Immunology Exam (Ch.5-7)

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1. The state of developmental arrest of a self-reactive B cell that binds to monovalent self antigens. 

Explanation

6-13

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About This Quiz
Immunology Exam (Ch.5-7) - Quiz

Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes, The Development of B Lymphocytes, The development of T Lymphocytes.

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2. Default pathway of death
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3. _________ is present on all human hematopoietic stem cells. (Hint: a complement)
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4. The period of time over which a population of cells reduces to half its original size.
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5. TCR genes can make nonproductive or productive rearrangements.
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6. The two copies of the Ig-heavy-chain locus helps to increase the likelihood that a pro-B cell will make a productive heavy-chain gene rearrangement.
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7. How do lymphocytes enter and leave the thymus?
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8. Allelic exclusion is the phenomenon whereby a cell expresses only one of its two copies of a gene.
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9. In healthy individuals, approximately twice as many CD4 T cells than CD8 T cells are present in the peripheral circulation. 
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10. Mature T cells divide into...
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11. ____________ are viral genes that cause transformation.
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12. Mature B cells arise when the B-cell receptor becomes capable of generating positive signals upon binding specific antigen.
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13. _________ ________ cells posses a high-affinity, isotype-switched antigen receptor.

Explanation

6-15

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14. A double-negative thymocyte does not express...
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15. How does positive and negative selection help in selecting thymocytes?
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16. A light chain is needed to combine with a heavy chain in order to go to the surface of the cell in B or T cells.
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17. Terminal differentiation defines the process of plasma cells ceasing to divide and no longer expressing Igs and MHC class II molecules.
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18. Which cells become Cytotoxic T cells?
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19. Rearrangement of the light-chain genes occurs in the small pre-B cells.
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20. When a rearrangement is successful in the B-chain gene, what two genes are suppressed? 
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21. IL-7 is a growth factor that acts on late pro-B and pre-B cells.
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22. T cells with an initial nonproductive a-gene rearrangement are highly likely to be rescued by a subsequent rearrangement.
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23. How many checkpoints must a pre-T cell undergo before it is given a signal to survive and proceed to positive selection?
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24. Y:D T cells are indifferent to the peptides presented by MHC molecules and recognize different types of antigen.
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25. Self-tolerant mature B cells do not respond to self antigens.

Explanation

6-11

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26. T-cell tumors mostly correspond to either early or late stages in T-cell development.
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27. Immature B cells arise when the rearrangement of the light chain stops.
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28. Peripheral tolerance is induced to antigens outside the bone marrow that removes circulating B cells reactive against self antigens of tissues other than bone marrow.

Explanation

6-13

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29. What complement is a characteristic of a stem cell?
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30. What are immature T cells called?
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31. Which two loci compete with the B locus on a double-negative thymocyte during rearrangement?
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32. Which TCR does not undergo positive and negative selection?
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33. Which recombination-activating genes must be present in order for pro-B cells to rearrange?
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34. Cytokine ______ is critical in the development of T-cells.
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35. A double negative thymocyte precursor creates:
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36. Double-positive thymocytes express.....
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37. The thymic cortical epithelium expresses...
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38. ________ _______ _________ is characterized by a lack of expression of either MHC class I or II molecules by lymphocytes and thymic epithelial cells. (Hint: a syndrome)
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39. How many days does a MHC complex have to be bind to a pre-T-cell in oder to mature further?
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40. What do Regulatory CD4 T cells suppress?
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41. Dendritic cells secrete
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42. The thymic stroma houses what kinds of cells?
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43. Repeated attempts at a-chain gene rearrangement are not possible.
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44. Receptor editing of B cells occurs in 

Explanation

6-12

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45. Rearrangement of double-negative thymocytes begins with...
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46. Thymocytes that pass a test in which the B-chain is tested for the potential to bind to a-chains are called... 
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47. Why are RAG 1 and RAG 2 suppressed when a successful B-chain of a thymocyte is created?
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48. Which interleukin stimulates further progression of a B cell in the bone marrow?
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49. How many attempts can thymocytes undergo to rearrange a B-chain gene?
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50. Tdt is an enzyme. What is it responsible for?
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51. Which cells migrate to the thymus?
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52. Nonproductive rearrangements preserve a correct reading frame and give rise to a complete and functional Ig chain.
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53.  In what syndrome does the thymus fail to develop?
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54. B-1 cells are no longer produced by the bone marrow in adults.

