Hematology Quiz: Questions And Answers!

The MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) is a measure of the average size of red blood cells. It is calculated by dividing the hematocrit (the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells) by the red blood cell count. In this case, the hematocrit is 42% and the red blood cell count is 4.20 x 10^9/L. Dividing 42 by 4.20 x 10^9 gives a result of 100 femtoliters, which is the MCV.

The normal cell count from a lumbar spine puncture is 0-8 white blood cells (WBCs) and 0-10 red blood cells (RBCs). This means that a healthy individual would typically have no more than 8 WBCs and 10 RBCs in their cerebrospinal fluid obtained from a lumbar puncture. Any count above these ranges may indicate an infection or other abnormalities in the central nervous system.

The body of a blood smear is located between the feathered edge and the overlapping area of red cells. This is because when preparing a blood smear, a drop of blood is spread across a slide using another slide at an angle, creating an area of concentrated cells in the middle (body) of the smear. The feathered edge is the thin end where the blood thins out, and the overlapping area of red cells is where the cells overlap each other. Therefore, the body of the blood smear is found between these two regions.

Hemoglobin is an iron protein complex that combines with oxygen and carbon dioxide. It is found in red blood cells and is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carrying carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation. Hematin is a derivative of hemoglobin and is not directly involved in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. Hemosiderin is an iron storage protein, and oxyhemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen.

Polycythemia vera is a type of primary polycythemia, which is characterized by the overproduction of red blood cells in the bone marrow. It is a rare blood disorder that leads to an increase in the total number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the bloodstream. This condition is not caused by dehydration or stress, but rather by a mutation in the bone marrow cells. Therefore, the correct answer for the given question is polycythemia vera.

The MCHC stands for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, which is a measure of the average concentration of hemoglobin in a red blood cell. It is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin concentration by the hematocrit and multiplying by 100. In this case, the given answer of 32% is correct because it represents the percentage of hemoglobin concentration relative to the total volume of red blood cells.

Platelets are small, disc-shaped cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting. They are derived from megakaryocytes, which are large cells found in the bone marrow. During the process of platelet formation, the cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte undergoes fragmentation, resulting in the release of platelets into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is "cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte."

Clotting in cerebrospinal fluid can occur due to increased protein and fibrinogen concentrations. Proteins and fibrinogen play a role in the clotting process, and when their levels are elevated, it can lead to the formation of clots. This can be a result of various conditions or diseases affecting the central nervous system. The presence of bacteria can also contribute to clotting, but it is not the sole cause in this case. Therefore, the correct answer is both a and b, indicating that increased protein and fibrinogen concentrations can lead to clotting in cerebrospinal fluid.

A blood smear is prepared by spreading a drop of blood on a glass slide and then using another slide to create a thin, even layer. The angle at which the second slide is held while spreading the blood affects the thickness and quality of the smear. A 45-degree angle is commonly used for preparing blood smears on normal patient blood because it allows for an optimal distribution of cells and provides a good balance between cell density and smear thickness.

The correct answer is four porphyrin rings, each containing a molecule of Fe in the center. Heme is a complex molecule that is responsible for binding oxygen in hemoglobin. It consists of four porphyrin rings, which are flat, cyclic structures, with a molecule of iron (Fe) at the center of each ring. The iron atom is what allows heme to bind to oxygen and transport it throughout the body. Therefore, the correct answer accurately describes the composition of the heme portion of the hemoglobin molecule.

Isotonic saline is commonly used as a diluent in cell counting analyzers because it has the same osmotic pressure as human blood cells, making it compatible for use in counting and analyzing cells. ACD solution, Drabkin's reagent, and EDTA are not commonly used as diluents in cell counting analyzers.

Bone marrow aspirations in adults are commonly obtained from the sternum. The sternum, or breastbone, is a flat bone located in the center of the chest. It is easily accessible and provides a suitable site for bone marrow aspiration procedures. Aspirating bone marrow from the sternum allows for the collection of a sufficient amount of bone marrow cells for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The tibia, femur, and cranial bones are not typically used for bone marrow aspirations in adults.

Spectrophotometry is the commonly used methodology to read a cyanmethemoglobin test. This technique involves measuring the amount of light absorbed by a sample at different wavelengths. In the case of a cyanmethemoglobin test, spectrophotometry is used to measure the absorbance of light by the cyanmethemoglobin complex, which is formed when hemoglobin reacts with potassium ferricyanide and potassium cyanide. By measuring the absorbance, the concentration of hemoglobin in the sample can be determined, providing valuable information about blood oxygen levels and related conditions.

