CCNA Quiz Exam: Hardest MCQ!

IP relies on the transport layer to determine whether packets have been lost and to request retransmission. The transport layer protocols, such as TCP, provide mechanisms for error detection and correction, ensuring reliable delivery of data. TCP uses sequence numbers and acknowledgments to keep track of the packets sent and received, allowing it to detect lost packets and request their retransmission. Therefore, the correct answer is transport.

IP relies on the transport layer to determine whether packets have been lost and to request retransmission. The transport layer is responsible for end-to-end communication and provides reliable delivery of data through protocols like TCP. TCP uses sequence numbers and acknowledgments to keep track of packets and ensure they are delivered correctly. If a packet is lost, TCP will request retransmission of that packet to ensure all data is successfully delivered. Therefore, the correct answer is transport.

The command "copy running-config startup-config" is used to save the current configuration of the router in NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory). NVRAM is a type of memory that retains its contents even when the router is powered off or restarted. By using this command, the current running configuration is copied and saved in NVRAM, ensuring that the router will load the same configuration when it is powered on again. Therefore, the correct answer is that the contents of NVRAM will change.

The "enable secret" password is automatically encrypted when it is created. This password is used to secure privileged access to a Cisco device. Unlike the "enable password" which is stored in plain text, the "enable secret" password is automatically encrypted using a strong encryption algorithm. This provides an additional layer of security as the encrypted password cannot be easily deciphered or hacked.

Issuing the "erase startup-config" command in privileged EXEC mode on a Cisco router will result in the data stored in NVRAM being erased. NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory) is a type of memory that retains its contents even when the device is powered off or restarted. The startup-config file is stored in NVRAM and contains the router's configuration settings. By erasing the startup-config, the router will lose its configuration and revert to the default settings. However, the running-config, which is stored in RAM (Random Access Memory), will not be affected by this command.

The most secure type of password that can be used to secure the privileged EXEC mode of a switch is the "enable secret" password. This password is encrypted and stored in the switch's configuration file, providing an additional layer of security compared to other types of passwords. The "console" password is used to secure access to the console port, while the "enable" password is used to secure access to privileged mode. The "VTY" password is used to secure access to virtual terminal lines.

If a routing issue has occurred in your internet work, the device that should be examined to isolate this error is the router. A router is responsible for directing network traffic between different networks. It determines the best path for data packets to reach their destination. If there is a problem with routing, such as incorrect routing tables or misconfigured routing protocols, it can cause connectivity issues. Therefore, examining the router would be the logical step to identify and resolve the routing issue.

When the nslookup command is issued on a computer, it is used to query the DNS (Domain Name System) service. DNS is responsible for translating domain names into IP addresses, allowing computers to locate and connect to specific websites or servers on the internet. By using the nslookup command, users can retrieve information about a specific domain name, such as its IP address, hostname, or mail server. Therefore, the correct answer is DNS.

The correct action to correct the network issue is to issue the "no shutdown" command on interface FastEthernet 0/1. This command will bring up the interface and enable it to transmit and receive data. By performing this action, the network associate can resolve the problem with router B and restore network connectivity.

Layer 3 addressing is required to route packets between two networks. Layer 3, also known as the network layer, is responsible for logical addressing and routing. It adds a network address to the packet header, allowing routers to determine the best path for the packet to reach its destination network. Layer 2 addressing is used for local network communication, while layer 1 deals with physical connections. Layer 5, the session layer, is responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating sessions between applications.

Using the tracert command at the host will help identify the path between the hosts. Tracert is a command-line tool used to trace the route that packets take to reach a destination. It sends out packets with increasing TTL (Time to Live) values, and each router along the path will decrement the TTL value. This allows the host to receive ICMP Time Exceeded messages from each router, which helps to identify the path taken by the packets.

The transport layer in the TCP/IP model creates additional overhead on network resources due to acknowledgments, tracking, and data retransmission. This layer is responsible for ensuring reliable and error-free delivery of data between the source and destination hosts. It uses protocols like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to establish a connection, break data into smaller packets, and reassemble them at the destination. The overhead of acknowledgments, tracking, and retransmission is necessary to ensure that all data is successfully delivered and any lost or corrupted packets are retransmitted.

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The startup-configuration file is stored in NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory) in a Cisco IOS device. NVRAM is a type of memory that retains its data even when the device is powered off or restarted. This allows the device to retain its configuration settings and load them during the startup process. Flash memory is used to store the operating system image, while RAM is used for temporary storage during device operation. ROM (Read-Only Memory) contains the firmware and bootstrap code for the device.

The set of devices A, B, D, and G contains only intermediary devices. Intermediary devices are network devices that facilitate communication between other devices. In the exhibit, devices A, B, D, and G are all switches, which are examples of intermediary devices. Device A is a distribution switch, device B is an access switch, device D is a core switch, and device G is an aggregation switch. These devices are responsible for forwarding data packets between different networks and ensuring efficient communication between devices.

The correct destination socket number for a web page request from Host A to the web server is 198.133.219.25:80. This is indicated by the IP address 198.133.219.25 and the port number 80, which is the default port for HTTP communication.

