The state of developmental arrest of a self-reactive B cell that binds...
Default pathway of death
_________ is present on all human hematopoietic stem cells. (Hint: a...
The period of time over which a population of cells reduces to half...
TCR genes can make nonproductive or productive rearrangements.
The two copies of the Ig-heavy-chain locus helps to increase the...
How do lymphocytes enter and leave the thymus?
Allelic exclusion is the phenomenon whereby a cell expresses only one...
In healthy individuals, approximately twice as many CD4 T cells than...
Mature T cells divide into...
____________ are viral genes that cause transformation.
Mature B cells arise when the B-cell receptor becomes capable of...
_________ ________ cells posses a high-affinity, isotype-switched...
A double-negative thymocyte does not express...
How does positive and negative selection help in selecting thymocytes?
A light chain is needed to combine with a heavy chain in order to go...
Terminal differentiation defines the process of plasma cells ceasing...
Which cells become Cytotoxic T cells?
Rearrangement of the light-chain genes occurs in the small pre-B...
When a rearrangement is successful in the B-chain gene, what two genes...
IL-7 is a growth factor that acts on late pro-B and pre-B cells.
T cells with an initial nonproductive a-gene rearrangement are highly...
How many checkpoints must a pre-T cell undergo before it is given a...
Y:D T cells are indifferent to the peptides presented by MHC molecules...
Self-tolerant mature B cells do not respond to self antigens.
T-cell tumors mostly correspond to either early or late stages in...
Immature B cells arise when the rearrangement of the light chain...
Peripheral tolerance is induced to antigens outside the bone marrow...
What complement is a characteristic of a stem cell?
What are immature T cells called?
Which two loci compete with the B locus on a double-negative thymocyte...
Which TCR does not undergo positive and negative selection?
Which recombination-activating genes must be present in order for...
Cytokine ______ is critical in the development of T-cells.
A double negative thymocyte precursor creates:
Double-positive thymocytes express.....
The thymic cortical epithelium expresses...
________ _______ _________ is characterized by a lack of expression of...
How many days does a MHC complex have to be bind to a pre-T-cell in...
What do Regulatory CD4 T cells suppress?
Dendritic cells secrete
The thymic stroma houses what kinds of cells?
Repeated attempts at a-chain gene rearrangement are not possible.
Receptor editing of B cells occurs in
Rearrangement of double-negative thymocytes begins with...
Thymocytes that pass a test in which the B-chain is tested for the...
Why are RAG 1 and RAG 2 suppressed when a successful B-chain of a...
Which interleukin stimulates further progression of a B cell in the...
How many attempts can thymocytes undergo to rearrange a B-chain gene?
Tdt is an enzyme. What is it responsible for?
Which cells migrate to the thymus?
Nonproductive rearrangements preserve a correct reading frame and give...
In what syndrome does the thymus fail to develop?
B-1 cells are no longer produced by the bone marrow in adults.
Why is the a:B chain lineage favored over the y:D chain lineage in a...
What happens to the D locus situated within the a locus once an...
Where does negative selection of a T cell take place?
What syndrome can occur if the AIRE gene is defective?
____ of human Ig has k chains.(Hint: a fraction)
__________ antigens are most effective at linking B-cell receptors...
Plasma cells cease to divide and no longer express Igs and MHC class...
When the B-chain of a thymocyte combines with pTa, what kind of...
What reduces the probability that a T cell committed to the aB lineage...
The rearrangement of the heavy-chain genes occurs in which stage of a...
The large pre-B cell is more mature than the small pre-B cell
The second step of recombination/rearrangement is
Rearrangement occurs first in the second chromosome followed by the...
Notch 1 interacts with transmembrane ligands on thymic epithelial...
PTa is an invariant polypeptide that acts as a _________ __________.
Where does positive selection of a thymocyte take place?
The a-chain of a T-cell is not subject to allelic expression.
Which cells become regulator T cells?
Reactivity with monovalent antigens. (Hint: a process)
Define T-cell receptor editing.
What is a possible outcome of having a defective AIRE gene?
Alteration, Elimination or inactivation of a B-cell receptor that...
Which of the following statements is correct?
How many checkpoints must a B cell pass in order to continue...
Y:D TCR undergo positive and negative selection.
How many screenings do aB double-positive thymocytes undergo?
The function of negative selection of thymocytes in the thymus is to...
The surrogate chain in a B-chain in a B-cell is/are
Stromal cells have two distinct functions that aid the B cell in...
Individuals with a defective autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) exhibit
The lamda chain genes are the first to rearrange in light-chain...
Central and peripheral tolerance do not remove B cells that are...
Plasma cells secrete
What cells secrete cytokine 7?
Productive rearrangements in B cells gives rise to
Immature B cells are not released into the blood.
