Pathologist Assistant Certification Test! Trivia Quiz

Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects the thyroid. In this condition, the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and damage. This results in an underactive thyroid or hypothyroidism. Symptoms of Hashimoto's disease include fatigue, weight gain, depression, and sensitivity to cold. It is more common in women and often runs in families. Treatment usually involves taking thyroid hormone replacement medication to restore normal thyroid function.

Pathogenesis refers to the sequence of events that occur in the development of a disease from its beginning, including the factors that influence its development. It involves understanding the mechanisms by which a disease develops and progresses in the body. Natural history, on the other hand, refers to the course of a disease over time, including the outcomes and prognosis. Clinical manifestation refers to the signs and symptoms that are present in a patient with a particular disease. Therefore, pathogenesis is the correct answer as it specifically describes the sequence of events and factors involved in the development of a disease.

Meckel's diverticulum is a true diverticulum that arises in the ileum, approximately 1 meter proximal to the cecum. It is formed due to the incomplete closure of the omphalomesenteric duct during fetal development. Meckel's diverticulum is the correct answer as it accurately describes the diverticulum in question.

An epithelial neoplasm that has not invaded the underlying basal lamina is said to be "In Situ". This term refers to the localized growth of abnormal cells that remain confined to their original site without spreading to surrounding tissues or organs. In situ neoplasms are considered to be in the early stages and have not yet developed the ability to invade or metastasize. Therefore, they are not considered malignant or benign at this stage.

Blood vessel injury, stasis of blood flow, and increased coagulability are all factors that can contribute to the formation of a blood clot, known as thrombosis. When a blood vessel is damaged, it triggers a series of events that promote clotting. Stasis of blood flow, which can occur due to immobility or obstruction, slows down the blood circulation, increasing the risk of clot formation. Additionally, increased coagulability, often caused by certain medical conditions or medications, makes the blood more prone to clotting. Therefore, all these factors combined can lead to the development of thrombosis.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common tumor of the head and neck, particularly in the larynx. SCC refers to cancer that develops in the squamous cells, which are the thin, flat cells lining the surface of the larynx. This type of cancer can occur due to various factors such as tobacco and alcohol use, exposure to certain chemicals, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. SCC can lead to symptoms like hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, and a persistent sore throat. Early detection and treatment are crucial for better outcomes in SCC cases.

Petechiae are pinpoint hemorrhages that occur due to the leakage of blood from capillaries or venules. They appear as small, flat, red or purple spots on the skin or mucous membranes. Petechiae can be caused by various factors such as trauma, infections, certain medical conditions, or medications that affect blood clotting. They are different from purpura, which are larger areas of bleeding, and bruises, which result from damage to deeper tissues. Stigma is not related to hemorrhage and therefore not the correct answer.

Functional adenomas of the outer adrenal cortex are tumors that develop in the adrenal glands and can lead to excessive production of hormones. In this case, the correct answer is aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Increased production of aldosterone can cause fluid retention, high blood pressure, and imbalances in sodium and potassium levels. Therefore, functional adenomas of the outer adrenal cortex can directly lead to increased production of aldosterone.

A diffuse or nodular enlargement of the thyroid is referred to as a goiter. A goiter can occur due to various reasons such as iodine deficiency, inflammation, or certain thyroid disorders. It is characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can cause symptoms like swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and changes in voice. Treatment for goiter depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, iodine supplements, or surgery in severe cases.

The correct answer is leg vein. Pulmonary embolus refers to a blood clot that travels to the lungs and blocks the blood flow. It commonly originates from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the leg veins. DVT occurs when a blood clot forms in the deep veins of the leg, usually due to prolonged immobility, surgery, or certain medical conditions. If the clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, it can cause a pulmonary embolism. Therefore, the leg veins are the most common site of origin for pulmonary embolus.

Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder that leads to excessive accumulation of copper in the body, primarily affecting the liver. Over time, this can cause hepatic cirrhosis, a condition characterized by scarring and damage to the liver. The defect in copper metabolism in Wilson's disease is due to a mutation in the ATP7B gene, which impairs the liver's ability to excrete excess copper into bile. As a result, copper builds up in the liver and other organs, leading to various symptoms and complications.

A tumor that occurs at the appendiceal tip is called a carcinoid. Carcinoid tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor that can develop in various parts of the body, including the appendix. They are usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms initially. However, as they grow, they can cause abdominal pain, changes in bowel movements, and other digestive issues. Carcinoid tumors can be diagnosed through imaging tests and a biopsy. Treatment options may include surgery to remove the tumor, as well as other therapies such as chemotherapy or targeted drug therapy.

