymph nodes
- E.
The medulla of lymph nodes
- 65.What are the most important cells responsible for negative selection?
- A.
Dendritic cells
- B.
Macrophages
- C.
B-cells
- D.
Helper T cells
- E.
Both a and b
- 66.How does the processing and presentation of self antigens by thymic epithelium differ from that in other cells?
- A.
By the use of protease cathepsin L
- B.
By the use of protease cathepsin
- C.
By the use of pTa
- D.
By the use of the transcription factor Th-POK
- E.
By the use of the transcription factor GATA-3
- 67.Why is AIRE important in to T-cells?
- A.
The peptides derived from it can form complexes with MHC I which participate in negative selection
- B.
AIRE can form complexes with MHC I which participate in positive selection
- C.
AIRE can form complexes with MHC II which participate in negative selection
- D.
AIRE allows the a-chain to create two successful chains
- E.
AIRE allows the B-chain genes to create a successful chain that will bind to an a-chain
- 68.What kind of a gene is AIRE?
- A.
A regulator
- B.
A transcription factor
- C.
A promoter
- D.
A suppressor
- E.
Both b and d
- 69.What mechanism will occur if a T cell that is in circulation encounters a self-anitgen in the absence of infection?
- A.
Activation-induced cell death
- B.
Somatic recombination
- C.
Apoptosis
- D.
Anergy
- E.
None of the above
- 70.What is a possible outcome of having a defective AIRE gene?
- A.
T cells will be able to bind to self-antigens
- B.
T cells wont be able to fight off infection
- C.
T cells wont be able to differentiate into Helper T or Cytotoxic T cells
- D.
T cells wont be able to secrete cytokines
- E.
T cells wont be able to bind to pathogens with CD4
- 71.What syndrome can occur if the AIRE gene is defective?
- A.
APECED
- B.
Lupus
- C.
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
- D.
Rheumatoid arthritis
- E.
IPEX
- 72.
- A.
CD4 self-reactive T cells
- B.
CD8 self-reactive T cells
- C.
AIRE gene mutation
- D.
RAG 1 gene
- E.
RAG 2 gene
- 73.Regulatory CD4 T cells are distinguished from other CD4 T cells by the expression of what complement?
- A.
CD25
- B.
CD34
- C.
CD58
- D.
CD2
- E.
CD4
- 74.Regulatory CD4 T cells proliferate and suppress naive T cells that respond to self-antigens.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 75.FOXP3, a transcriptional repressor protein, is found in which cells?
- A.
CD4 Regulatory T-cells
- B.
B-cells
- C.
CD8 Regulatory T-cells
- D.
Plasma cells
- E.
Double-negative T cells
- 76.FoxP3 is encoded by a gene on which chromosome?
- A.
X
- B.
Y
- C.
12
- D.
13
- E.
21
- 77.IPEX is a deficiency in what?
- A.
FoxP3 and Regulatory T cells
- B.
RAG1
- C.
AIRE gene
- D.
PTa
- E.
RAG2
- 78.Mature T cells divide into...
- A.
Effector T cells
- B.
Repressor T cells
- C.
Plasma cells
- D.
Post-T cells
- E.
Pre-T cells
- 79.Which cells become Cytotoxic T cells?
- A.
T cells that express CD8
- B.
T cells that express CD4
- C.
T cells that express CD32
- D.
T cells that express CD58
- E.
Both a and b
- 80.Which cells become regulator T cells?
- A.
T cells that express CD4
- B.
T cells that express CD8
- C.
T cells that express CD32
- D.
T cells that express CD58
- E.
Both a and b
- 81.In healthy individuals, approximately twice as many CD4 T cells than CD8 T cells are present in the peripheral circulation.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 82.T-cell tumors mostly correspond to either early or late stages in T-cell development.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 83.Double-negative thymocytes initiate rearrangement at the ____ locus (loci) before all other T-cell receptor genes.
- A.
Y and D
- B.
B
- C.
A and B
- D.
A, y, and D
- E.
B, y, and D
- 84.The function of negative selection of thymocytes in the thymus is to eliminate
- A.
Single-positive thymocytes
- B.
Double-positive thymocytes
- C.
Alloreactive thymocytes
- D.
Autoreactive thymocytes
- E.
Apoptotic thymocytes
- 85.If a T-cell receptor on a double-positive thymocyte binds to a self-peptide: self-MHC class I complex with low affinity the result is
- A.
Negative selection and apoptosis
- B.
Cell proliferation
- C.
Rearrangement of the second B-chain locus
- D.
