Biology Exam - Blood And Plasma

The term "blast/o" means primitive. This is because "blast/o" is a combining form that is used to refer to immature or undeveloped cells. It is commonly used in medical terminology to describe cells that are in the early stages of development, such as blastocysts or blast cells. Therefore, "blast/o" is the correct answer as it directly relates to the concept of being primitive or undeveloped.

All of the options listed are formed elements of blood. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all cellular components that make up blood. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues. White blood cells are part of the immune system and help to fight off infections. Platelets are involved in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding. Therefore, all of the options are correct.

Leukoiesis, also known as leukopoiesis, is the process of production of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the body. Red bone marrow is the primary site of leukoiesis, where stem cells differentiate and mature into various types of white blood cells. Yellow bone marrow, blood vessels, and the spleen do not play a significant role in leukoiesis.

When blood is spun in a centrifuge, the different components of the blood separate based on their density. The bottom layer is composed of red blood cells because they are the heaviest component and settle at the bottom. White blood cells, plasma, and platelets are lighter and therefore separate into different layers above the red blood cells.

Thrombocytes are not leukocytes. Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are responsible for fighting infections and diseases in the body. Thrombocytes, on the other hand, are platelets that help in blood clotting. While both play important roles in the body's immune response, thrombocytes are not classified as leukocytes.

Plasma is not considered a form element of blood because it is a yellowish liquid that carries various components of blood, such as nutrients, hormones, and waste products. It does not have a cellular structure like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, which are all considered form elements of blood.

When a tube of blood is spun in a centrifuge, the different components of blood separate based on their density. The top straw layer is composed of plasma. Plasma is the liquid component of blood that contains various proteins, hormones, electrolytes, and waste products. It is yellowish in color and makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. The other components such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets settle at the bottom of the tube due to their higher density.

Monocytes are a type of leukocyte that can differentiate into macrophages. Macrophages are responsible for phagocytizing dead and dying tissue, microorganisms, and other foreign matter or debris in the body. This process helps to remove and eliminate these substances, contributing to the immune response and overall health of the individual.

Hemopoiesis refers to the production of blood cells in the body. This process takes place in the bone marrow, where stem cells differentiate and develop into various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These blood cells play crucial roles in carrying oxygen, fighting infections, and promoting clotting, but hemopoiesis specifically refers to the production of these cells rather than their specific functions.

When a tube of blood is spun in a centrifuge, the heaviest component settles at the bottom due to the force of gravity. Red blood cells are the heaviest component in the blood and therefore settle at the bottom of the tube. This is because red blood cells are denser than white blood cells, plasma, and platelets.

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Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that is known for their ability to attack parasitic worms. They release toxic substances that are effective in killing and destroying these parasites. Eosinophils are also involved in allergic reactions and play a role in modulating the immune response. Monocytes, basophils, and lymphocytes have different functions in the immune system but do not specifically target parasitic worms.

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in circulating blood. They make up approximately 60-70% of the total leukocyte count. Neutrophils are a type of granulocyte and are essential for the body's immune response to bacterial infections. They are highly phagocytic, meaning they engulf and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles. Neutrophils are also involved in the inflammatory response and play a crucial role in the initial defense against pathogens.

Globulin is the correct answer because it is a term that describes the antibodies found in plasma. Antibodies are a type of globulin protein that is produced by the immune system to help fight off foreign substances in the body. These antibodies are found in the plasma, which is the liquid component of blood. Therefore, globulin is the term that specifically refers to the antibodies found in plasma.

Agglutin/o does not mean clot. It actually refers to the process of clumping together, usually of red blood cells, in response to a specific antibody. The other options, thromb/o and coagul/o, both mean clot. Therefore, the correct answer is agglutin/o.

Serum is the liquid portion of blood that remains after the clotting factors have been removed from plasma. It does not contain the clotting factors and is often used in medical and diagnostic testing. Another name for serum is not mentioned in the question. Plasma with clotting factors removed is the correct answer as it accurately describes what serum is.

Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. It also helps transport carbon dioxide, which is a waste product, from the tissues back to the lungs to be exhaled. Additionally, hemoglobin can bind to hydrogen ions, which are involved in regulating the pH balance in the body. However, hemoglobin does not transport hydroxyl ions, which are negatively charged molecules made up of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom.

The kidney produces colony stimulating factors. These factors are proteins that stimulate the production and maturation of blood cells in the bone marrow. They play a crucial role in regulating the growth and development of different types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

Thrombocytes, also known as platelets, play a crucial role in the process of blood clotting. They form platelet plugs to seal off damaged blood vessels and prevent excessive bleeding. Additionally, thrombocytes release clotting factors, such as fibrinogen, which help to form a stable blood clot. Therefore, the correct answer is "To form platelet plugs and release clotting factors."

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, do not have a nucleus and therefore do not contain DNA. They are specialized cells that transport oxygen to different parts of the body. Without a nucleus, erythrocytes have more space to carry oxygen molecules. This lack of DNA also means that erythrocytes cannot divide or repair themselves, and they have a limited lifespan of about 120 days.

Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. When the body detects low levels of oxygen in the blood, it releases erythropoietin to increase the production of red blood cells. This hormone promotes the differentiation and maturation of red blood cell precursors, leading to an increased production of mature red blood cells. Therefore, erythropoietin is the factor that causes the production of red blood cells.

The correct answer is that each globin chain on a hemoglobin molecule contains a heme group. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. It consists of four globin chains, each of which contains a heme group. The heme group is a non-protein component that contains an iron ion, which is able to bind to oxygen molecules. Therefore, each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to four oxygen molecules, one for each globin chain.

Plasma is the most abundant component of blood when a tube is spun in a centrifuge. This is because plasma makes up about 55% of the total blood volume and contains various substances such as water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and waste products. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all present in smaller quantities compared to plasma.

Water is the most abundant component of plasma because it makes up approximately 90% of the total plasma volume. It acts as a solvent, allowing for the transportation of various substances such as nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. Additionally, water helps regulate body temperature and maintain blood pressure. While albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen are also important components of plasma, they are present in smaller quantities compared to water.

Basophils are a type of leukocyte that releases histamine to promote inflammation and heparin as an anticoagulant. Histamine helps to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow to the area, which promotes inflammation. Heparin prevents blood from clotting by inhibiting the formation of blood clots. These actions help to defend the body against pathogens and promote healing. Eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes have different functions and do not release histamine or heparin.