Explanation

6-10

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55. Why is the a:B chain lineage favored over the y:D chain lineage in a thymocyte?
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56. What happens to the D locus situated within the a locus once an a-chain gene is rearranged?
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57. Where does negative selection of a T cell take place?
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58. What syndrome can occur if the AIRE gene is defective?
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59. ____ of human Ig has k chains.(Hint: a fraction)
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60. __________ antigens are most effective at linking B-cell receptors together and activating B cells.
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61. Plasma cells cease to divide and no longer express Igs and MHC class II molecules.

Explanation

6-15

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62. When the B-chain of a thymocyte combines with pTa, what kind of receptor is created?
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63. What reduces the probability that a T cell committed to the aB lineage will end up expressing a yD receptor?
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64. The rearrangement of the heavy-chain genes occurs in which stage of a B cell?
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65. The large pre-B cell is more mature than the small pre-B cell
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66. The second step of recombination/rearrangement is
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67. Rearrangement occurs first in the second chromosome followed by the first if it is unsuccessful.

Explanation

Rearrangement occurs first in the first chromosome

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68. Notch 1 interacts with transmembrane ligands on thymic epithelial cells which initiates a proteolytic cleavage. The process that follows the proteolytic cleavage which involves an intracellular domain of Notch 1 affects the thymocyte in what particular way?
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69. PTa is an invariant polypeptide that acts as a _________ __________.
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70. Where does positive selection of a thymocyte take place?
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71. The a-chain of a T-cell is not subject to allelic expression.
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72. Which cells become regulator T cells?
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73. Reactivity with monovalent antigens. (Hint: a process)
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74. Define T-cell receptor editing.
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75. What is a possible outcome of having a defective AIRE gene?
Submit
76. Alteration, Elimination or inactivation of a B-cell receptor that binds to components of the human body is known as
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77. Which of the following statements is correct?
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78. How many checkpoints must a B cell pass in order to continue development?
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79. Y:D TCR undergo positive and negative selection.

Explanation

THey undergo a single rearrangement which allows them to enter circulation because they do not affect the body if they bind to self-antigens or not.

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80. How many screenings do aB double-positive thymocytes undergo?
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81. The function of negative selection of thymocytes in the thymus is to eliminate
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82. The surrogate chain in a B-chain in a B-cell is/are
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83. Stromal cells have two distinct functions that aid the B cell in development. What are they?
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84. Individuals with a defective autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) exhibit
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85. The lamda chain genes are the first to rearrange in light-chain rearrangement of a B cell.

Explanation

The k-light chain genes are first to rearrange and if they are not viable, then the lamda chain genes rearrange.

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86. Central and peripheral tolerance do not remove B cells that are reactive to self antigens present in places inaccessible to B cells.

Explanation

6-13

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87. Plasma cells secrete
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88. What cells secrete cytokine 7?
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89. Productive rearrangements in B cells gives rise to
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90. Immature B cells are not released into the blood.
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91. Which transcription factor is expressed in late development of a T-cell?
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92. When a T cell recognizes self-MHC molecules, this is known as negative selection.

Explanation

Positive selection recognizes self-MHC moleucules

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93. What kind of a gene is AIRE?
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94. IPEX is a deficiency in what?

Explanation

pg 203

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95. IgM is formed when the _____ chain is synthesized and assembled in the ER with the ____ chains.
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96. Recirculation of mature B cells between lymph, blood, and secondary lymphoid tissues is known as 
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97. If developing B cells make nonproductive rearrangements at both copies of the heavy-chain gene, what happens?
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98. When recombination/rearrangement is occurring in a gene, what is the first step?
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99. Which proteins are responsible for creating the surrogate light chain of a B cell?
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100. B-2 cells are the minority subset of B cells.