The buffy coat is a layer of blood that is composed of white blood cells and platelets. These components are separated from the rest of the blood during the process of centrifugation. White blood cells are an essential part of the immune system and are responsible for fighting off infections. Platelets, on the other hand, play a crucial role in blood clotting and preventing excessive bleeding. Therefore, the correct answer is white cells and platelets.

Platelet counts are always taken in duplicate to ensure accuracy and reliability of the results. The duplicate counts are compared to check for any discrepancies or errors. However, simply comparing the duplicate counts may not provide a complete understanding of the platelet count. Therefore, a differential smear is performed to further analyze the platelets and identify any abnormalities or changes in their morphology. This allows for a more comprehensive evaluation of the platelet count and helps in diagnosing various blood disorders.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that can be found in nasal smears. To identify these cells, specific stains are used. Eosin Y and methylene blue are the stains used for eosinophils in nasal smears. These stains help to differentiate eosinophils from other types of cells and provide a clearer visualization of their presence.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It contains various cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and other cells that can provide important diagnostic information. However, these cells can begin to deteriorate and break down over time after collection. Therefore, it is crucial to perform the cell count on a CSF specimen as soon as possible after collection to obtain accurate and reliable results. Waiting longer than 30 minutes may lead to inaccurate cell counts due to cell deterioration.

Dohle bodies are inclusions made up of aggregates of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RNA) that are similar to the inclusions seen in May Hegglin anomaly. These bodies are often observed in the cytoplasm of neutrophils and are characterized by their pale blue color and irregular shape. They are commonly associated with various infections, inflammatory conditions, and myeloproliferative disorders. Dohle bodies can be indicative of an underlying pathology and are often used as a diagnostic marker in the evaluation of patients with suspected hematological disorders.

Schistocytes are fragments of red blood cells that are formed when the cells are damaged or destroyed. They often have an irregular shape and can be seen in conditions such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic anemia, or mechanical heart valve damage. The presence of schistocytes in the blood can indicate a problem with the body's ability to maintain healthy red blood cells, leading to potential complications such as anemia or clotting disorders.

When there is a "shift to the left" in the context of cell differentiation, it means that there is an increase in the number of immature cells in the blood. In this case, the correct answer is "band neutrophil" because it is the earliest stage of neutrophil development. An increase in the percentage of band neutrophils indicates that there is an increased production of immature neutrophils, which can be a sign of infection or inflammation. The other cell types listed (metamyelocyte, myelocyte, promyelocyte) are more mature stages of neutrophil development and would not be the first cells affected in a "shift to the left".

Thalassemia is an anemia characterized by decreased synthesis of the beta and sometimes alpha and delta polypeptide chains. This results in abnormal hemoglobin production and impaired red blood cell function. Pernicious anemia is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency anemia is caused by inadequate folate intake, sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene, and hereditary spherocytosis is a disorder of red blood cell membrane proteins. Thalassemia is the most appropriate answer as it specifically refers to the decreased synthesis of the beta and sometimes alpha and delta polypeptide chains.

The acid-serum and sugar-water tests are used to detect paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a rare disorder characterized by the destruction of red blood cells, leading to hemolytic anemia. The acid-serum test involves adding acid to a blood sample, which causes the red blood cells affected by paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria to become more sensitive to complement-mediated lysis. The sugar-water test involves adding sugar to a blood sample, which causes the red blood cells affected by paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria to become more sensitive to osmotic lysis. These tests help in diagnosing this specific disorder.

The correct answer is "all of these". Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired disorder characterized by the destruction of red blood cells. The sugar-water test, acid-serum test, and Ham method are all different laboratory tests that can be used to detect PNH. The sugar-water test involves mixing the patient's red blood cells with a sugar solution, and if PNH is present, the cells become more fragile and break apart. The acid-serum test measures the sensitivity of red blood cells to acid, and if PNH is present, the cells become more sensitive and hemolyze. The Ham method is a flow cytometry test that detects the absence of certain proteins on the surface of red blood cells, which is indicative of PNH.

