Chapter 17 Quiz Number 6 The Blood

Basophils are the rarest type of leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, found in the blood. They make up only a small percentage of the total leukocyte count. Basophils play a crucial role in the immune system by releasing histamine and other chemicals during allergic reactions and inflammation. Their low abundance in the blood is due to their tendency to migrate to tissues, where they can fulfill their immune functions. Therefore, the correct answer is basophil/basophils.

When monocytes migrate into the interstitial spaces and connective tissue, they undergo a process of differentiation and become macrophages. Macrophages are specialized immune cells that play a crucial role in engulfing and digesting pathogens, cellular debris, and foreign substances. They are also involved in presenting antigens to other immune cells and initiating immune responses. Therefore, the correct answer is macrophages.

Anemia is a condition that leads to a deficiency in the blood's ability to carry oxygen. It can be caused by a reduced red cell count or a reduced hemoglobin content in the red cells. In both cases, the result is a decreased capacity of the blood to carry oxygen.

Neutrophils are granulocytes that are known as "Bacteria slayers" because they play a crucial role in the immune response against bacterial infections. They are the most abundant type of white blood cells and are highly efficient at killing bacteria. Neutrophils induce a process called respiratory burst when they encounter bacteria, which involves the production of reactive oxygen species that can kill the bacteria. Therefore, neutrophils are the best-known granulocytes that induce respiratory burst on bacteria to kill them.

Basophils are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the inflammatory response. When basophils are activated, they release histamine, a chemical mediator that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable. This increased blood flow and permeability allows for the recruitment of other immune cells to the site of inflammation, enhancing the inflammatory response. Histamine also contributes to the symptoms of inflammation, such as redness, swelling, and itching. Therefore, the release of histamine by basophils helps to amplify and sustain the inflammatory response.

When red blood cells reach the end of their lifespan, they become rigid, inflexible, and fragile. The spleen, commonly referred to as the "red blood cell graveyard," is responsible for removing these old red blood cells from circulation. Macrophages, which are immune cells, also play a role in engulfing and breaking down these old red blood cells.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that are involved in the immune response against parasites. They release toxic substances that can kill parasitic worms that enter the bloodstream. These cells are particularly effective against helminths, which are a type of parasitic worm. Eosinophils are attracted to sites of infection or inflammation and play a crucial role in the body's defense against parasitic infections.

Monocytes and neutrophils are both types of phagocytic white blood cells. Phagocytic cells are responsible for engulfing and destroying foreign substances, such as bacteria and other pathogens, in the body. Monocytes and neutrophils play a crucial role in the immune response by eliminating harmful invaders and promoting tissue repair.

Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. It is composed of heme, which is an oxygen-binding molecule. Heme combines with oxygen in a 4:1 ratio, allowing hemoglobin to efficiently transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.

The average normal pH of blood is 7.4. This is because blood pH needs to be maintained within a narrow range for optimal functioning of the body. A pH of 7.4 is slightly alkaline, which helps in maintaining the proper balance of acids and bases in the blood. Any significant deviation from this pH can lead to health issues and disrupt various bodily processes.

The correct answer is "0". Blood type 0 is considered the universal donor because it does not have A or B antigens on the surface of red blood cells. This means that it can be transfused to individuals with any blood type without causing an immune reaction. However, individuals with blood type 0 can only receive blood from other type 0 donors.

RBCs, or red blood cells, are unique in that they do not contain nuclei. This is because during their maturation process, they expel their nuclei to make more room for hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen. The absence of nuclei allows RBCs to be more flexible and efficient in their oxygen-carrying capacity. Therefore, all the other statements in the question are true about RBCs, except for the fact that they do not contain nuclei.

Fibrinolysis is the process of breaking down fibrin, which is a protein involved in blood clot formation. It is the opposite of coagulation, which is the process of blood clotting. Therefore, fibrinolysis is not a phase of hemostasis, as it works against the formation of blood clots. The other options, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation, are all phases of hemostasis, as they are involved in stopping bleeding and forming blood clots to repair damaged blood vessels.

Red blood cells function to perform all of the mentioned tasks. They protect against blood loss and infection, deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues, remove metabolic wastes, distribute hormones, minerals, and ions, and help regulate body temperature, pH, and volume of fluid compartments.

An individual who is blood type AB negative can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except for the type that has the Rh antigen. This is because individuals with AB blood type have both A and B antigens on their red blood cells, making them universal recipients for both A and B blood types. However, the Rh antigen is not present on their red blood cells, so they cannot receive blood from individuals who have the Rh antigen.

Leukocytes and platelets together make up a very small percentage of the total blood volume. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the correct answer would be the smallest option provided, which is 1 percent.