Explanation

6-10

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101. Other activated B cells migrate to a nearby primary follicle, which changes its morphology to become a _______ ________ ________ containing a __________ ___________.
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102. Rearrangements can not occur at both copies of the a-chain of a T-cell,

Explanation

The a-chain can have rearrangements occur at both copies because they are not subject to allelic expression like B-chain genes.

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103. The tyrosin kinase is essential for B-cell development beyond the pre-B cell stage.

Explanation

6-8

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104. T-cells interact with which complement on other cells in order to generate signals?
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105. FOXP3, a transcriptional repressor protein, is found in which cells?
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106. Memory B cells originate from 

Explanation

6-15

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107. What are the  T-cell receptor a-chain genes? 
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108. When is a single positive thymocytes created?
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109. What are the most important cells responsible for negative selection?
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110. Which cells are the earliest identifiable cells of the B-cell lineage?
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111. Which is true for B-1 cells?
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112. What are the two types of T-cells?
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113. Cells with receptors that bind a multivalent self antigen are signaled to arrest their developmental progression.

Explanation

6-11

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114. B cells express ______ a receptor that binds CCL21.
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115. What two parts create the thymus?
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116. Generation of diverse and clonally expressed B-cell receptors in the bone marrow is known as
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117. Which is the correct order of B cell development?
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118. IgA and IgB are always turned on once they are turned on.
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119. Tumors derived from mature, naive B cells grow in follicles of lymph nodes and form

Explanation

6-16

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120. What is the percentage of making a productive rearrangement of a B-chain in a thymocyte?
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121. Regulatory CD4 T cells are distinguished from other CD4 T cells by the expression of what complement?
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122. In order to create a thymic anlage, what occurs?
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123. Which of the following statements is true?

Explanation

6-5

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124. CCL21 is a chemokine secreted by

Explanation

6-14

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125. The involution of the thymus affects T-cell count.
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126. What percentage of thymocytes survive positive selection?
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127. What is the B-chain of the thymocyte test for when translocated to the ER after double-negative rearrangement?
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128. Promotion of a fraction of immature B cells to become mature B cells in the secondary lymphoid tissues is known as
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129. Which proteins are made by the pro-B cell that mimic the Ig light chain and bind to the u chain?

Explanation

6-4

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130. ___________ are genes that cause cancer.

Explanation

6-9

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131. Which immunoglobulin(s) does IgM associate with in order to form a functional B-cell receptor?
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132. Which process assesses the quality of the Ig chains?
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133. Co-receptors CD4 and CD8, the signaling complex CD3, the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 and the tyrosine kinase Lck are factors needed by the pre-T cell to_____.
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134. A transcription factor that defines the B-cell lineage is

Explanation

6-8

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135. What cells are responsible for the development of the cortex in the thymus?
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136. What complement does IL-7 bind to?
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137. When does a T-cell a-chain rearrange?
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138. FoxP3 is encoded by a gene on which chromosome?
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139. Immature B cells that leave the bone marrow
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140. Why is AIRE important in to T-cells?
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141. Immature B cells mature in the bone marrow.

Explanation

Immature B cells mature in secondary lymphoid regions (6-2)

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142. Bcl-2 protein prevents

Explanation

6-9

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143. Which statement is true?

Explanation

6-10

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144. What is the a-chain in a TCR tested for?
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145. Which complement is an adhesion molecule on T-cells?
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146. Which transcription factors are expressed in early T-cell progenitors?
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147. What mechanism will occur if a T cell that is in circulation encounters a self-anitgen in the absence of infection?
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148. In which stage of a pro-B cell does the joining of V and D gene segments occur?
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149. The stage of the small pre-B cell where cells are selected for survival is

Explanation

6-7

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150. Primary lymphoid follicles consist of an area principally of T cells enmeshed in a network of specialized stromal cells.