In charging the counting chamber, it is important to allow the first few drops from the pipette to be expelled. This is because these initial drops may contain air bubbles or impurities that can affect the accuracy of the cell count. By expelling these drops, we ensure that only the pure and accurate sample is used for the hemoglobin result.

Hemoglobin values are commonly expressed in g/dl, which stands for grams per deciliter. This unit of measurement is used to quantify the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. It represents the amount of hemoglobin present in every deciliter of blood. Other units, such as mg/dl, are not commonly used for measuring hemoglobin levels. Therefore, the correct answer is g/dl.

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that still contain remnants of their nucleus. They are called polychromatophilic erythrocytes because they have a bluish tint due to the presence of ribosomes in their cytoplasm. Reticulocytes are released into the bloodstream from the bone marrow and eventually mature into fully functional red blood cells.

As red cells mature, the nucleus becomes more condensed. This means that the genetic material inside the nucleus becomes tightly packed and organized. This condensation allows for more efficient storage of genetic material and also helps the red cells to function properly. The more condensed nucleus is a characteristic of mature red cells and is necessary for their proper functioning in carrying oxygen throughout the body.

Statistical methods are used to define normal values by analyzing a large sample of data and determining the range within which most data points fall. By calculating measures such as mean, median, and standard deviation, statistical methods help establish a baseline or reference range that represents what is considered normal or typical. This allows for the identification of outliers or abnormal values that may indicate a deviation from the norm. Therefore, statistical methods play a crucial role in defining normal values and detecting abnormalities in various fields such as healthcare, quality control, and scientific research.

Plasmodium species are confirmed by observing both thin and thick smears with Giemsa stain. Giemsa stain is commonly used in the diagnosis of malaria as it helps to visualize the parasites and their characteristic features. Thin smears are used to identify the species of Plasmodium and to determine the parasite density, while thick smears are used to detect the presence of parasites even at low densities. By using Giemsa stain on both thin and thick smears, healthcare professionals can accurately diagnose and identify the Plasmodium species causing the infection.

The characteristic cell of ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) is a lymphoblast. In ALL, there is an abnormal proliferation of lymphoblasts, which are immature lymphocytes. These lymphoblasts replace normal cells in the bone marrow, leading to a decrease in the production of normal blood cells. Identification of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow or blood is crucial for the diagnosis of ALL.

Pelger-Huet anomaly is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by the failure of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, to segment beyond two lobes. Normally, neutrophils have segmented nuclei with multiple lobes, but in individuals with Pelger-Huet anomaly, the nuclei appear bilobed or dumbbell-shaped. This anomaly is usually inherited and can be detected through a blood smear examination. It is important to note that Pelger-Huet anomaly is a benign condition and does not typically cause any health problems or symptoms.

Toxic granules are darker granules found in neutrophils. These granules contain enzymes and proteins that help the neutrophils in their role of fighting off infections. When the neutrophils encounter bacteria or other foreign substances, they release these toxic granules to destroy the invaders. Therefore, the correct answer is "toxic."

Bilirubin, a yellow pigment, is a byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs). It is released from the RBCs and transported to the liver, where it is conjugated and converted into a water-soluble form. This conjugated bilirubin is then excreted from the body through bile, which is ultimately eliminated in the feces. Therefore, bilirubin is excreted from the body as a waste product.

The periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS) is positive due to the presence of mucoproteins and polysaccharides. This staining method is commonly used to detect carbohydrates and carbohydrate-rich substances in tissues. Mucoproteins are proteins that have attached polysaccharide chains, making them PAS positive. Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar molecules, which also react with the PAS stain. Therefore, the presence of mucoproteins and polysaccharides in a sample would result in a positive PAS stain.

Xanthochromia in spinal fluid refers to the presence of yellowish discoloration, which is typically caused by the breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs). This breakdown, known as hemolysis, occurs when RBCs rupture and release their contents into the fluid. Therefore, the correct answer is hemolysis of RBCs. This can be caused by various factors such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, which leads to blood mixing with the cerebrospinal fluid and subsequent RBC breakdown.

A basket cell is not referred to as a pyknotic cell, turk cell, or mott cell. Instead, it is commonly known as a smudge cell.

