A Quiz That’ll Add To Your Knowledge Of CCNA Mid-term

The Ethernet header/trailer and PPP header/trailer are collectively referred to as "frames". Frames are the units of data that are transmitted over a network. They consist of the header, which contains information about the source and destination addresses, and the trailer, which contains error-checking information. These frames are used to encapsulate the data being transmitted and ensure its reliable delivery across the network.

Ethernet is a family of standards that defines the physical and data link layers of the most popular type of LAN. It is widely used for local area network (LAN) connections, providing a means to connect devices such as computers, printers, and routers. Ethernet standards specify the physical characteristics of the cables and connectors used, as well as the protocols for transmitting and receiving data. This standardized approach ensures compatibility and interoperability between different devices and allows for efficient and reliable communication within a LAN environment.

The TCP/IP protocol suite consists of four layers: the Application layer, the Transport layer, the Internet layer, and the Network Access layer. The Application layer includes protocols such as HTTP, POP3, and SMTP, which are used for communication between applications. The Transport layer includes TCP and UDP, which provide reliable and unreliable transport services respectively. The Internet layer includes the IP protocol, which is responsible for addressing and routing packets across networks. The Network Access layer includes protocols such as Ethernet and Frame Relay, which define the physical and data link layers of network communication.

A segment is a unit of data that is encapsulated and includes the transport layer header. This means that the segment contains both the data being transmitted and the necessary information from the transport layer, such as the source and destination port numbers, sequence numbers, and other control information. By including the transport layer header, the segment can be properly identified and routed to the correct destination.

Attenuation is a phenomenon that occurs when electrical signals are transmitted over a wire. As the signals travel along the cable, the signal strength gradually decreases or gets weaker. This can happen due to various factors such as resistance, impedance, and interference. The longer the distance the signals have to travel, the more pronounced the attenuation becomes. Therefore, the statement correctly explains that attenuation happens when electrical signals pass over a wire and the signal strength diminishes as they travel farther along the cable.

Hubs are devices that function as repeaters, meaning they receive a signal on one port and transmit it to all other ports. They are equipped with multiple physical ports, allowing multiple devices to connect to the hub and share the same network. Each device connected to the hub will receive the transmitted signal, regardless of its destination. Therefore, the correct answer is "repeaters with multiple physical ports."

The correct answer states that a hub is a LAN device, while a switch is a network device. It further explains that hubs provide a centralized connection point, whereas switches filter, forward, and flood Ethernet frames based on the destination address. This explanation clearly highlights the key differences between a hub and a switch, emphasizing their respective functions and roles in a network.

Full Duplex refers to a type of communication where two devices can simultaneously send and receive data. This means that both devices can transmit information at the same time without any interruption or interference. In Full Duplex communication, the communication channel is capable of handling data in both directions simultaneously, allowing for faster and more efficient communication between the devices. This is commonly seen in technologies like telephone systems, computer networks, and wireless communication systems.

The TCP/IP networking model is a set of protocols that enables communication between computers. It consists of two main protocols, the Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). TCP ensures that data is delivered in a reliable and orderly manner, while IP is responsible for addressing and routing packets across the network. Together, these protocols allow for seamless communication between computers, forming the foundation of the internet.

Switches increase performance by allowing you to save on bandwidth, which makes them better than hubs. Unlike hubs, switches create a direct connection between the sender and receiver, enabling them to transmit data simultaneously and independently. This eliminates the need for data to be broadcasted to all connected devices, saving bandwidth and reducing network congestion. By efficiently managing network traffic, switches enhance performance, minimize collisions, and improve the overall speed and reliability of the network.

Half-duplex refers to a type of communication where data can be transmitted in both directions, but not simultaneously. In this mode, only one device can send data at a time, while the other device can only receive. This allows for bidirectional communication, but not in real-time as there is a switch between sending and receiving. It is commonly used in walkie-talkies, where one person talks while the other listens, and vice versa.