Positive selection of a CD4 T cell
- E.
Positive selection of a CD8 T cell
- 86.Which of the following statements is correct?
- A.
In adults the mature T-cell repertoire is self-renewing and does not require a thymus for provision of new T cells
- B.
T cells and B cells are both short-lived cells and require continual replenishment from primary lymphoid organs
- C.
The human thymus is not fully functional until age 30, at which time it begins to shrink and atrophy
- D.
In DiGeorge syndrome the bone marrow takes over the function of the thymus and produces mature peripheral T cells
- E.
None of the above statements is correct
- 87.Individuals with a defective autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) exhibit
- A.
DiGeroge syndrome
- B.
APECED
- C.
SCID
- D.
MHC class I deficiency
- E.
MHC class II deficiency
- 88.Which cells migrate to the thymus?
- A.
B cells
- B.
Plasma cells
- C.
Helper T cells
- D.
T lymphoblasts
- E.
Cytotoxic T cells
- 89.In order to create a thymic anlage, what occurs?
- A.
Thrombocytes are added to the thymus
- B.
Thymocytes are added to the thymus
- C.
Blastocytes are added to the thymus
- D.
Both A and C
- E.
Lymphocytes are added to the thymus
- 90.What transcription factor signals for a CD4 T cell choice?
- A.
P-Ta
- B.
AIRE gene
- C.
Th POK
- D.
GATA-3
- E.
Ikaros
- 91.T cell tumors can be recognized by a _______ _________.
- 92.The surrogate chain in a B-chain in a B-cell is/are
- A.
PTa
- B.
Y-chain
- C.
A-chain
- D.
Pre-VB and Lamda 5
- E.
MHC class I
- 93._________ is present on all human hematopoietic stem cells. (Hint: a complement)
- 94.Which cells are the earliest identifiable cells of the B-cell lineage?
- A.
Pro-T cells
- B.
Pre-B cells
- C.
Pro-B cells
- D.
Late pre-B cells
- E.
Small pre-cells
- 95.Which of the following statements is correct.
- A.
In early pro-B cells joining of the D,J and V segment occurs
- B.
In late pro-B cells joining of the D and J segment occurs
- C.
In large pre-B cells, the heavy-chain is rearranged
- D.
Pre-B cells express a u-chain
- E.
None of the above
- 96.In which stage of a pro-B cell does the joining of V and D gene segments occur?
- A.
Late pro-B cell
- B.
Large pre-B cell
- C.
Early pro-B cell
- D.
Meta-late pro-B cell
- E.
None of the above
- 97.The rearrangement of the heavy-chain genes occurs in which stage of a B cell?
- A.
Pre-B cell
- B.
Pro-B cell
- C.
Meta-B cell
- D.
Endo-B cell
- E.
Ecto-B cell
- 98.The large pre-B cell is more mature than the small pre-B cell
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 99.A light chain is needed to combine with a heavy chain in order to go to the surface of the cell in B or T cells.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 100.Rearrangement of the light-chain genes occurs in the small pre-B cells.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 101.The lamda chain genes are the first to rearrange in light-chain rearrangement of a B cell.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 102.IgM is formed when the _____ chain is synthesized and assembled in the ER with the ____ chains.
- A.
Heavy; a
- B.
A; light
- C.
Heavy; u
- D.
Light; u
- E.
U; a
- 103.Generation of diverse and clonally expressed B-cell receptors in the bone marrow is known as
- A.
Attacking infection
- B.
Finding infection
- C.
Positive selection
- D.
Negative selection
- E.
Repertoire assembly
- 104.Alteration, Elimination or inactivation of a B-cell receptor that binds to components of the human body is known as
- A.
Attacking infection
- B.
Searching for infection
- C.
Negative selection
- D.
Repertoire assembly
- E.
Positive selection
- 105.Promotion of a fraction of immature B cells to become mature B cells in the secondary lymphoid tissues is known as
- A.
Negative selection
- B.
Searching for infection
- C.
Finding infection
- D.
Positive selection
- E.
Repertoire assembly
- 106.Recirculation of mature B cells between lymph, blood, and secondary lymphoid tissues is known as
- A.
Finding infection
- B.
Negative selection
- C.
Positive selection
- D.
Searching for infection
- E.
Attacking infection
- 107.Activation and clonal expansion of B cells by pathogen-derived antigens in secondary lymphoid tissues is known as
- A.
Searching for infection
- B.
Repertoire assembly
- C.
Attacking infection
- D.
Finding infection
- E.