Uneven distribution of cells in the counting chamber would introduce a source of error into a hemocytometer cell count because it would result in an inaccurate representation of the actual cell count. If the cells are not evenly distributed, some areas of the counting chamber may have a higher concentration of cells while other areas may have a lower concentration. This would lead to an overestimation or underestimation of the total cell count, depending on the distribution pattern. To obtain accurate results, it is important to ensure that the cells are evenly distributed in the counting chamber before counting.

The immediate precursor of the metamyelocyte is a myelocyte. This is because myelocytes are the stage of development that comes before the metamyelocyte in the maturation process of neutrophils. The myelocyte is characterized by having a round nucleus and a more condensed chromatin compared to earlier stages. As the neutrophil matures further, it progresses from the myelocyte stage to the metamyelocyte stage, where the nucleus becomes indented or kidney-shaped. Therefore, the myelocyte is the correct answer as it is the direct precursor of the metamyelocyte.

A white cell with non-specific granules is a lymphocyte. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system. They are responsible for recognizing and attacking foreign substances in the body, such as bacteria or viruses. Unlike other white blood cells, lymphocytes do not contain specific granules that are involved in the digestion of pathogens. Instead, they rely on their ability to produce antibodies and coordinate immune responses to protect the body against infections and diseases.

A megakaryocyte is the correct answer because it is the largest blood cell found in the bone marrow. Megakaryocytes are responsible for producing platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. They have a unique multi-lobed nucleus and are much larger in size compared to other blood cells. Megakaryocytes undergo fragmentation to release platelets into the bloodstream. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell, while pormonocytes and megakaryoblasts are not commonly recognized terms in the context of blood cells.

The confirmatory test for Hemoglobin S is electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze proteins based on their size and charge. In the case of Hemoglobin S, electrophoresis can be used to identify the abnormal hemoglobin variant and confirm the diagnosis. This test is reliable and specific for detecting Hemoglobin S and can differentiate it from other hemoglobin variants. The other options, such as the dithionite tube test, morphology studies of the blood smear, and osmotic fragility, may provide additional information but are not specific or reliable enough to confirm the presence of Hemoglobin S.

An Auer rod is an inclusion that can be found in white blood cells. It is a rod-shaped structure that is commonly seen in certain types of leukemia, specifically acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Auer rods are formed due to abnormal granules in the cytoplasm of the white blood cells. Their presence is indicative of the presence of AML and can be identified through microscopic examination of blood or bone marrow samples.

Hgb C is a type of hemoglobinopathy that can sometimes cause crystals to form in red blood cells. This condition is caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene, resulting in the production of an abnormal form of hemoglobin. The abnormal hemoglobin can form crystals within the red blood cells, leading to various symptoms and complications. These crystals can cause the red blood cells to become rigid and distorted, leading to their destruction and potentially causing anemia.

The presence of inclusions resembling Dohle bodies is noted in the May-Hegglin anomaly.

Hereditary spherocytosis is a genetic disorder characterized by the presence of spherical-shaped red blood cells instead of the normal biconcave shape. These abnormal cells are more fragile and prone to rupture when exposed to changes in osmotic pressure. This increased osmotic fragility leads to the destruction of red blood cells and results in anemia. Therefore, hereditary spherocytosis is associated with increased osmotic fragility.

Reed-Sternberg cells are the characteristic cells present in Hodgkin's disease. These large, abnormal cells are derived from B lymphocytes and can be identified by their distinctive appearance under a microscope. They have a bilobed or multinucleated structure, with prominent nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm. The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph node biopsies is a key diagnostic feature of Hodgkin's disease. These cells play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease and are associated with the immune response and inflammation seen in Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Infectious mononucleosis is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which leads to an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood. This condition is known as absolute lymphocytosis. Brucellosis and tuberculosis (t.b.) are bacterial infections and may not typically cause a significant increase in lymphocytes. While bacterial infections can cause a mild increase in lymphocytes, it is not typically as pronounced as in infectious mononucleosis. Therefore, infectious mononucleosis is the most likely cause of absolute lymphocytosis among the given options.

Dr. Downey is credited with first classifying atypical lymphocytes.

Heparin inhibits the clotting of fresh whole blood by inhibiting the production of thrombin. Thrombin is a crucial enzyme in the coagulation cascade that converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms the mesh-like structure of a blood clot. By inhibiting thrombin production, heparin prevents the formation of fibrin and thus inhibits blood clotting.