Lines of Zahn are seen macroscopically in a thrombus and are characterized by alternating layers of platelets and fibrin with red and white blood cells. These layers are formed during the formation of a thrombus when blood flow is disrupted and platelets start to aggregate. The layers of platelets and fibrin are formed in a laminar pattern, giving the appearance of lines. This distinct pattern helps differentiate a thrombus from a postmortem clot, where the layers are not present. Therefore, the presence of lines of Zahn is indicative of a thrombus rather than other options such as striae, lines of Conn, propagating thrombus, or agonal thrombus.

Stage is a clinical criterion that is based on the extent of spread of the disease. It helps in determining the severity and progression of the disease by considering factors such as tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastasis. The stage of the disease provides important information for planning the appropriate treatment and assessing the prognosis of the patient. On the other hand, grade refers to the aggressiveness or differentiation of the tumor cells, which is a different criterion used to classify the disease.

Cardiac tamponade is a condition where fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and interfering with its ability to pump blood effectively. This can occur as a complication of a myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack. Seven days post-MI, the risk of cardiac tamponade may be higher due to inflammation and healing processes taking place in the heart. If left untreated, cardiac tamponade can lead to severe cardiovascular compromise and even death.

Ductal CA refers to ductal carcinoma, which is the most common malignant lesion of the female breast. It arises from the cells lining the milk ducts in the breast. This type of breast cancer accounts for about 80% of all breast cancer cases. Ductal carcinoma can be invasive, meaning it has spread beyond the ducts into the surrounding breast tissue, or non-invasive, also known as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes in patients with ductal carcinoma.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infection typically leads to caseation necrosis. Caseation necrosis is a form of necrosis characterized by the formation of a granuloma, which consists of a central area of necrotic tissue surrounded by a rim of inflammatory cells. In the case of TB, the central necrotic area is often cheese-like in appearance, hence the term "caseation." This type of necrosis is commonly seen in chronic granulomatous infections, such as TB, and is a result of the body's attempt to contain and eliminate the infectious agent.

A granuloma is a collection of epithelioid cells, which are macrophages that have transformed into a specific cell type resembling epithelial cells. Granulomas are typically formed in response to chronic inflammation or certain infections, such as tuberculosis or sarcoidosis. They are characterized by a central core of immune cells surrounded by a rim of fibrotic tissue. Epithelioma refers to a tumor arising from epithelial cells, while epidermoid carcinoma specifically refers to a type of skin cancer. Therefore, the correct answer is granuloma.

Grave's disease is a type of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. This leads to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, tremors, and anxiety. Treatment options for Grave's disease include medication, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgery to remove the thyroid gland.

Pheochromocytoma is the most common adult malignancy arising in the adrenal medulla. It is a tumor that develops from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland. These tumors produce excess catecholamines, leading to symptoms such as hypertension, palpitations, and sweating. Neuroblastoma, on the other hand, is a malignancy that arises from neural crest cells and is more commonly seen in children. Paraganglioma is a tumor that arises from extra-adrenal chromaffin cells, while neurilemmoma is a benign tumor of the peripheral nerve sheath.

Ischemic bowel disease is the correct answer because it is a condition that can cause an acute abdomen and may lead to emergency surgery. Ischemic bowel disease occurs when there is a decrease in blood flow to the intestines, resulting in tissue damage and potentially leading to a dusky to purple-red appearance of the bowel. This condition is associated with a high mortality rate of 50-75%. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and are not typically associated with the acute presentation described. Angiodysplasia refers to abnormal blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract and is not directly related to the dusky appearance of the bowel.

A Krukenburg tumor is a metastatic tumor to the ovary, with the stomach being the most common primary site. It is characterized by the presence of signet ring cells in the ovarian stroma. This type of tumor is more common in women over the age of 40 and often presents with bilateral ovarian involvement. The primary tumor in the stomach can be either a gastric adenocarcinoma or a signet ring cell carcinoma.

Edema of the dependent portions refers to the accumulation of fluid in the lower parts of the body, such as the legs and ankles. Right heart failure is characterized by the inability of the right side of the heart to effectively pump blood, leading to fluid backup in the body's venous system. This increased pressure causes fluid to leak into the surrounding tissues, resulting in edema. Therefore, right heart failure is likely to cause edema of the dependent portions.

Fatty change, polys, and Mallory bodies are commonly associated with alcoholic hepatitis. Alcoholic hepatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver due to excessive alcohol consumption. Fatty change refers to the accumulation of fat within liver cells, polys refers to polymorphonuclear leukocytes which are a type of white blood cell often seen in inflammatory conditions, and Mallory bodies are abnormal protein aggregates found in liver cells during alcoholic hepatitis. These findings are not typically seen in viral hepatitis, measles pneumonia, or cardiac cirrhosis.