White blood cells are described by all of the above statements. They have a nucleus that can be seen with proper staining, they are destroyed at infection sites, and they originate in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. Additionally, white blood cells are generally larger and less numerous than red blood cells.

The correct answer means that Fred's blood does not have antibodies to the A, B, or Rh antigens in the plasma. This is significant because it indicates that Fred can receive blood from donors with different blood types without the risk of an immune reaction.

The kidney is responsible for regulating erythrocyte (red blood cell) production. It does this by releasing a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, which helps to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Therefore, the kidney plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of red blood cells in the body.

Hypoxia of EPO-producing cells can trigger erythropoiesis. Erythropoiesis is the process of producing red blood cells (RBCs) in the bone marrow. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. When EPO-producing cells detect hypoxia (low oxygen levels), they release EPO, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs. This helps increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and restore oxygen balance in the body.

Bacterial infection does not result in increased erythropoiesis because erythropoiesis is the process of producing red blood cells, and bacterial infections do not directly stimulate the production of red blood cells. On the other hand, chronic blood loss, hemorrhage, climbing a mountain, and muscular exercise can all lead to increased erythropoiesis. Chronic blood loss and hemorrhage can cause a decrease in red blood cell count, triggering the body to produce more red blood cells. Climbing a mountain and muscular exercise can lead to increased oxygen demand, which stimulates the production of red blood cells to carry more oxygen to the tissues.

Fetal hemoglobin differs from adult hemoglobin in that it can be saturated with oxygen at a lower oxygen tension. This means that fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to adult hemoglobin. This is important for the transfer of oxygen from the mother to the fetus across the placenta. Fetal hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen more tightly allows it to extract oxygen from the mother's blood even when the oxygen tension is lower in the placenta. This helps ensure that the fetus receives an adequate oxygen supply for its development.

T lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response. They have various functions, including acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells, recognizing self (MHC) molecules, and recognizing non-self molecules. However, T lymphocytes do not become plasma cells and produce antibodies. This function is primarily carried out by B lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell. B lymphocytes are responsible for the production and secretion of antibodies, which help in neutralizing pathogens and promoting their elimination from the body.

The correct sequence for the given events is 4, 3, 1, 2. First, prothrombin activator combines with prothrombin and plasma Ca++ (event 4). This leads to the formation of thrombin (event 3). Then, fibrinogen converts to fibrin (event 1) and finally, fibrinogen combines with thrombin (event 2).

Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when an Rh-negative mother is sensitized to Rh-positive blood during pregnancy, leading to the production of antibodies that can attack the red blood cells of an Rh-positive fetus. If the father is Rh-negative, there is no possibility of the fetus being Rh-positive, and therefore erythroblastosis fetalis cannot occur.

The shape of erythrocytes provides a greater surface area for diffusion of gases. The erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, have a biconcave shape which allows for increased surface area. This increased surface area is important for the efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the capillaries. The biconcave shape also allows the erythrocytes to be flexible and easily deformable, enabling them to squeeze through narrow capillaries and reach all parts of the body. Therefore, the shape of erythrocytes plays a crucial role in facilitating the diffusion of gases and ensuring effective oxygenation and removal of waste gases in the body.

Thromboplastin is a substance that triggers the clotting process in the body. It is not normally found in circulating plasma, but is released when there is an injury to a blood vessel. Thromboplastin initiates a series of reactions that ultimately lead to the formation of a blood clot. Prothrombin, calcium ions, and fibrinogen are all components involved in the clotting process, but thromboplastin is the substance that is specifically not found in circulating plasma.

A transfusion reaction occurs when the recipient's antibodies recognize and react with the donor's antigens. The recipient's immune system produces antibodies against specific antigens that it does not possess. If these antibodies come into contact with matching antigens from the donor's blood, they can cause an immune response, leading to a transfusion reaction. This reaction can result in symptoms such as fever, chills, shortness of breath, and in severe cases, organ damage or even death. Therefore, the correct answer is "the recipient's antibodies and the donor's antigens."

Thromboplastin is not a normal plasma protein. It is an enzyme involved in the clotting of blood. Fibrinogen, gammaglobulin, and albumin are all examples of normal plasma proteins. Fibrinogen is essential for blood clot formation, gammaglobulin is a type of antibody, and albumin helps maintain osmotic pressure and transport various substances in the blood.

Fibrinogen is found in blood plasma but not in serum. Serum is the liquid portion of blood that remains after the blood has clotted and fibrinogen has been converted to fibrin. Fibrinogen is an important protein involved in blood clotting, and it is present in plasma but not in serum.