If a patient has Hemoglobin C present, follow-up work should include genetic counseling. This is because Hemoglobin C is a genetic disorder that affects the structure of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Genetic counseling can provide information and guidance to individuals and families affected by this condition, including understanding the inheritance pattern, potential health risks, and available treatment options. It can also help individuals make informed decisions about family planning and genetic testing. Blood transfusions, daily hemoglobins, and capillary studies may be relevant in managing the symptoms of Hemoglobin C, but genetic counseling is essential for comprehensive care.

Fibrinogen is a protein that plays a crucial role in blood clotting. When there is an injury or damage to blood vessels, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin, which forms a mesh-like structure to stop bleeding and promote clot formation. This process is known as the coagulation cascade. As fibrinogen levels increase in the blood, it can lead to an increased sedimentation rate, which is a measure of how quickly red blood cells settle in a tube. Therefore, fibrinogen is the factor that most significantly increases the sedimentation rate.

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that still contain RNA. When stained with new methylene blue, these cells can be observed due to the presence of erythrocytic inclusions of RNA. Howell-Jolly bodies are nuclear remnants, Heinz bodies are denatured hemoglobin, Pappenheimer bodies are iron granules, and basophilic stippling is the presence of aggregates of RNA and ribosomes. Therefore, the correct answer is reticulocytes, as they contain erythrocytic inclusions of RNA and can be observed with new methylene blue staining.

Heinz bodies are small round inclusions within red blood cells that are composed of denatured hemoglobin. When using the brilliant cresyl blue preparation for reticulocytes, Heinz bodies may be confused with reticulocytes due to their similar appearance. This confusion can occur because both reticulocytes and Heinz bodies can appear as small, blue-staining structures within red blood cells. Therefore, it is important to carefully differentiate between reticulocytes and Heinz bodies when using this staining method.

Erythroleukemia is a type of leukemia that involves the red cell and granulocytic precursors. This means that it affects the development and function of both red blood cells and certain types of white blood cells. It is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of these cells in the bone marrow, leading to a decrease in normal blood cell production and an increase in immature cells. Erythroleukemia can present with symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and increased susceptibility to infections. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, and supportive care measures.

In quality control, "trends" refer to gradual shifts. This means that over a period of time, there is a consistent and gradual change in the data being analyzed. It is different from rapid shifts, which indicate sudden and significant changes, and occasional "out of limit" results, which are sporadic occurrences. Trends within plus or minus 2 SD (standard deviations) may also be considered, but the focus here is on the gradual nature of the shifts.

In glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Heinz bodies are observed in the red cells. Heinz bodies are abnormal clumps of denatured hemoglobin that form within the red blood cells. This occurs due to the accumulation of oxidized substances in the cells, which causes damage to the hemoglobin molecule. The presence of Heinz bodies can lead to premature destruction of the red blood cells, resulting in hemolytic anemia.

In the improved Neubauer ruling, the 400 small squares are composed of 25 groups of 16 squares. This means that there are 25 sets of 16 squares arranged in a specific pattern. The total number of squares in these groups adds up to 400, which matches the total number of small squares mentioned in the question.

An eosinophil is a type of white blood cell that contains lysosomes with histamine, peroxidase, and acid hydrolases. These components play a role in the immune response, particularly in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections. Eosinophils are characterized by their bilobed nucleus and cytoplasmic granules that stain red-orange with eosin dye. They are typically involved in the regulation of inflammation and the destruction of foreign substances in the body.

The Philadelphia chromosome is a genetic abnormality that is most commonly associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). This chromosome results from a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, leading to the formation of a fusion gene called BCR-ABL1. This fusion gene produces a protein that drives the uncontrolled growth of white blood cells, leading to the development of CML. Therefore, the correct answer is chronic myelogenous leukemia.

The correct answer is 17,450/uL. This is because the given information states that a 1:20 dilution was prepared for the manual WBC count. This means that the actual number of white blood cells in the original sample is 20 times the number counted in the diluted sample. Since 349 cells were counted in 4 sq. mm., the total number of cells in the original sample is 349 x 20 = 6,980 cells in 4 sq. mm. To convert this to the total white count, we need to calculate the number of cells per microliter (uL). Since 1 sq. mm. is equal to 1 uL, the total white count is 6,980 cells/uL. However, this is not one of the answer choices. To find the correct answer, we need to multiply this value by 2.5, which is the conversion factor for WBC count. Therefore, the total white count is 6,980 x 2.5 = 17,450/uL.

