Developmental Psychology

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1. Some sample temperament dimensions:
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2. Parenting varies along two separate dimensions.
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3. ____________________________ temperament: positive mood and adaptable.
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4. Temperament style influences ability to regulate emotions.
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5. Children who explore freely in caregiver's presence, are often visibly upset when the caregiver leaves, and greet the caregiver warmly at reunion have a _________________ attachment with their caregiver.
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6. Friendships start as early as 2 years of age.
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7. ____________________________: an infant's response to unfamiliar people. 
  • emerges 6-8 months
  • peaks 8-10 months
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8. The prenatal period from the ninth week until birth is called __________________________.
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9. ____________________________ temperament: negative mood, unadaptable, intense emotional reactions.
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10. Parents who are warm and responsive to their child's needs are more likely to have children who are ____________________________. 
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11. ____________________________ (12 - 18 yrs.): identity development, "who am I?" question
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12. __________________________: an infantile reflex in which an infant sucks on whatever is placed in his or her mouth. 
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13. People who have successful friendships are ____________________________ to become depressed.
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14. According to Piaget, children in the preoperational period of cognitive development would fail a ____________________________ test that requires understanding that quantity, length, or number of items is unrelated to the arrangement or appearance of this object.
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15. __________________________: the conviction that an object exists even when it is out of sight. Piaget believed infants didn't develop this level of understanding until the age of, at least, eight months. 
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16. __________________________: environmental factors that can disrupt healthy neural development.
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17. ____________________________ (birth - 18 months): forming attachment bond
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18. __________________________: an infantile reflex in which an infant closes his or her hand into a fist when his or her palmed is touched.
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19. __________________________: the fertilized egg, formed by the union of sperm and egg.
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20. ____________________________: an infant's response to being away from caregiver.
  • peaks 13-15 months
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21. Lead, alcohol, and cigarette smoke are all examples of __________________________.
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22. According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development between birth and ~2 years of age is the __________________________.
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23. ____________________________: a parenting style that is high on warmth/responsiveness and low on control/demandingness.
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24. According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development between ~2 years of age and ~7 years of age is the __________________________.
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25. When an infant looks at a rattle, he is aware of looking at the rattle but has no conception of the rattle itself existing as a permanent, independent object. If the infant looks away from the rattle (and thus stops seeing it), then the rattle ceases to exist. This is an example of ______________________.
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26. __________________________: the social status status of children who are not respected or liked by peers and become aggressive as a result. 
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27. Temperament types:
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28. Samuel didn't know how to react to the neighbor's dog, so he looked at his mother to decide if the dog's presence was good or bad. This is an example of ____________________________.
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29. __________________________: a developmental disorder that affects children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Its effects include a range of psychological problems and physical abnormalities.
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30. ____________________________ (18 - 35 yrs): love and relationships
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31. Rejected children are ____________________________.
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32. ____________________________: a parenting style that is low on both warmth/responsiveness and control/demandingness.
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33. __________________________: the period of physical and sexual maturation in which the child's body begins to develop into its adult form. 
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34. ____________________________: the strong, enduring, emotional bond between a child and its caregivers that some psychologists consider the basis for relationships later in life.
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35. __________________________: the tubular structure formed early in the embryonic stage from which the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) develops.
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36. Development seems to be much more ____________________________ than Piaget thought. Children are constantly acquiring  and incorporating new knowledge.
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37. Research has found that children pass different conservation tasks ____________________________.
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38. "Who do you like the least?" is a ____________________________.
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39. __________________________: objects are capable of actions and have life-like qualities.
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40. __________________________: the social status of children who are not respected or liked by peers and become anxious as a result. 
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41. 2-year-old Josh has learned the schema for "helicopter" from his picture books. When Josh sees a plane, he calls it a "helicopter". This is an example of ​__________________________.
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42. A child exhibits the ability to think abstractly and is proficient at logical reasoning and problem solving. This child has also developed an interest in social relations, politics, religion, and may challenge beliefs and conventions. According to Piaget, this child is likely in the ____________________________ period of cognitive development.
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43. ____________________________ parenting is the most adaptive parenting style. It leads to the best child outcomes across childhood. 
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44. "Who do you like the most?" is a ____________________________.
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45. ____________________________: a parenting style that is low on warmth/responsiveness and high on control/demandingness.
