OSI Network Layer
The method described by the network layer for routing packets from a device on one network to a device on a different network How the Internet Protocol (IP) works at the network layer to provide connectionless, best-effort service to the upper layers of the OSI model How devices are grouped into physical and logical networks How the heirarchical addresses of devices allow communication between networks How routers use next-hop addresses to select a path for packets to reach their destination How routers forward packets
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Source and destination MAC
Source and destination application protocol
Source and destination port number
Source and destination IP address
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Dynamic
Interior
Static
Standard
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192.135.250.1
192.31.7.1
192.133.219.0
192.133.219.1
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IP
TCP
UDB
OSI
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Type-of-service
Identification
Flags
Time-to-live
Header checksum
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Destination network address
Source network address
Source MAC address
Well known port destination address
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It is connection-oriented
It uses application data to determine the best path
It is used by both routers and hosts
It is reliable
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Physically connects a computer to a network
Provides a permanent address to a computer
Identifies the network to which a computer is connected
identifies the logical address of a networked computer and uniquely identifies it to the rest of the network
identifies the device that allows local network computers to communicate with devices on other networks
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The destination is contacted before a packet is sent
The destination is not contacted before a packet is sent
The destination sends an acknowledgement to the source that indicates the packet was received
The destination sends an acknowledgement to the source that requests the next packet to be sent
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The host is unable to communicate on the local network
The host can communicate with other hosts on the local network, but is unable to communicate with hosts on remote networks
The host can communicate with other hosts on remote networks, but is unable to communicate with hosts on the local network
There is no impact on communications
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A host uses a default route to transfer data to another host on the same network segment
A host uses a default route to forward data to the local switch as the next hop to all destinations
A host uses a default route to identify the Layer 2 address of an end device on the local network
A host uses a default route to transfer data to a host outside the local network when no other route to the destination exists
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Routing
Addressing packets with an IP address
Delivery reliability
Application data analysis
Encapsulation
Decapsulation
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Host portion
Broadcast address
Network portion
Gateway address
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The MAC address of the interface of the router
The destination Layer 4 port number
The destination host address
The next-hop address
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Gateways
Purpose
Physical addressing
Software version
Geographic location
Ownership
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Router
Hub
Switch
Firewall
Access point
Bridge
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Consumes network bandwidth
Increases overhead on network
Requires complex address schemes
Interrupts other host functions
Divides networks based on ownership
Advanced hardware required
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IP stands for International Protocol
It is the most common network layer protocol
It analyses presentation layer data
It operates at OSI layer 2
It encapsulates transport layer segments
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TCP is connectionless and IP is connection oriented
TCP is reliable and IP is unreliable
IP is connectionless and TCP is connection oriented
TCP is unreliable and IP is reliable
IP operates at the transport layer
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Replace S2 with a router
Place all servers on S1
Disable TCP/IP broadcasts
Subnet the 192.168.0.0 /24 network
Disable all unused interfaces on the switches
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It adds a header to a segment
It can happen many times on the path to the destination host
It is performed by the last router on the path
Both source and destination IP addresses are added
It converts transport layer information into a frame
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10.10.10.26
127.0.0.1
10.10.10.6
10.10.10.1
224.0.0.0
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It encapsulates layer 1 instructions
It works the same on all layer 1 media
It carries both video and voice data
It works without layer 1 media
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The router sends an ARP request to determine the required next hop address
The router discards the packet
The router forwards the packet toward the next hop indicated in the ARP table
The router forwards the packet to the interface indicated by the source address
The router forwards the packet out the interface indicated by the default route entry
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Too few broadcasts
Performance degradation
Security issues
Limited management responsibility
Host identification
Protocol compatibility
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Require no device configuration
Provide routers with up-to-date routing tables
Require less processing power than static routes require
Consume bandwidth to exchange route information
Prevent manual configuration and maintenance of the routing table
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Next-hop
Source address
Metric
Destination network address
Last hop
Default gateway
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3
4
5
7
8
11
Only the IP portion of the packet is dropped, but the TCP portion continues to the last router
The routing protocols will carry the TCP information to the previous-hop router, which sends a reverse notification to the source
The routing protocols, such as RIP, are connection oriented and will contact the source host
The destination host is expecting the packet and will send a request if it does not arrive
The IP header contains the source address so that the packet can be returned by the router that receives the packet when TTL is 0
The packet can be successfully delivered if it is destined for a directly connected network
TCP controls in the packet will add hops to the TTL
The packet will be dropped by the next router unless that router has an interface on the destination network
The packet will be returned to the source host
The packet will be returned to the previous router
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Static routing requires a routing protocol such as RIP
A default route is a dynamic route
Dynamic routing adds packet-processing overhead
Administrative overhead is reduced with static routing
Routers can use static and dynamic routing simultaneously
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If no route to the destination network is found, the packet is returned to the previous router
If the destination network is directly connected, the router forwards the packet to the destination host
If multiple network entries exist for the destination network, the most general route is used to forward the packet
If no route exists for the destination network and a default route is present, the packet is forwarded to the next-hop router
If the originating host has a default gateway configured, the packet for a remote network can be forwarded using that route
If a host does not have a route manually configured for the destination network, the host will drop the packet
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192.168.0.2 is the next-hop address that is used by R3 to route a packet from the 10.0.0.0 network to the 172.16.0.0 network
10.0.0.1 is the next-hop address that is used by R1 to route a packet from the 192.168.12.0 network to the 10.0.0.0 network
192.168.0.1 is the next-hop address that is used by R1 to route a packet from the 192.168.12.0 network to the 172.16.0.0 network
172.16.0.1 is the next-hop address that is used by R3 to route a packet from the 10.0.0.0 to the 172.16.0.0 network
192.168.0.1 is the next-hop address that is used by R2 to route a packet from the 172.16.0.0 network to the 192.168.12.0 network
192.168.0.2 is the next-hop address that is used by R2 to route a packet from the 172.16.0.0 network to the 192.168.12.0 network
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