The likely cause of the problem is that the subnet mask was incorrectly entered. The subnet mask is used to determine which portion of an IP address is the network address and which portion is the host address. If the subnet mask is incorrect, the replacement computer may not be able to properly communicate with the company network.

The reason that Host A and Host B are unable to communicate outside the local network is because the gateway address was assigned a broadcast address. A broadcast address is used to send a message to all devices on a network, so assigning it as the gateway address means that the gateway is not able to properly route traffic between networks.

The tracert command is used to trace the route that packets take from the source to the destination. In this scenario, PC1 is the source and PC4 is the destination. The question asks which device will send a response to the initial tracert packet from PC1. Since the tracert command works by sending packets with increasing TTL (Time to Live) values, each device along the route will decrement the TTL and send back an ICMP Time Exceeded message to the source. Therefore, London, being a device along the route between PC1 and PC4, will send a response to the initial tracert packet from PC1.

A peer-to-peer network is maintained if a server takes no dedicated role in the network. In a peer-to-peer network, all devices in the network are considered equal and can act as both clients and servers. This means that each device can share its resources and communicate directly with other devices without relying on a centralized server. Therefore, in this scenario, where the server does not have a dedicated role, a peer-to-peer network is maintained.

The packet was captured while leaving Dallas because the source MAC address indicates that it originated from host A, and the destination MAC address indicates that it was heading towards host C. Since the packet was captured with these MAC addresses in Dallas, it suggests that it was intercepted at a point in the network while it was leaving Dallas.

The private IP address ranges are used for internal networks and are not routable on the internet. The address ranges 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255, and 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 are reserved for private use. These ranges are commonly used in home and small office networks. The other address ranges mentioned in the question are not private IP address ranges.

The correct answer is 192.168.254.1. This address should be pinged from the host to confirm that the router interface is operational.

The network technician should configure an IP address on interface serial 0/0/0. Without an IP address, the router cannot communicate with other devices on the network. By configuring an IP address on the interface, the router will be able to establish connections and ping the directly connected router.

A switch should be selected to provide collision-free connections to 40 hosts on the LAN. Unlike a hub, which broadcasts all incoming data to all connected devices, a switch creates a separate collision domain for each connected device, allowing for simultaneous and independent communication. This ensures that collisions are minimized and network performance is optimized. A router is used to connect multiple networks, while a firewall is used to protect a network from unauthorized access.

The correct answer is "The connection is made through a VTY session on the router." This means that the network administrator is accessing the CLI of RouterB using Telnet, which establishes a virtual terminal session on the router. This allows the administrator to remotely manage and configure the router. The other statements are not true because Telnet does not automatically encrypt data, a Telnet server process is not running on PC1, and a GET request is not sent to RouterB during a Telnet session.

When computer A sends a frame to computer D, only computer D receives the frame. This is because the frame is specifically addressed to computer D, so only computer D will process and receive the frame. The other computers (A, B, and C) will not receive the frame as it is not intended for them.

The 10.32.5.74 address represents the primary DNS server for the host.

The prompt "Switch-6J#" represents the appropriate mode used for the "copy running-config startup-config" command. This prompt indicates that the user is in privileged EXEC mode, which allows them to execute privileged commands such as copying the running configuration to the startup configuration.

The correct answer states that R1 will forward the packet to its default gateway, the next hop router R2. R2 will then forward the packet to the directly connected network 10.1.1.0/24. This means that R1 will recognize that it does not have a specific route in its routing table for the 10.1.1.0/24 network, so it will send the packet to its default gateway, which is R2. R2, being directly connected to the 10.1.1.0/24 network, will then forward the packet to its destination.

When connectionless protocols are implemented at the lower layers of the OSI model, an upper-layer, connection-oriented protocol or service is usually used to acknowledge that the data was received and to request the retransmission of missing data. This is because connectionless protocols, such as IP and UDP, do not provide built-in mechanisms for acknowledging the receipt of data or requesting retransmission. Instead, they rely on higher-layer protocols or services to handle these functions. These upper-layer protocols or services establish a connection between the sender and receiver, ensuring reliable delivery of data.

The transport layer in the OSI model offers reliable, connection-oriented data communication services. This layer ensures that data is transmitted accurately and efficiently by establishing a connection between the sender and receiver and managing the flow control, error correction, and retransmission of data if necessary. It guarantees that data is delivered in the correct order and without errors, providing a reliable communication channel for applications.

The transport layer of the OSI model and the transport layer of the TCP/IP model both provide end-to-end communication services and are responsible for the reliable delivery of data between hosts. Similarly, the network layer of the OSI model and the network layer of the TCP/IP model both handle the routing of data packets across different networks. Therefore, the transport layer and network layer of the OSI model correspond to the same functions as the transport and network layers of the TCP/IP model.

The range of port numbers from 0 to 1023 is reserved for services commonly used by applications that run on servers. These ports are known as well-known ports or system ports. They are assigned to specific services such as HTTP (port 80), FTP (port 21), and SSH (port 22). These ports are typically used by server applications to listen for incoming connections from client applications.