Explanation

6-14 It only involves B cells

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151. Why is the lack of allelic exclusion at the T-cell receptor a chain locus not so disruptive?
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152. How does the processing and presentation of self antigens by thymic epithelium differ from that in other cells?
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153. Double-negative thymocytes initiate rearrangement at the ____ locus (loci) before all other T-cell receptor genes.
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154. Survival signals allow B cell to
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155. How is a diverse population of immature B cells achieved?
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156. CXCL13 is secreted by
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157. If a T-cell receptor on a double-positive thymocyte binds to a self-peptide: self-MHC class I complex with low affinity the result is
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158. What transcription factor signals for a CD4 T cell choice?
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159. The selective death of developing lymphocytes and the consequent removal of their self-reacive receptor specificities from the B-cell repertoire.

Explanation

6-12

Submit
160. B-1 cells depend on which cytokine in order to maintain it's population?

Explanation

6-10

Submit
161. FDCs attract

Explanation

6-14

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162. B cells in germinal centers in secondary lymphoid follicles are called

Explanation

6-15

Submit
163. Lymphomas can be caused by 
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164. Differentiation to antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells in secondary lymphoid tissue is known as
Submit
165. Promotes cell growth.

Explanation

6-9

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166. When a stem cell expresses ____ and _____ it becomes a T cell.
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167. The subendosteum is the location in the bone marrow where
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168. Which of the following statements is correct.
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169. What is the fraction of pro-B cells that will make a functional heavy-chain?
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170. The cell receptor on a thymocyte is called...
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171. T cell tumors can be recognized by a _______ _________.
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172. Regulatory CD4 T cells proliferate and suppress naive T cells that respond to self-antigens.

Explanation

CD4 regulatory T cells do suppress naive T cells that react to self-antigens, but they do not proliferate.

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173. What is mostly likely to occur if a patient lacks Bruton's tyrosin kinase?
Submit
174. Which enzyme that is involved in somatic recombination is expressed throughout the T-cell development?
Submit
175. The process of fat claiming areas of thymocytes after a year birth in the thymus causing it to degenerate is called?
Submit
176. Activation and clonal expansion of B cells by pathogen-derived antigens in secondary lymphoid tissues is known as
Submit
177. What percentage of the pre-B cells become immature B cells making IgM?

Explanation

6-6

Submit
178. Antibody secretion is effected by a change in the processing of the

Explanation

6-15

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179. B cells react to self antigens in the bone marrow causing

Explanation

6-13

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180. What fraction of pro-B cell rearrangements will be unsuccessful?
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181. Pax-5 binds to enhancer sequences in a pro-B cell located 

Explanation

6-8

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182. Which statement is correct?

Explanation

6-10

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183. Thymocytes are considered to be double-negative cells. This is possible because...
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184. The synthesis of the IgA and IgB polypeptides is turned on at the