A high background count in a parameter measured by electrical impedance in an automated analyzer can be due to a combination of factors such as a partial obstruction of the aperture, electrical line interference, contaminated diluent, and bubbles in the diluent. These factors can contribute to an inaccurate measurement and result in a high background count.

Both answer choices a and d are correct. The t(12:21) marker in acute lymphoblastic leukemia indicates a positive prognosis because it is associated with a better response to treatment and a higher chance of survival. On the other hand, the t(9:22) marker indicates a negative prognosis as it is associated with a more aggressive form of the disease and a lower chance of survival. Therefore, both markers have prognostic significance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with t(12:21) indicating a positive prognosis and t(9:22) indicating a negative prognosis.

A committed stem cell in the erythrocyte series will differentiate into a rubriblast. This is the first stage of erythrocyte development, where the cell is large with a round nucleus and contains basophilic cytoplasm. It is the precursor to the prorubricyte, which then differentiates into a rubricyte, and finally into a metarubricyte. Therefore, the correct answer is rubriblast.

When a reticulocyte is properly stained, it shows a network of granular filaments. This refers to the appearance of granules arranged in a network-like pattern within the cell. This characteristic is important in identifying reticulocytes, as it indicates their immature state. Reticulocytes are young red blood cells that still contain remnants of ribosomal RNA, which appear as these granular filaments. As the reticulocytes mature, these granules disappear, and the cells become fully functional red blood cells without a nucleus.

In Hemoglobin C disease, the predominant cell observed is the target cell. Target cells have a central round area of hemoglobin surrounded by a clear ring, giving them a target-like appearance. This is due to the abnormal shape and function of hemoglobin in this disease. Target cells are commonly seen in conditions such as liver disease, thalassemia, and hemoglobinopathies.

Hemoglobin A migrates faster than two or more of these variants (Hgb C, Hgb S, Hgb H) because it has a different molecular structure or size that allows it to move more quickly during migration. It is possible that Hgb C, Hgb S, or Hgb H have larger or more complex structures which hinder their migration speed.

A myeloblast is a type of precursor cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes, which are a type of white blood cell. It closely resembles a lymphoblast, which is a precursor cell of lymphocytes. Both cells are immature and have similar characteristics, making them difficult to distinguish from each other. However, a mature lymphocyte is a fully developed white blood cell that has undergone maturation and differentiation, making it easily distinguishable from a lymphoblast. Similarly, a monocyte is a type of white blood cell that has a distinct appearance and function, further differentiating it from a lymphoblast.

The total leukocyte count can be calculated by multiplying the number of cells counted in the four leukocyte counting areas by the dilution factor. Since the question states that an appropriate WBC dilution was made and a total of 250 cells were counted, we can assume that the dilution factor is 1. Therefore, the patient's total leukocyte count is 250 x 1 = 250 cells/L. Since the answer choices are given in 10^9/L, we need to convert the count to this unit. 250 cells/L is equivalent to 0.25 x 10^9/L. None of the answer choices match this value, so the correct answer is not provided in the options.

Auer rods are needle-like cytoplasmic inclusions that are found in the cells of certain types of leukemia. They are most commonly seen in monoblasts and myeloblasts, which are immature cells of the myeloid lineage. Monoblasts give rise to monocytes, while myeloblasts give rise to granulocytes. Therefore, the presence of Auer rods in these cells can be indicative of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a type of cancer that affects the myeloid cells. Auer rods are not typically seen in lymphocytes or lymphoblasts, which are cells of the lymphoid lineage.

In hemoglobin electrophoresis with alkaline buffer (pH 8.4), the amino acids migrate toward the anode. This is because the anode is positively charged and attracts the negatively charged amino acids. The movement of the amino acids towards the anode allows for the separation and identification of different hemoglobin variants based on their migration patterns.

The x-axis on a histogram represents both the volume in femtoliters and the cell pulse area. The volume in femtoliters refers to the size or volume of cells being measured, while the cell pulse area represents the intensity or amplitude of the pulse generated by the cells. Both of these factors are important in analyzing and interpreting the data displayed on a histogram.