The correct answer is Connection 1 - straight-through cable, Connection 2 - crossover cable, Connection 3 - straight-through cable. This is because a straight-through cable is used to connect a host to a switch or hub, while a crossover cable is used to connect two hosts directly without a switch or hub in between. In this scenario, Connection 1 is between a host and a switch, so a straight-through cable is needed. Connection 2 is between two hosts, so a crossover cable is needed. Connection 3 is between a switch and a router, so a straight-through cable is needed.

The valid configuration for Host A is IP address: 192.168.100.20; Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.240; Default Gateway: 192.168.100.17. This configuration falls within the same IP address range as the other options, but it has a different default gateway. The default gateway is the IP address of the router that connects the local network to external networks. In this case, the correct default gateway is 192.168.100.17, which is within the same subnet as the IP address of Host A.

Router RT_A needs to provide address translation in order to allow Internet access for hosts in this network. Address translation, also known as Network Address Translation (NAT), is a process that allows multiple devices in a private network to share a single public IP address. This is necessary because the private IP addresses used within the network are not routable on the Internet. By performing address translation, RT_A can map the private IP addresses of the hosts to the public IP address assigned to the router, enabling communication with the Internet.

To remove the changes made to the default configuration of the router and return it to its original state, the administrator needs to issue the "erase startup-config" command. This command will delete the startup configuration file, which contains the saved changes made to the router's configuration, from NVRAM. After issuing this command, the router needs to be rebooted for the changes to take effect. Rebooting the router will load the default configuration from ROM and discard any changes made in the startup configuration file.

To create the initial configuration on Router1, a network technician would need a terminal emulation program on host A. A terminal emulation program allows the technician to access and configure the router remotely through the console port. This program provides a text-based interface that emulates a physical terminal, allowing the technician to enter commands and configure the router's settings.

The netstat command provides information about active TCP connections. It displays a list of all current network connections, including the local and remote IP addresses, the protocol being used, and the state of the connection. This information can be useful for troubleshooting network issues, monitoring network activity, and identifying potential security threats. It does not provide information about the default gateway, routing protocol, or locally configured subnet mask.

Based on the given exhibit, there are three distinct networks that need to be addressed. Each network requires a separate subnet. Therefore, three subnets are required to address the topology shown.

The OSI model is a conceptual framework that defines the functions of a communication system. Layer two of the OSI model is the Data Link layer, which is responsible for transferring data between adjacent network nodes. Two functions that occur at this layer are physical addressing and media access control. Physical addressing involves assigning unique addresses to devices on a network, such as MAC addresses. Media access control manages how devices access and transmit data over a shared network medium, such as Ethernet. Therefore, physical addressing and media access control are the correct answers for this question.

Layer 3 addresses, also known as IP addresses, are used in routing decisions. When a packet is sent across a network, routers use the destination IP address to determine the best path for the packet to reach its destination. Layer 3 addresses are not physical addresses, as those are handled by Layer 2 (MAC addresses). Additionally, Layer 3 addresses are not altered each time a packet crosses a router, as they remain unchanged during the routing process. They are used not only on local networks but also in wide area networks for routing purposes.

The Layer 4 header contains the service port number to aid in the delivery of data. The service port number helps identify the specific service or application that the data is intended for. This information is crucial for the proper routing and delivery of data packets to the correct destination.

A router serial interface must be configured with the clock rate command when it is functioning as a DCE (Data Communications Equipment) device. In a network, a DCE device provides clocking signals to a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) device, which is typically a router or a switch. The clock rate command is used to set the clocking speed on the DCE device, allowing it to synchronize with the connected DTE device. This synchronization is necessary for proper communication between the devices.

The IP address 172.30.0.0 is a Class B address, which has a default subnet mask of 255.255.0.0. However, we need a subnet mask that allows for 510 hosts. To determine the required subnet mask, we need to find the smallest subnet that can accommodate at least 510 hosts.

The subnet mask 255.255.254.0 provides a subnet with 9 bits for host addresses, which allows for 2^9 - 2 = 510 usable host addresses. Therefore, this subnet mask is the correct choice to accommodate 510 hosts within the given IP address range.

The subnet mask 255.255.224.0 allows for a range of IP addresses from 172.16.128.0 to 172.16.159.255. This is because the subnet mask has 19 bits set to 1, which means that the first 19 bits of the IP address are used to identify the network, while the remaining 13 bits can be used to identify individual hosts within that network. Since the IP addresses given in the question fall within the range defined by the subnet mask, it is the correct combination.

The IP address 192.168.33.2 represents the primary domain name server for the host.

When a host station receives a frame that contains its own MAC address in the destination field, it means that the frame was intended for that specific host. In this case, the Layer 2 information, such as the MAC addresses, is removed from the frame. After removing the Layer 2 information, the frame is then pushed up to Layer 3. At Layer 3, the host station can process the frame and perform any necessary actions based on the protocols and information at that layer.

Ctrl-Z is the correct answer because it suspends the current command and brings the user back to the command prompt without losing the command that was being typed. This allows the user to resume the command after dealing with the interface issue.