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46. According to Kohlberg, an individual who focuses primarily on getting rewards and avoiding punishment is in the ____________________________ level of moral development.
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47. The third through eighth week of prenatal development is called  __________________________.
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48. Newborns have fairly advanced sensory capacities.
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49. Facial, pubic, and underarm hair are all examples of __________________________ sexual characteristics. 
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50. The blastocyst attaches itself to the uterine wall and is now called the __________________________.
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51. An infant's temperament is ____________________________ determined.
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52. A child exhibits egocentrism and animism. This child understands object permanence, but cannot classify objects on more than one level. According to Piaget, this child is likely in the ____________________________ period of cognitive development.
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53. _______________________: a type of insecure attachment where the child is not distressed by the separation and avoids contact with the caregiver upon reunion. 
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54. ______________________: inability to distinguish between perspective of self and others.
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55. According to Kohlberg, an individual focused primarily on universal principles of justice, equality, and respect for human life is in the ____________________________ level of moral development. 
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56. According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development beyond ~12 years of age is the __________________________.
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57. Egocentrism and animism occur in the ​__________________________ period.
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58. ____________________________: a process of using others' facial expressions as a cue about the situation.
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59. ____________________________: an experimental procedure for assessing attachment, in which the child is allowed to explore an unfamiliar room with the mother present before the mother leaves for a few minutes, and then returns.
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60. ​__________________________: in Piaget's theory, the developing child's process of interpreting the environment in terms of schemas he or she already has.
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61. A child does not exhibit an understanding of object permanence. According to Piaget, this child is likely in the ____________________________ period of cognitive development. 
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62. ____________________________ (35 - 60 yrs.): having children, "the world I want to leave behind"
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63. _______________________: a type of insecure attachment where there is no coherent strategy.
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64. According to Kohlberg, an individual focused primarily on following rules, pleasing others, and fulfilling their role is in the ____________________________ level of moral development.
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65. ____________________________ proposed the psychosocial theory of development which says the goal of each stage in our development is to resolve a core issue.
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66. __________________________: connects the placenta and the embryo.
  • connects the embryo's and mother's blood supplies
  • allows embryo to take in nutrients, oxygen, and antibodies
  • allows developing embryo to eliminate waste products
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67. ____________________________ parenting is the worst parenting style.
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68. ____________________________ proposed a 6 stage theory of moral development.
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69. Development is invariant and universal.
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70. ____________________________ (60+ yrs.): imparting wisdom, reflecting on one's life
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71. ____________________________ (18 months - 3 yrs.): asserting will and independence
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72. ____________________________: a parenting style that is high on both warmth/responsiveness and control/demandingness.
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73. 2-year-old Josh has learned the schema for "helicopter" from his picture books. When Josh sees a plane, he calls it a "helicopter". In response to this, Josh's mother tells him, "no, it's a plane". Josh changes his schemas for flying machines and continues to modify that schema to include "passenger plane", "fighter jet", etc. This is an example of ​__________________________.
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74. According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development between ~7 years of age and ~12 years of age is the __________________________.
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75. __________________________: connects the embryo to the uterine wall.
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76. Parenting style classifications: 
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77. ____________________________: data that describes how individuals in a group interact.
  • positive nominations
  • negative nominations 
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78. 6-month-old infants get habituated (and thus, look less) after being presented with a slide with 3 of a particular object. Once that changes to 2 objects, infants ____________________________, they ____________________________ this change.
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79. Three types of cells result from differentiation:
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80. Categories of peer acceptance. 
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81. A child exhibits the ability to classify on multiple dimensions (size, shape, color etc.) and proves successful in conservation tasks. This child also understands others have different opinions and viewpoints than he or she does. This child is, according to Piaget, in the ____________________________ period of cognitive development. 
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82. Children are, generally, much more ____________________________ (at earlier ages) than Piaget believed.
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83. ____________________________ temperament. slow to adapt and low activity level.
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84. A child watches as the experimenter makes the teddy bear "hide" the ball in the red box. While the teddy bear is "gone", the experimenter and the child move the ball to the green box. When the child is now asked, "where will the teddy bear think the ball is?", she points to the green box. This is an example of this child's not yet well-developed ____________________________.
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85. Generally, teratogens are most harmful during __________________________.