Epidermoid carcinomas are a type of skin cancer that originate from the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. These carcinomas are characterized by the presence of intercellular bridges, which are connections between adjacent cells. Additionally, epidermoid carcinomas are known to produce keratin, a protein that is a major component of the epidermis. Therefore, the correct answer is keratin.

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is the correct answer because it is a rare condition characterized by the presence of islet cell tumors in the pancreas. These tumors produce excessive amounts of gastrin, a hormone that stimulates the production of gastric acid. The increased acid secretion leads to recurring intractable peptic ulceration, which primarily affects the jejunum but can also occur in the duodenum or stomach. This syndrome is often associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Rheumatic heart disease is a condition that occurs as a result of untreated or inadequately treated strep throat or scarlet fever. It causes inflammation and damage to the heart valves. The mitral valve is the valve most commonly affected by rheumatic heart disease. This is because the left side of the heart, where the mitral valve is located, is under more pressure and strain compared to the right side. Additionally, the mitral valve is more susceptible to damage due to its structure and function. Therefore, it is not surprising that rheumatic heart disease usually manifests itself later in life with symptoms related to the mitral valve dysfunction.

Bronchogenic carcinomas are a type of lung cancer that originate from the cells lining the bronchi (the main airways of the lungs). Adenocarcinoma, oat cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma are all types of bronchogenic carcinomas. However, pheochromocytoma is not a type of lung cancer. Instead, it is a rare tumor that develops in the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys. Therefore, pheochromocytoma is not considered a bronchogenic carcinoma.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that are commonly associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infestations. These cells play a crucial role in the immune response against parasites and are also involved in allergic responses. Eosinophils release toxic substances that help to kill parasites and they also release inflammatory mediators that contribute to allergic reactions. Therefore, eosinophils are the cell type that is most commonly associated with these conditions.

Liquefaction necrosis is a type of cell death characterized by the liquefaction of affected tissues. It occurs when there is an enzymatic digestion of cells, resulting in the formation of an abscess. Abscesses are localized collections of pus, which contain dead cells, bacteria, and tissue debris. The presence of abscesses indicates an inflammatory response to infection or tissue damage. Therefore, liquefaction necrosis is commonly associated with abscesses rather than tuberculosis (tb), cardiac ischemia, or viruses.

The majority of adenocarcinomas of the pancreas occur in the head. This is because the head of the pancreas is the most common location for the development of tumors. Adenocarcinomas are a type of cancer that originates in the glandular cells of the pancreas. The head of the pancreas is located near the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. Tumors in the head of the pancreas can cause blockages in the bile duct and the pancreatic duct, leading to symptoms such as jaundice and abdominal pain.

Adrenal hyperplasia is a condition characterized by an overgrowth or enlargement of the adrenal glands. This condition often presents with symptoms such as truncal obesity, moon facies (rounding and swelling of the face), buffalo hump (excessive fat deposits on the upper back and neck), and poor wound healing. These symptoms are commonly associated with Cushing's disease/syndrome, which is caused by excessive production of cortisol hormone by the adrenal glands. Therefore, Cushing's disease/syndrome is the correct answer in this case.

Albumin is responsible for almost 90% of osmotic pressure at the capillary level mainly due to its small molecules and high concentration. Osmotic pressure is the force that helps to maintain the balance of fluids between the blood vessels and the surrounding tissues. Albumin, a protein found in the blood, has small molecules that can easily pass through capillary walls and its high concentration creates a strong osmotic force that draws fluid back into the blood vessels, preventing excessive fluid loss from the tissues.

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Grade is a histologic criterion used to estimate the degree of malignancy in a tumor. It refers to the differentiation or level of abnormality of the tumor cells compared to their normal counterparts. A higher grade indicates a higher degree of malignancy, as the tumor cells are more undifferentiated and exhibit more aggressive behavior. Therefore, grade is an important factor in determining the prognosis and treatment options for cancer patients.

E. coli is the leading cause of acute pyelonephritis. This is because E. coli is a common bacterium found in the intestines and is responsible for most urinary tract infections. It can travel from the urethra to the bladder and then up to the kidneys, causing inflammation and infection in the kidneys. E. coli is particularly adept at adhering to the urinary tract and has virulence factors that allow it to cause infection. Hence, it is the most common organism associated with acute pyelonephritis.

In chronic cholecystitis, deep invaginations of the epithelium may be present along with muscular hypertrophy and chronic inflammatory cells. These evaginations are called Rokitansky-Aschoff Sinuses.