Negative selection
- 108.Differentiation to antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells in secondary lymphoid tissue is known as
- A.
Positive selection
- B.
Finding infection
- C.
Negative selection
- D.
Attacking infection
- E.
None of the above
- 109.Which is the correct order of B cell development?
- A.
Repertoire assembly, Negative selection, searching for infection, Attacking infection, Finding Infection, Positive selection
- B.
Positive selection, Negative selection, searching for infection, Attacking infection, Finding Infection, Repertoire assembly
- C.
Repertoire assembly, Negative selection, Positive selection, Attacking infection, searching for infection, Finding Infection
- D.
Repertoire assembly, Negative selection, Positive selection, searching for infection, Finding infection, Attacking Infection
- E.
Negative selection, Positive selection, Repertoire assembly, searching for infection, Attacking infection, Finding Infection
- 110.Which immunoglobulin(s) does IgM associate with in order to form a functional B-cell receptor?
- A.
Iga
- B.
IgB
- C.
IgG
- D.
Both A and B
- E.
All of the above
- 111.Immature B cells arise when the rearrangement of the light chain stops.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 112.Stromal cells have two distinct functions that aid the B cell in development. What are they?
- A.
Produce growth factors and inhibit CD8 binding
- B.
Suppress the light-chain and speed up the rearrangement of the heavy-chain
- C.
Make specific contacts with the developing B cells and produce growth factors
- D.
Make specific contacts with the developing B cells and induce a:B chain binding
- E.
None of the above
- 113.IL-7 is a growth factor that acts on late pro-B and pre-B cells.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 114.The subendosteum is the location in the bone marrow where
- A.
Macrophages develop
- B.
Dendritic cells carry information to
- C.
T cells interact with B cells
- D.
B cells die
- E.
Immature B cells reside
- 115.Which interleukin stimulates further progression of a B cell in the bone marrow?
- A.
IL-9
- B.
IL-17
- C.
IL-5
- D.
IL-7
- E.
IL-13
- 116.Immature B cells mature in the bone marrow.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 117.What fraction of pro-B cell rearrangements will be unsuccessful?
- A.
1/4
- B.
2/7
- C.
1/2
- D.
2/3
- E.
3/4
- 118.Nonproductive rearrangements preserve a correct reading frame and give rise to a complete and functional Ig chain.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 119.Productive rearrangements in B cells gives rise to
- A.
A functional B-chain
- B.
A functional Ig-chain
- C.
A functional y-chain
- D.
A functional a-chain
- E.
None of the above
- 120.The two copies of the Ig-heavy-chain locus helps to increase the likelihood that a pro-B cell will make a productive heavy-chain gene rearrangement.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 121.If developing B cells make nonproductive rearrangements at both copies of the heavy-chain gene, what happens?
- A.
They undergo a second recombination
- B.
They are let out into circulation
- C.
They not develop further
- D.
They die in the bone marrow
- E.
Both C and D
- 122.Which recombination-activating genes must be present in order for pro-B cells to rearrange?
- A.
RAG 3 and RAG 8
- B.
RAG 4 and RAG 6
- C.
RAG 2 and RAG 4
- D.
RAG 1 and RAG 2
- E.
Just RAG 2
- 123.When recombination/rearrangement is occurring in a gene, what is the first step?
- A.
Joining of V to J
- B.
Joining of V to DJ
- C.
Joining D to J
- D.
Joining of D to V
- E.
None of the above
- 124.The second step of recombination/rearrangement is
- A.
The joining of D to J
- B.
The joining of J to V
- C.
The joining of V to D
- D.
The joining of V to DJ
- E.
The joining of J to DV
- 125.Rearrangement occurs first in the second chromosome followed by the first if it is unsuccessful.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 126.What is the fraction of pro-B cells that will make a functional heavy-chain?
- A.
1
- B.
2/3
- C.
1/4
- D.
2/8
- E.
1/2
- 127.Survival signals allow B cell to
- A.
Die by apoptosis
- B.
To undergo positive selection
- C.
To differentiate
- D.
To evade macrophages
- E.
To evade dendritic cells
- 128.Central and peripheral tolerance do not remove B cells that are reactive to self antigens present in places inaccessible to B cells.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 129.What percentage of the pre-B cells become immature B cells making IgM?
- A.
50%
- B.
32%
- C.
99%
- D.
2%
- E.
85%
- 130.How is a diverse population of immature B cells achieved?
- A.
By creating different u chains
- B.
By creating different a chains
- C.
By creating different B chains
- D.
By creating different k and L chains
- E.