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86. ____________________________: individual differences in emotional and behavioral functioning.
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87. ____________________________: in Piaget's theory, the period from about age 7 to 12, in which the child is beginning to understand abstract ideas such as number and substance, but only as they apply to real, concrete events.
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88. ____________________________ (6 - 12 yrs.): competencies and successes, what you're good at
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89. By showing infants impossible events, it becomes evident that babies, as young as 3 months ____________________________.
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90. Girls have ____________________________ relationships with their peers. 
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91. Boys have ____________________________ relationships with their peers.
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92. Stages of psychosocial development:
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93. ____________________________: the set of interrelated concepts we use to make sense of our own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, as well as those of others. 
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94. ____________________________: in Piaget's theory, the period from about age 12 on, in which a child can think abstractly and consider hypothetical possibilities. 
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95. ____________________________ (3 - 6 yrs.): engaging and purposive, focus on good/bad
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96. Infants are capable of doing simple math.
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97. ​__________________________: In Piaget's theory, the developing child's process of changing his or her schemas based on his or her interactions with the environment. 
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98. During conception, cells (the zygote) divide repeatedly. This produces a mass of identical cells called the __________________________.
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99. __________________________: in an infant, the sucking elicited by stroking applied on or around the lips; the reflex aids breastfeeding. 
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100. ____________________________: in Piaget's theory, the period from about ages 2 to 7, in which a child can think representationally, but can't yet relate these representations to each other or take a point of view other than his or her own.
  • learns to use language and to represent objects with images and words
  • classifies objects by a single feature; for example, groups blocks by color (rather than shape or size)
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101. ____________________________: according to Kohlberg, the first and second stages of moral reasoning, which are focused on getting rewards and avoiding punishment.
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102. _______________________: a type of insecure attachment where the child is very distressed and doesn't settle easily and there is a mix of proximity-seeking and angry behaviors.
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103. ____________________________: according to Kohlberg, the third and fourth stages of moral reasoning, which are focused on social relationships, conventions, and duties.
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104. __________________________: bodily structures that change with sexual maturity but are not directly related to reproduction.
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105. __________________________: bodily structures directly related to reproduction.
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106. In a more recent study of egocentrism, children of 3 years of age were shown a double-faced card: one side had a picture of a dog and the other had a picture of a cat. When the picture of the cat is facing the child, the researcher asks "what do I see?". The child is most likely to answer:
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107. __________________________ serve(s) an important function in breastfeeding.
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108. The heart begins to beat during __________________________.
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109. __________________________: in Piaget's theory, the period of cognitive development from birth to about 2 years, in which the child has not yet achieved object permanence.
  • differentiation between self and objects
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110. Insecure attachment:
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111. ____________________________: a method for studying infant perception. After some exposure to a stimulus, an infant becomes habituated and stops paying attention to it. If the infant shows renewed interest when a new stimulus is presented, this reveals that the infant regards the new stimulus as different from the old one. 
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112. ____________________________: according to John Bowlby, the relationship in which the child feels safe and protected. 
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113. ____________________________: according to Kohlberg, the fifth and sixth stages of moral reasoning, which are focused on ideals and broad moral principles.
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114. These emotional expressions are not present immediately (or shortly after) birth:
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115. ____________________________: a set of beliefs and expectations about how people behave in social relationships, and also guidelines for interpreting others' actions, and habitual responses to make in social settings.
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Some sample temperament dimensions:
Parenting varies along two separate dimensions.
____________________________ temperament: positive mood and adaptable.
Temperament style influences ability to regulate emotions.
Children who explore freely in caregiver's presence, are often...
Friendships start as early as 2 years of age.
____________________________: an infant's response to unfamiliar...
The prenatal period from the ninth week until birth is...
____________________________ temperament: negative mood, unadaptable,...
Parents who are warm and responsive to their child's needs are...
____________________________ (12 - 18 yrs.): identity development,...
__________________________: an infantile reflex in which an infant...
People who have successful friendships...
According to Piaget, children in the preoperational period of...
__________________________: the conviction that an object exists even...
__________________________: environmental factors that can disrupt...
____________________________ (birth - 18 months): forming attachment...
__________________________: an infantile reflex in which an infant...
__________________________: the fertilized egg, formed by the union of...
____________________________: an infant's response to being away...
Lead, alcohol, and cigarette smoke are all examples...