Explanation

6-8

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The state of developmental arrest of a self-reactive B cell that binds...
Default pathway of death
_________ is present on all human hematopoietic stem cells. (Hint: a...
The period of time over which a population of cells reduces to half...
TCR genes can make nonproductive or productive rearrangements.
The two copies of the Ig-heavy-chain locus helps to increase the...
How do lymphocytes enter and leave the thymus?
Allelic exclusion is the phenomenon whereby a cell expresses only one...
In healthy individuals, approximately twice as many CD4 T cells than...
Mature T cells divide into...
____________ are viral genes that cause transformation.
Mature B cells arise when the B-cell receptor becomes capable of...
_________ ________ cells posses a high-affinity, isotype-switched...
A double-negative thymocyte does not express...
How does positive and negative selection help in selecting thymocytes?
A light chain is needed to combine with a heavy chain in order to go...
Terminal differentiation defines the process of plasma cells ceasing...
Which cells become Cytotoxic T cells?
Rearrangement of the light-chain genes occurs in the small pre-B...
When a rearrangement is successful in the B-chain gene, what two genes...
IL-7 is a growth factor that acts on late pro-B and pre-B cells.
T cells with an initial nonproductive a-gene rearrangement are highly...
How many checkpoints must a pre-T cell undergo before it is given a...
Y:D T cells are indifferent to the peptides presented by MHC molecules...
Self-tolerant mature B cells do not respond to self antigens.
T-cell tumors mostly correspond to either early or late stages in...
Immature B cells arise when the rearrangement of the light chain...
Peripheral tolerance is induced to antigens outside the bone marrow...
What complement is a characteristic of a stem cell?
What are immature T cells called?
Which two loci compete with the B locus on a double-negative thymocyte...
Which TCR does not undergo positive and negative selection?
Which recombination-activating genes must be present in order for...
Cytokine ______ is critical in the development of T-cells.
A double negative thymocyte precursor creates:
Double-positive thymocytes express.....
The thymic cortical epithelium expresses...
________ _______ _________ is characterized by a lack of expression of...
How many days does a MHC complex have to be bind to a pre-T-cell in...
What do Regulatory CD4 T cells suppress?
Dendritic cells secrete
The thymic stroma houses what kinds of cells?
Repeated attempts at a-chain gene rearrangement are not possible.
Receptor editing of B cells occurs in 
Rearrangement of double-negative thymocytes begins with...
Thymocytes that pass a test in which the B-chain is tested for the...
Why are RAG 1 and RAG 2 suppressed when a successful B-chain of a...
Which interleukin stimulates further progression of a B cell in the...
How many attempts can thymocytes undergo to rearrange a B-chain gene?
Tdt is an enzyme. What is it responsible for?
Which cells migrate to the thymus?
Nonproductive rearrangements preserve a correct reading frame and give...
 In what syndrome does the thymus fail to develop?
B-1 cells are no longer produced by the bone marrow in adults.
Why is the a:B chain lineage favored over the y:D chain lineage in a...
What happens to the D locus situated within the a locus once an...
Where does negative selection of a T cell take place?
What syndrome can occur if the AIRE gene is defective?
____ of human Ig has k chains.(Hint: a fraction)
__________ antigens are most effective at linking B-cell receptors...
Plasma cells cease to divide and no longer express Igs and MHC class...
When the B-chain of a thymocyte combines with pTa, what kind of...
What reduces the probability that a T cell committed to the aB lineage...
The rearrangement of the heavy-chain genes occurs in which stage of a...
The large pre-B cell is more mature than the small pre-B cell
The second step of recombination/rearrangement is
Rearrangement occurs first in the second chromosome followed by the...
Notch 1 interacts with transmembrane ligands on thymic epithelial...
PTa is an invariant polypeptide that acts as a _________ __________.
Where does positive selection of a thymocyte take place?
The a-chain of a T-cell is not subject to allelic expression.
Which cells become regulator T cells?
Reactivity with monovalent antigens. (Hint: a process)
Define T-cell receptor editing.
What is a possible outcome of having a defective AIRE gene?
Alteration, Elimination or inactivation of a B-cell receptor that...
Which of the following statements is correct?
How many checkpoints must a B cell pass in order to continue...
Y:D TCR undergo positive and negative selection.
How many screenings do aB double-positive thymocytes undergo?
The function of negative selection of thymocytes in the thymus is to...
The surrogate chain in a B-chain in a B-cell is/are
Stromal cells have two distinct functions that aid the B cell in...
Individuals with a defective autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) exhibit
The lamda chain genes are the first to rearrange in light-chain...
Central and peripheral tolerance do not remove B cells that are...
Plasma cells secrete
What cells secrete cytokine 7?
Productive rearrangements in B cells gives rise to
Immature B cells are not released into the blood.