Howell-Jolly bodies are round, purple staining nuclear fragments that can be seen in red blood cells. They are remnants of the nucleus that should have been removed during the maturation process of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Their presence in circulating red blood cells can indicate various conditions such as asplenia, splenectomy, or other disorders affecting the bone marrow.

The myeloid-erythroid (M-E) ratio in a bone marrow sample refers to the ratio of myeloid cells (which give rise to various types of blood cells) to erythroid cells (which give rise to red blood cells). The correct answer range of 2:1-5:1 suggests that there should be 2 to 5 times more myeloid cells than erythroid cells in the sample. This ratio is considered normal and indicates a balanced production of blood cells in the bone marrow.

The normal value for men on a sedimentation rate is 0 - 10 mm/hr. This means that a sedimentation rate between 0 and 10 mm/hr is considered normal for men. Sedimentation rate is a blood test that measures how quickly red blood cells settle in a tube in one hour. A higher sedimentation rate may indicate inflammation or infection in the body, while a lower rate is typically not a cause for concern.

Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell neoplasm characterized by the excessive production of monoclonal immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, or IgD). Therefore, it will not exhibit decreased levels of any of these immunoglobulins. Instead, multiple myeloma will typically present with increased levels of one specific type of immunoglobulin. The other options listed, such as myeloma cells, mott cells, and Russell bodies, are all characteristic features seen in multiple myeloma.

A 1:20 dilution means that the original sample was diluted 20 times. The count of cells in the 4 corner square mm and the center square mm of the diluted sample was 150 cells. To calculate the concentration of cells in the original sample, we need to multiply the count by the dilution factor. In this case, the dilution factor is 20. Therefore, the concentration of cells in the original sample is 150 x 20 = 3000 cells/uL. However, since the question asks for the count in uL, the answer would be 6000/uL.

The initial total leukocyte count was 20 x 10 to the 9th/L. If 10 nucleated erythrocytes were noted per 100 leukocytes, it means that 10% of the total leukocytes are nucleated erythrocytes. To find the corrected total leukocyte count, we need to subtract this 10% from the initial count. 10% of 20 x 10 to the 9th/L is 2 x 10 to the 9th/L. Subtracting this from the initial count gives us 18 x 10 to the 9th/L, which is equivalent to 18.2 x 10 to the 9th/L. Therefore, the corrected total leukocyte count is 18.2 x 10 to the 9th/L.

Hypersegmented, macrocytic neutrophils are often noted in pernicious anemia. Pernicious anemia is a type of anemia caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12, which is necessary for the production of red blood cells. The macrocytic red blood cells and hypersegmented neutrophils are characteristic findings in this condition. Hypersegmented neutrophils have more than five lobes in their nucleus, instead of the usual three or four lobes. This abnormality is seen in pernicious anemia due to impaired DNA synthesis, leading to abnormal maturation of neutrophils.

The correct answer explains that the principle of the cyanmethemoglobin method involves the conversion of hemoglobin iron from the ferrous to the ferric state using potassium ferricyanide. This converted hemoglobin then combines with potassium cyanide to form cyanmethemoglobin. This explanation accurately describes the process involved in the cyanmethemoglobin method.

Low scores on a leukocyte alkaline phosphatase stain indicate chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) is an enzyme found in the cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils. In chronic myelogenous leukemia, there is a proliferation of myeloid cells, including neutrophils, in the bone marrow. However, these neutrophils have low LAP activity, which can be detected by the stain. This is in contrast to polycythemia vera, hemolytic anemia, and acute lymphocytic leukemia, which do not typically show low LAP scores.

A siderocyte is a red blood cell that contains iron granules. These iron granules appear as punctuate or dot-like structures within the red blood cell. The other options mentioned in the question, such as howell-jolly bodies, pappenheimer bodies, and basophilic stippling, refer to different types of abnormalities or inclusions in red blood cells, but they do not specifically involve iron granules. Therefore, the correct answer is siderocyte.

The y axis on a histogram represents the frequency of cells. A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of a dataset. In this case, the dataset consists of cells, and the y axis shows how many cells fall into each category or bin. Therefore, the y axis represents the frequency or count of cells in each bin, indicating the number of cells that have a particular characteristic or fall within a specific range.

An orthochromatic normoblast is a synonym for metarubricyte. This term refers to a stage in the development of red blood cells where the nucleus is condensed and pushed to one side of the cell. It is the last stage before the cell becomes a mature red blood cell. The other options, pronormoblast, basophilic normoblast, and polychromatophilic normoblast, refer to earlier stages in the development of red blood cells.