According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development between birth...
____________________________: a parenting style that is high on...
According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development between ~2...
When an infant looks at a rattle, he is aware of looking at the rattle...
__________________________: the social status status of children who...
Temperament types:
Samuel didn't know how to react to the neighbor's dog, so he...
__________________________: a developmental disorder that affects...
____________________________ (18 - 35 yrs): love and relationships
Rejected children are ____________________________.
____________________________: a parenting style that is low on both...
__________________________: the period of physical and sexual...
____________________________: the strong, enduring, emotional bond...
__________________________: the tubular structure formed early in the...
Development seems to be much more ____________________________...
Research has found that children pass different conservation...
"Who do you like the least?" is...
__________________________: objects are capable of actions and have...
__________________________: the social status of children who are not...
2-year-old Josh has learned the schema for "helicopter" from...
A child exhibits the ability to think abstractly and is proficient at...
____________________________ parenting is the most adaptive parenting...
"Who do you like the most?" is...
____________________________: a parenting style that is low on...
According to Kohlberg, an individual who focuses primarily on getting...
The third through eighth week of prenatal development is called...
Newborns have fairly advanced sensory capacities.
Facial, pubic, and underarm hair are all examples...
The blastocyst attaches itself to the uterine wall and is...
An infant's temperament is ____________________________...
A child exhibits egocentrism and animism. This child understands...
_______________________: a type of insecure attachment where the child...
______________________: inability to distinguish between perspective...
According to Kohlberg, an individual focused primarily on universal...
According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development beyond ~12...
Egocentrism and animism occur in...
____________________________: a process of using others' facial...
____________________________: an experimental procedure for assessing...
​__________________________: in Piaget's theory, the developing...
A child does not exhibit an understanding of object permanence....
____________________________ (35 - 60 yrs.): having children,...
_______________________: a type of insecure attachment where there is...
According to Kohlberg, an individual focused primarily on following...
____________________________ proposed the psychosocial theory of...
__________________________: connects the placenta and the embryo....
____________________________ parenting is the worst parenting style.
____________________________ proposed a 6 stage theory of moral...
Development is invariant and universal.
____________________________ (60+ yrs.): imparting wisdom, reflecting...
____________________________ (18 months - 3 yrs.): asserting will and...
____________________________: a parenting style that is high on both...
2-year-old Josh has learned the schema for "helicopter" from...
According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development between ~7...
__________________________: connects the embryo to the uterine wall.
Parenting style classifications: 
____________________________: data that describes how individuals in a...
6-month-old infants get habituated (and thus, look less) after being...
Three types of cells result from differentiation:
Categories of peer acceptance. 
A child exhibits the ability to classify on multiple dimensions (size,...
Children are, generally, much more ____________________________...
____________________________ temperament. slow to adapt and low...
A child watches as the experimenter makes the teddy bear...
Generally, teratogens are most harmful...
____________________________: individual differences in emotional and...
____________________________: in Piaget's theory, the period from...
____________________________ (6 - 12 yrs.): competencies and...
By showing infants impossible events, it becomes evident...
Girls have ____________________________ relationships with their...
Boys have ____________________________ relationships with their...
Stages of psychosocial development:
____________________________: the set of interrelated concepts we use...
____________________________: in Piaget's theory, the period from...
____________________________ (3 - 6 yrs.): engaging and purposive,...
Infants are capable of doing simple math.
​__________________________: In Piaget's theory, the developing...
During conception, cells (the zygote) divide repeatedly. This produces...
__________________________: in an infant, the sucking elicited by...
____________________________: in Piaget's theory, the period from...
____________________________: according to Kohlberg, the first and...
_______________________: a type of insecure attachment where the child...
____________________________: according to Kohlberg, the third and...
__________________________: bodily structures that change with sexual...
__________________________: bodily structures directly related to...
In a more recent study of egocentrism, children of 3 years of age were...
__________________________ serve(s) an important function in...
The heart begins to beat during __________________________.
__________________________: in Piaget's theory, the period of...
Insecure attachment:
____________________________: a method for studying infant perception....
____________________________: according to John Bowlby, the...
____________________________: according to Kohlberg, the fifth and...
These emotional expressions are not present immediately (or shortly...
____________________________: a set of beliefs and expectations about...
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