All of the above
- 131.____ of human Ig has k chains.(Hint: a fraction)
- 132.Which of the following statements is true?
- A.
The pre-B-cell receptor is created by the assembly of VpreA, L1, Iga, and IgB disulfide bonding to the u chain
- B.
Pro-B cells only need to create VpreB to create a surrogate light chain
- C.
Only a single event joining V with J is needed to rearrange a light-chain gene
- D.
Recombination is not necessary for the development of the B cell
- E.
T cells are able to secrete Ig if necessary
- 133.Allelic exclusion is the phenomenon whereby a cell expresses only one of its two copies of a gene.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 134.Which proteins are made by the pro-B cell that mimic the Ig light chain and bind to the u chain?
- A.
L6 and VproB
- B.
L1 and VpreA
- C.
L2 and VpreB
- D.
L5 and VpreB
- E.
L1 and VproB
- 135.Which proteins are responsible for creating the surrogate light chain of a B cell?
- A.
L5
- B.
VpreB
- C.
VpreA
- D.
L1
- E.
Both a and b
- 136.Receptor editing of B cells occurs in
- A.
Blood
- B.
Thymus
- C.
Bone marrow
- D.
Red marrow
- E.
Yellow pulp
- 137.The selective death of developing lymphocytes and the consequent removal of their self-reacive receptor specificities from the B-cell repertoire.
- A.
Receptor editing
- B.
Apoptosis
- C.
Somatic recombination
- D.
Clonal deletion
- E.
Negative selection
- 138.Peripheral tolerance is induced to antigens outside the bone marrow that removes circulating B cells reactive against self antigens of tissues other than bone marrow.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 139.Reactivity with monovalent antigens. (Hint: a process)
- 140.Default pathway of death
- 141.B cells react to self antigens in the bone marrow causing
- A.
Apoptosis
- B.
Receptor editing
- C.
Anergy
- D.
Both a and B
- E.
All of the above
- 142.The period of time over which a population of cells reduces to half its original size.
- 143.The state of developmental arrest of a self-reactive B cell that binds to monovalent self antigens.
- 144.Which process assesses the quality of the Ig chains?
- A.
Negative selection
- B.
Apoptosis
- C.
Somatic recombination
- D.
Allelic exclusion
- E.
Checkpoints
- 145.How many checkpoints must a B cell pass in order to continue development?
- A.
1
- B.
4
- C.
11
- D.
2
- E.
5
- 146.The stage of the small pre-B cell where cells are selected for survival is
- A.
The first checkpoint
- B.
The second checkpoint
- C.
The third checkpoint
- D.
The fourth checkpoint
- E.
Positive selection
- 147.__________ antigens are most effective at linking B-cell receptors together and activating B cells.
- 148.Pax-5 binds to enhancer sequences in a pro-B cell located
- A.
5' of the heavy-chain C region genes
- B.
3' of the light-chain C region genes
- C.
3' of the heavy-chain C region genes
- D.
5' of the light-chain C region genes
- E.
3' of the heavy-chain V region genes
- 149.A transcription factor that defines the B-cell lineage is
- A.
Pax-1
- B.
PTa
- C.
Myc protein
- D.
Pax-5
- E.
None of the above
- 150.IgA and IgB are always turned on once they are turned on.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 151.Promotes cell growth.
- A.
RSS
- B.
Btk
- C.
Myc protein
- D.
Bcl-2
- E.
Pax-5
- 152.___________ are genes that cause cancer.
- 153.What is mostly likely to occur if a patient lacks Bruton's tyrosin kinase?
- A.
T cell development wont be able to complete
- B.
Antibodies will be able to bind to self-antigens
- C.
There wont be any circulating antibodies
- D.
There wont be a diverse population of B cells
- E.
Antibodies wont function properly
- 154.The tyrosin kinase is essential for B-cell development beyond the pre-B cell stage.
- A.
Atk
- B.
Ctk
- C.
Btk
- D.
Gtk
- E.
PtK
- 155.Which statement is true?
- A.
B-1 cells are a minority subset of human B cells
- B.
B-1 cells carry CD5
- C.
B-1 cells are largely produce in fetal life
- D.
Both a and b
- E.
All of the above
- 156.____________ are viral genes that cause transformation.
- 157.Bcl-2 protein prevents
- A.
Over-formation of B cells
- B.
Premature apoptosis of B cells
- C.
Apoptosis of T cells
- D.
Over-formation of phagocytes
- E.
Deletion of oncogenes
- 158.B-1 cells depend on which cytokine in order to maintain it's population?