Which transcription factor is expressed in late development of a...
When a T cell recognizes self-MHC molecules, this is known as negative...
What kind of a gene is AIRE?
IPEX is a deficiency in what?
IgM is formed when the _____ chain is synthesized and assembled in the...
Recirculation of mature B cells between lymph, blood, and secondary...
If developing B cells make nonproductive rearrangements at both copies...
When recombination/rearrangement is occurring in a gene, what is the...
Which proteins are responsible for creating the surrogate light chain...
B-2 cells are the minority subset of B cells.
Other activated B cells migrate to a nearby primary follicle, which...
Rearrangements can not occur at both copies of the a-chain of a...
The tyrosin kinase is essential for B-cell development beyond the...
T-cells interact with which complement on other cells in order to...
FOXP3, a transcriptional repressor protein, is found in which cells?
Memory B cells originate from 
What are the  T-cell receptor a-chain genes? 
When is a single positive thymocytes created?
What are the most important cells responsible for negative selection?
Which cells are the earliest identifiable cells of the B-cell lineage?
Which is true for B-1 cells?
What are the two types of T-cells?
Cells with receptors that bind a multivalent self antigen are signaled...
B cells express ______ a receptor that binds CCL21.
What two parts create the thymus?
Generation of diverse and clonally expressed B-cell receptors in the...
Which is the correct order of B cell development?
IgA and IgB are always turned on once they are turned on.
Tumors derived from mature, naive B cells grow in follicles of lymph...
What is the percentage of making a productive rearrangement of a...
Regulatory CD4 T cells are distinguished from other CD4 T cells by the...
In order to create a thymic anlage, what occurs?
Which of the following statements is true?
CCL21 is a chemokine secreted by
The involution of the thymus affects T-cell count.
What percentage of thymocytes survive positive selection?
What is the B-chain of the thymocyte test for when translocated to the...
Promotion of a fraction of immature B cells to become mature B cells...
Which proteins are made by the pro-B cell that mimic the Ig light...
___________ are genes that cause cancer.
Which immunoglobulin(s) does IgM associate with in order to form a...
Which process assesses the quality of the Ig chains?
Co-receptors CD4 and CD8, the signaling complex CD3, the tyrosine...
A transcription factor that defines the B-cell lineage is
What cells are responsible for the development of the cortex in the...
What complement does IL-7 bind to?
When does a T-cell a-chain rearrange?
FoxP3 is encoded by a gene on which chromosome?
Immature B cells that leave the bone marrow
Why is AIRE important in to T-cells?
Immature B cells mature in the bone marrow.
Bcl-2 protein prevents
Which statement is true?
What is the a-chain in a TCR tested for?
Which complement is an adhesion molecule on T-cells?
Which transcription factors are expressed in early T-cell progenitors?
What mechanism will occur if a T cell that is in circulation...
In which stage of a pro-B cell does the joining of V and D gene...
The stage of the small pre-B cell where cells are selected for...
Primary lymphoid follicles consist of an area principally of T cells...
Why is the lack of allelic exclusion at the T-cell receptor a chain...
How does the processing and presentation of self antigens by thymic...
Double-negative thymocytes initiate rearrangement at the ____ locus...
Survival signals allow B cell to
How is a diverse population of immature B cells achieved?
CXCL13 is secreted by
If a T-cell receptor on a double-positive thymocyte binds to a...
What transcription factor signals for a CD4 T cell choice?
The selective death of developing lymphocytes and the consequent...
B-1 cells depend on which cytokine in order to maintain it's...
FDCs attract
B cells in germinal centers in secondary lymphoid follicles are called
Lymphomas can be caused by 
Differentiation to antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells...
Promotes cell growth.
When a stem cell expresses ____ and _____ it becomes a T cell.
The subendosteum is the location in the bone marrow where
Which of the following statements is correct.
What is the fraction of pro-B cells that will make a functional...
The cell receptor on a thymocyte is called...
T cell tumors can be recognized by a _______ _________.
Regulatory CD4 T cells proliferate and suppress naive T cells that...
What is mostly likely to occur if a patient lacks Bruton's tyrosin...
Which enzyme that is involved in somatic recombination is expressed...
The process of fat claiming areas of thymocytes after a year birth in...
Activation and clonal expansion of B cells by pathogen-derived...
What percentage of the pre-B cells become immature B cells making IgM?
Antibody secretion is effected by a change in the processing of the
B cells react to self antigens in the bone marrow causing
What fraction of pro-B cell rearrangements will be unsuccessful?
Pax-5 binds to enhancer sequences in a pro-B cell located 
Which statement is correct?
Thymocytes are considered to be double-negative cells. This is...
The synthesis of the IgA and IgB polypeptides is turned on at the
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