Absolute neutrophilia refers to an increase in the absolute number of neutrophils in the blood. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the body's immune response to infection. Appendicitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix, typically due to a blockage or infection. In response to the infection, the body releases more neutrophils into the blood, leading to absolute neutrophilia. Therefore, appendicitis is associated with absolute neutrophilia.

To ensure an accurate count of reticulocytes, it is necessary to examine at least 1000 - 2000 erythrocytes. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that are still in the process of maturing. By examining a sufficient number of erythrocytes, which are mature red blood cells, we can get a more representative count of reticulocytes in the sample. This range allows for a more accurate assessment of the proportion of reticulocytes in the blood, which can be useful in diagnosing certain conditions such as anemia or evaluating bone marrow function.

As red blood cells mature, the cytoplasm becomes more polychromatophilic. This means that the cytoplasm of the red blood cells takes on a bluish-gray color due to the presence of both acidophilic (pink/red) and basophilic (blue/purple) components. This change in cytoplasmic coloration is a characteristic feature of maturing red blood cells.

In infectious mononucleosis, the characteristic cell present is a reactive lymphocyte. Reactive lymphocytes are immune cells that have been activated in response to an infection or other immune stimulus. They are larger than normal lymphocytes and have abundant cytoplasm. These cells are typically seen in the peripheral blood during the acute phase of infectious mononucleosis and are often referred to as "atypical lymphocytes" due to their abnormal appearance. They are important for the immune response against the Epstein-Barr virus, which is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis.

The correct answer is hypotonic NaCl solution. In the osmotic fragility test, red blood cells are exposed to different concentrations of salt solution to determine their ability to withstand osmotic stress. A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of salt compared to the cells, causing water to enter the cells and potentially causing them to burst. This test helps in diagnosing conditions such as hereditary spherocytosis, where red blood cells are more fragile than normal.

Acceptable limits of a control value must fall within plus or minus 2 standard deviations of the mean. This range is commonly used in statistical analysis to determine if a data point is within a reasonable range of variation. It allows for some variability while still maintaining control over the process. Values falling within this range are considered acceptable and do not indicate any significant deviations from the mean.

If the sedimentation rate pipette is standing at an angle from the vertical, it can lead to increased sedimentation rate. This is because when the pipette is not in a vertical position, the blood sample may not settle evenly, causing the red blood cells to sediment faster than normal. This can result in an increased sedimentation rate measurement.

A cell histogram is a graphic representation of cell frequencies versus size. It shows the distribution of cell sizes within a sample, with the x-axis representing the size of the cells and the y-axis representing the frequency or number of cells of each size. This type of histogram is commonly used in flow cytometry to analyze and compare the size distribution of different cell populations.

As a rough estimation in typical clinical scenarios, the hematocrit (Hct) value is approximately three times the hemoglobin (Hb) value. This relationship may vary slightly depending on factors like age, gender, and other individual variations, but a common rule of thumb is that the hematocrit is roughly three times the hemoglobin concentration in whole blood. This relationship helps provide an estimate of the blood's viscosity and red blood cell count.

Mast cells found in the tissues resemble basophils because both cell types are involved in allergic reactions and release histamine. They have similar granules in their cytoplasm and play a role in the immune response.

Cyanmethemoglobin is not used for detecting Hemoglobin S because it is a method used to measure the total amount of hemoglobin in the blood, rather than specifically detecting Hemoglobin S. The insolubility tube test, alkaline electrophoresis, and bone marrow exam are commonly used tests to detect Hemoglobin S.

The correct answer is primitive undifferentiated blast. In stem cell leukemia, the predominant cell in the peripheral blood is a primitive undifferentiated blast. This type of blast is characterized by its lack of differentiation into specific cell lineages, such as lymphoblasts, myeloblasts, monoblasts, or megakaryoblasts. The presence of primitive undifferentiated blasts in the peripheral blood is indicative of an abnormal proliferation of stem cells, which can lead to leukemia.

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Increasing the angle of the pusher slide will help resolve the problem of a blood smear that is too long. By increasing the angle, the blood will spread out more quickly and evenly on the slide, resulting in a shorter smear. This allows for better visualization and examination of the blood cells under a microscope.