- A.
IL-9
- B.
IL-76
- C.
IL-1
- D.
IL-8
- E.
IL-10
- 159.Mature B cells arise when the B-cell receptor becomes capable of generating positive signals upon binding specific antigen.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 160.Lymphomas can be caused by
- A.
PTa
- B.
Deletion of oncogenes
- C.
Deletion of proto-oncogenes
- D.
Bcl-2
- E.
Btk
- 161.Immature B cells are not released into the blood.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 162.B-2 cells are the minority subset of B cells.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 163.Which statement is correct?
- A.
B-1 cells are the majority subset of B cells
- B.
Mature B cells are not capable of fighting infection
- C.
Self antigens do not affect negative selection
- D.
B-2 cells are polyspecific
- E.
Tdt is not expressed in early prenatal period
- 164.B-1 cells are no longer produced by the bone marrow in adults.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 165.Self-tolerant mature B cells do not respond to self antigens.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 166.Cells with receptors that bind a multivalent self antigen are signaled to arrest their developmental progression.
- A.
Immature B
- B.
Mature B
- C.
Immature T
- D.
Mature T
- E.
Plasma cells
- 167.The synthesis of the IgA and IgB polypeptides is turned on at the
- A.
Pre-B cell stage
- B.
Second checkpoint
- C.
First checkpoint
- D.
Pro-B cell stage
- E.
Both a and d
- 168.Immature B cells that leave the bone marrow
- A.
Are not able to proliferate
- B.
Are able to interact with MHC I
- C.
Express high levels of surface IgM and low levels of surface IgD
- D.
Express high levels of surface IgD and low levels of surface IgM
- E.
Can bind with T cells
- 169.B cells express ______ a receptor that binds CCL21.
- A.
CCR1
- B.
CCR9
- C.
CCR7
- D.
CCR8
- E.
CCR 10
- 170.CCL21 is a chemokine secreted by
- A.
B cells
- B.
T cells
- C.
Stromal cells
- D.
Follicular cells
- E.
Stem cells
- 171.Dendritic cells secrete
- A.
CCL21
- B.
CCL19
- C.
Both a and b
- D.
CCL7
- E.
CCL9
- 172.CXCL13 is secreted by
- A.
Macrophages
- B.
B cells
- C.
T cells
- D.
Follicular dendritic cells
- E.
Stromal cells
- 173.Primary lymphoid follicles consist of an area principally of T cells enmeshed in a network of specialized stromal cells.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 174.FDCs attract
- A.
T cells
- B.
Dendritic cells
- C.
Stromal cells
- D.
B cells
- E.
Lymphoblasts
- 175.Plasma cells secrete
- A.
IgM
- B.
IgD
- C.
IgA
- D.
IgG
- E.
IgE
- 176.Antibody secretion is effected by a change in the processing of the
- A.
Light-chain B cell
- B.
Heavy-chain of T cell
- C.
Heavy-chain of plasma cell
- D.
Heavy-chain mRNA
- E.
Light-chain mRNA
- 177.Plasma cells cease to divide and no longer express Igs and MHC class II molecules.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 178.Terminal differentiation defines the process of plasma cells ceasing to divide and no longer expressing Igs and MHC class II molecules.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 179.Other activated B cells migrate to a nearby primary follicle, which changes its morphology to become a _______ ________ ________ containing a __________ ___________.
- A.
Secondary lymphoid follicle, terminal center
- B.
Primary lymphoid follicle, terminal center
- C.
Secondary lymphoid follicle, germinal center
- D.
Primary lymphoid follicle, germinal center
- E.
None of the above
- 180.B cells in germinal centers in secondary lymphoid follicles are called
- A.
Lymphocytes
- B.
Lymphoblasts
- C.
Erthyrocytes
- D.
Centerblasts
- E.
T cells
- 181.Memory B cells originate from
- A.
Central centers
- B.
Terminal centers
- C.
Primary lymphoid follicles
- D.
Germinal centers
- E.
None of the above
- 182._________ ________ cells posses a high-affinity, isotype-switched antigen receptor.
- 183.Tumors derived from mature, naive B cells grow in follicles of lymph nodes and form
- A.
Myelomas
- B.
Follicular center cell lymphoma
- C.
DiGeroge's disease
- D.
Both a and b
- E.
None of the above
- 184.Which is true for B-1 cells?
- A.
Polyspecificity
- B.
Develop in fetal life
- C.
Need no help from T cells
- D.
Have decreased somatic hypermutation
- E.
All of the above
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