In cholesterolosis of the gallbladder, macrophages play the most important role. Cholesterolosis is characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol-laden macrophages within the gallbladder wall, resulting in the appearance of small yellowish spots resembling strawberries. These macrophages phagocytose cholesterol crystals and form foam cells, leading to the development of cholesterol polyps. Therefore, macrophages are crucial in the pathogenesis of cholesterolosis by contributing to the accumulation of cholesterol in the gallbladder.

Pleomorphic adenoma is the correct answer because it is the most common tumor of the salivary glands. It is a benign tumor that typically arises from the parotid gland and is characterized by a mixture of different cell types. Warthin's tumor, SCC (squamous cell carcinoma), and adenoid cystic carcinoma are also tumors of the salivary glands, but they are less common compared to pleomorphic adenoma.

Hypoplasia refers to the failure of an organ to achieve its full adult size due to incomplete development. This can occur due to various factors such as genetic abnormalities, inadequate blood supply, or damage during embryonic development. Unlike hyperplasia, which involves an increase in the number of cells, hypoplasia is characterized by a decrease in the size and number of cells. Agenesis refers to the complete absence or failure of an organ to develop, while dysplasia refers to abnormal cell growth and organization. Therefore, hypoplasia is the most appropriate term to describe the given scenario.

When there is a sudden or complete blockage of blood in the brain or spinal cord, it can lead to liquefaction. This refers to the process where the affected tissue becomes liquefied due to the lack of blood flow and oxygen. This can cause the tissue to break down and result in the formation of a fluid-filled cavity. Liquefaction is a serious condition that can lead to severe damage and impair the normal functioning of the brain or spinal cord.

Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of calculi or stones in the common bile duct. The common bile duct is a tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. When stones form in the gallbladder, they can sometimes migrate into the common bile duct, causing a blockage. This can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, and digestive issues. Treatment for choledocholithiasis often involves removing the stones from the common bile duct to relieve the blockage and prevent further complications.

The correct answer is poly (PMN). Poly (PMN), also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes or neutrophils, are the acute inflammatory cells associated with coagulation necrosis (MIs) and liquefaction necrosis (abscesses). These cells are the first responders to infection or tissue damage and play a crucial role in the immune response by phagocytosing pathogens and releasing inflammatory mediators. Their presence in these types of necrosis indicates an active inflammatory process.

Primary adrenal lesions such as adenomas, carcinomas, hyperplasias, ectopic ACTH production, and basophilic pituitary adenomas can lead to Cushing's disease. Cushing's disease is a condition characterized by excessive production of cortisol hormone by the adrenal glands. This results in various symptoms including weight gain, high blood pressure, diabetes, muscle weakness, and mood changes.

Differentiation refers to the process in which a cell becomes specialized and takes on a more specific structure and function. As cells develop, they undergo various changes in gene expression and morphology, becoming less like their embryonic form. This process allows cells to perform specific functions in the body and is crucial for the growth and development of multicellular organisms. Anaplastic, on the other hand, refers to cells that have lost their specialized characteristics and reverted to a more primitive form, often associated with cancerous growth.

Anasarca refers to the condition of generalized edema or swelling throughout the entire body. It is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, leading to swelling in various parts of the body such as the legs, arms, face, and abdomen. Anasarca can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, including heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, and severe malnutrition. This term is commonly used in medical settings to describe a severe form of edema that affects the entire body.

A hamartoma is a malformation that is indigenous to an area and resembles a tumor. However, unlike a tumor, a hamartoma usually only has one element predominating. This means that it is not a true tumor, but rather a disorganized overgrowth of normal tissues in the area.

A hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the liver. It is a non-cancerous growth that is made up of blood vessels. Hemangiomas are usually small and do not cause any symptoms. They are often discovered incidentally during imaging tests for other conditions. Treatment is generally not necessary unless the hemangioma is causing symptoms or growing in size. Hepatocellular carcinoma, fibroma, hepatoma, and leiomyoma are not the most common benign tumors of the liver.

The correct answer is congenital. Congenital refers to diseases or conditions that are present at birth. These conditions may be caused by genetic factors or by environmental factors during fetal development. It is important to note that not all congenital conditions are hereditary, as some may be caused by other factors such as infections or exposure to toxins during pregnancy.

The commonest benign tumor of the esophagus is leiomyoma. Leiomyomas are smooth muscle tumors that arise from the muscular layer of the esophagus. They are usually small and asymptomatic, but can cause symptoms such as dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) or chest pain if they grow larger. Leiomyomas are typically benign and do not have the potential to become cancerous.