Developmental Psychology

____________________________ temperament: positive mood and adaptable.

Temperament style influences ability to regulate emotions.

• True

• False

Friendships start as early as 2 years of age.

• True

• False

Children who explore freely in caregiver's presence, are often visibly upset when the caregiver leaves, and greet the caregiver warmly at reunion have a _________________ attachment with their caregiver.

____________________________: an infant's response to unfamiliar people. 

• emerges 6-8 months
• peaks 8-10 months

• Stranger anxiety

• Separation anxiety

The prenatal period from the ninth week until birth is called __________________________.

• Conception

• The embryonic stage

• The fetal stage

__________________________: an infantile reflex in which an infant sucks on whatever is placed in his or her mouth. 

• Grasp reflex

• Rooting reflex

• Sucking reflex

____________________________ temperament: negative mood, unadaptable, intense emotional reactions.

Parents who are warm and responsive to their child's needs are more likely to have children who are ____________________________. 

• Less attached to them

• More attached to them

• Rebellious

• Docile

People who have successful friendships are ____________________________ to become depressed.

• Just as likely

• More likely

• Less likely

____________________________ (12 - 18 yrs.): identity development, "who am I?" question

• Trust vs. mistrust

• Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

• Initiative vs. guilt

• Industry vs. inferiority

• Identity vs. role confusion

• Intimacy vs. isolation

• Generativity vs. stagnation

• Integrity vs. despair

__________________________: the conviction that an object exists even when it is out of sight. Piaget believed infants didn't develop this level of understanding until the age of, at least, eight months. 

According to Piaget, children in the preoperational period of cognitive development would fail a ____________________________ test that requires understanding that quantity, length, or number of items is unrelated to the arrangement or appearance of this object.

__________________________: environmental factors that can disrupt healthy neural development.

__________________________: an infantile reflex in which an infant closes his or her hand into a fist when his or her palmed is touched.

• Grasp reflex

• Rooting reflex

• Sucking reflex

____________________________ (birth - 18 months): forming attachment bond

• Trust vs. mistrust

• Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

• Initiative vs. guilt

• Industry vs. inferiority

• Identity vs. role confusion

• Intimacy vs. isolation

• Generativity vs. stagnation

• Integrity vs. despair

__________________________: the fertilized egg, formed by the union of sperm and egg.

____________________________: an infant's response to being away from caregiver.

• peaks 13-15 months

• Stranger anxiety

• Separation anxiety

Lead, alcohol, and cigarette smoke are all examples of __________________________.

According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development between birth and ~2 years of age is the __________________________.

• Sensorimotor period

• Preoperational period

• Concrete operational period

• Formal operational period

According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development between ~2 years of age and ~7 years of age is the __________________________.

• Sensorimotor period

• Preoperational period

• Concrete operational period

• Formal operational period

When an infant looks at a rattle, he is aware of looking at the rattle but has no conception of the rattle itself existing as a permanent, independent object. If the infant looks away from the rattle (and thus stops seeing it), then the rattle ceases to exist. This is an example of ______________________.

____________________________: a parenting style that is high on warmth/responsiveness and low on control/demandingness.

__________________________: the social status status of children who are not respected or liked by peers and become aggressive as a result. 

• Aggressive-rejected

• Withdrawn-rejected

__________________________: a developmental disorder that affects children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Its effects include a range of psychological problems and physical abnormalities.

Samuel didn't know how to react to the neighbor's dog, so he looked at his mother to decide if the dog's presence was good or bad. This is an example of ____________________________.

____________________________ (18 - 35 yrs): love and relationships

• Trust vs. mistrust

• Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

• Initiative vs. guilt

• Industry vs. inferiority

• Identity vs. role confusion

• Intimacy vs. isolation

• Generativity vs. stagnation

• Integrity vs. despair

____________________________: a parenting style that is low on both warmth/responsiveness and control/demandingness.

Rejected children are ____________________________.

• More lonely

• Less lonely

• More depressed

• Less depressed

• More socially anxious

• Less socially anxious

__________________________: the period of physical and sexual maturation in which the child's body begins to develop into its adult form. 

____________________________: the strong, enduring, emotional bond between a child and its caregivers that some psychologists consider the basis for relationships later in life.

__________________________: the tubular structure formed early in the embryonic stage from which the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) develops.

__________________________: objects are capable of actions and have life-like qualities.

• Egocentrism

• Animism

• Assimilation

• Accommodation

Development seems to be much more ____________________________ than Piaget thought. Children are constantly acquiring  and incorporating new knowledge.

• Sporadic

• Abrupt

• Gradual

• Simple

Research has found that children pass different conservation tasks ____________________________.

• All at once

• At different ages

• Based on gender

• Based on race

"Who do you like the least?" is a ____________________________.

__________________________: the social status of children who are not respected or liked by peers and become anxious as a result. 

• Aggressive-rejected

• Withdrawn-rejected

2-year-old Josh has learned the schema for "helicopter" from his picture books. When Josh sees a plane, he calls it a "helicopter". This is an example of ​__________________________.

• Assimilation

• Accommodation

A child exhibits the ability to think abstractly and is proficient at logical reasoning and problem solving. This child has also developed an interest in social relations, politics, religion, and may challenge beliefs and conventions. According to Piaget, this child is likely in the ____________________________ period of cognitive development.

• Sensorimotor

• Preoperational

• Concrete operational

• Formal operational

____________________________ parenting is the most adaptive parenting style. It leads to the best child outcomes across childhood. 

• Authoritative

• Authoritarian

• Permissive

• Uninvolved

"Who do you like the most?" is a ____________________________.

____________________________: a parenting style that is low on warmth/responsiveness and high on control/demandingness.

According to Kohlberg, an individual who focuses primarily on getting rewards and avoiding punishment is in the ____________________________ level of moral development.

• Preconventional

• Conventional

• Postconventional

The third through eighth week of prenatal development is called  __________________________.

• Conception

• The embryonic stage

• The fetal stage

Newborns have fairly advanced sensory capacities.

• True

• False

The blastocyst attaches itself to the uterine wall and is now called the __________________________.

______________________: inability to distinguish between perspective of self and others.

• Egocentrism

• Animism

• Assimilation

• Accommodation

A child exhibits egocentrism and animism. This child understands object permanence, but cannot classify objects on more than one level. According to Piaget, this child is likely in the ____________________________ period of cognitive development.

• Sensorimotor

• Preoperational

• Concrete operational

• Formal operational