Which transcription factor is expressed in late development of a...
When a T cell recognizes self-MHC molecules, this is known as negative...
What kind of a gene is AIRE?
IPEX is a deficiency in what?
IgM is formed when the _____ chain is synthesized and assembled in the...
Recirculation of mature B cells between lymph, blood, and secondary...
If developing B cells make nonproductive rearrangements at both copies...
When recombination/rearrangement is occurring in a gene, what is the...
Which proteins are responsible for creating the surrogate light chain...
B-2 cells are the minority subset of B cells.
Other activated B cells migrate to a nearby primary follicle, which...
Rearrangements can not occur at both copies of the a-chain of a...
The tyrosin kinase is essential for B-cell development beyond the...
T-cells interact with which complement on other cells in order to...
FOXP3, a transcriptional repressor protein, is found in which cells?
Memory B cells originate from
What are the T-cell receptor a-chain genes?
When is a single positive thymocytes created?
What are the most important cells responsible for negative selection?
Which cells are the earliest identifiable cells of the B-cell lineage?
Which is true for B-1 cells?
What are the two types of T-cells?
Cells with receptors that bind a multivalent self antigen are signaled...
B cells express ______ a receptor that binds CCL21.
What two parts create the thymus?
Generation of diverse and clonally expressed B-cell receptors in the...
Which is the correct order of B cell development?
IgA and IgB are always turned on once they are turned on.
Tumors derived from mature, naive B cells grow in follicles of lymph...
What is the percentage of making a productive rearrangement of a...
Regulatory CD4 T cells are distinguished from other CD4 T cells by the...
In order to create a thymic anlage, what occurs?
Which of the following statements is true?
CCL21 is a chemokine secreted by
The involution of the thymus affects T-cell count.
What percentage of thymocytes survive positive selection?
What is the B-chain of the thymocyte test for when translocated to the...
Promotion of a fraction of immature B cells to become mature B cells...
Which proteins are made by the pro-B cell that mimic the Ig light...
___________ are genes that cause cancer.
Which immunoglobulin(s) does IgM associate with in order to form a...
Which process assesses the quality of the Ig chains?
Co-receptors CD4 and CD8, the signaling complex CD3, the tyrosine...
A transcription factor that defines the B-cell lineage is
What cells are responsible for the development of the cortex in the...
What complement does IL-7 bind to?
When does a T-cell a-chain rearrange?
FoxP3 is encoded by a gene on which chromosome?
Immature B cells that leave the bone marrow
Why is AIRE important in to T-cells?
Immature B cells mature in the bone marrow.
Bcl-2 protein prevents
Which statement is true?
What is the a-chain in a TCR tested for?
Which complement is an adhesion molecule on T-cells?
Which transcription factors are expressed in early T-cell progenitors?
What mechanism will occur if a T cell that is in circulation...
In which stage of a pro-B cell does the joining of V and D gene...
The stage of the small pre-B cell where cells are selected for...
Primary lymphoid follicles consist of an area principally of T cells...
Why is the lack of allelic exclusion at the T-cell receptor a chain...
How does the processing and presentation of self antigens by thymic...
Double-negative thymocytes initiate rearrangement at the ____ locus...
Survival signals allow B cell to
How is a diverse population of immature B cells achieved?
CXCL13 is secreted by
If a T-cell receptor on a double-positive thymocyte binds to a...
What transcription factor signals for a CD4 T cell choice?
The selective death of developing lymphocytes and the consequent...
B-1 cells depend on which cytokine in order to maintain it's...
FDCs attract
B cells in germinal centers in secondary lymphoid follicles are called
Lymphomas can be caused by
Differentiation to antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells...
Promotes cell growth.
When a stem cell expresses ____ and _____ it becomes a T cell.
The subendosteum is the location in the bone marrow where
Which of the following statements is correct.
What is the fraction of pro-B cells that will make a functional...
The cell receptor on a thymocyte is called...
T cell tumors can be recognized by a _______ _________.
Regulatory CD4 T cells proliferate and suppress naive T cells that...
What is mostly likely to occur if a patient lacks Bruton's tyrosin...
Which enzyme that is involved in somatic recombination is expressed...
The process of fat claiming areas of thymocytes after a year birth in...
Activation and clonal expansion of B cells by pathogen-derived...
What percentage of the pre-B cells become immature B cells making IgM?
Antibody secretion is effected by a change in the processing of the
B cells react to self antigens in the bone marrow causing
What fraction of pro-B cell rearrangements will be unsuccessful?
Pax-5 binds to enhancer sequences in a pro-B cell located
Which statement is correct?
Thymocytes are considered to be double-negative cells. This is...
The synthesis of the IgA and IgB polypeptides is turned on at the