Same Layer interaction is a protocol that allows communication between computers at the same layer of the network architecture. It enables the exchange of information regarding the intentions or actions of each computer involved. This protocol ensures that computers within the same layer can effectively communicate and coordinate their activities.

The given answer is stating that packets are both the internet layer header and the encapsulated data. In computer networking, packets are units of data that are transmitted over a network. They consist of a header, which contains information about the packet such as source and destination addresses, and the actual data being transmitted. The header is added to the data to form a packet, which is then transmitted over the network. Therefore, the answer correctly explains that packets include both the internet layer header and the encapsulated data.

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A crossover cable is used when connecting two devices that both use the same pins to transmit. In this scenario, the pins need to be set to swap the wire pairs. This is necessary because in a regular Ethernet cable, the transmit pins on one device are connected to the receive pins on the other device. However, when connecting two devices of the same type, such as two computers, the transmit pins of one device would be connected to the transmit pins of the other device. Therefore, a crossover cable is required to swap the wire pairs and ensure proper communication between the devices.

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When devices on the end of a cable use opposite pins to transmit data, it is called a straight-through cable. In a straight-through cable, the pins on one end of the cable are connected to the same pins on the other end, allowing for the transmission of data between devices. This type of cable is commonly used to connect devices of the same type, such as a computer to a switch or a router to a modem.

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, which is one of the application layer protocols used in computer networks. It is responsible for providing reliable and error-free delivery of data across the network. TCP ensures that data packets are transmitted in the correct order and are received without any errors or loss. It also includes mechanisms for flow control and congestion control to optimize network performance. Overall, TCP guarantees the successful transmission and delivery of data between network devices.

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language and it is one of the specifications that define how a web browser should interpret text inside files. It is the standard markup language used for creating and structuring the content on web pages. HTML uses tags to mark up elements such as headings, paragraphs, links, images, and other elements that make up a web page. These tags provide structure and formatting instructions to the browser, allowing it to display the content correctly.

The OSI (Open System Interconnection) is a set of protocols that standardizes data networking. It allows computers from all around the world to communicate with each other. By defining a common set of rules and procedures, the OSI ensures seamless communication between different computer systems and networks. This standardization enables the exchange of information and data across the entire planet, facilitating global connectivity and interoperability.

ISO stands for the International Organization for Standardization. It is a global organization that develops and publishes international standards. In the context of the given answer, ISO is credited with creating the standard networking model that is supported by all vendors. This suggests that ISO has established a widely accepted framework for networking that ensures compatibility and interoperability between different networking devices and systems.

HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which is a protocol used for communication between web servers and clients. It is the foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web. HTTP allows clients to request resources, such as HTML files, images, and videos, from web servers, and the servers respond with the requested data. It is a stateless protocol, meaning that each request from the client is independent and does not retain any information about previous requests. HTTP uses a client-server model, where the client initiates a request and the server responds with the requested data.

UDP is a connectionless transport layer protocol in the TCP/IP stack. Its purpose is to exchange datagrams without acknowledgments or guaranteed delivery. Unlike TCP, which ensures reliable delivery of data, UDP is a lightweight protocol that does not establish a connection before sending data. It is commonly used for applications that prioritize speed over reliability, such as real-time streaming or online gaming, where occasional data loss is acceptable.

The given answer lists the most common types of Ethernet, each with its respective speed and cable length. The Ethernet 10Mbps/10Base-T refers to the original Ethernet standard that uses twisted-pair copper cables and has a maximum cable length of 100 meters. Fast Ethernet, with a speed of 100 Mbps, also uses copper cables and has the same maximum cable length of 100 meters. Gigabit Ethernet, on the other hand, has a speed of 1000 Mbps and uses fiber optic cables. The Base-LX variant of Gigabit Ethernet has a maximum cable length of 550 meters for SX (short wavelength) and 5 kilometers for LX (long wavelength).

Packet switching services refer to a type of physical WAN connectivity that is comparable to a leased line. However, what sets it apart is its ability to connect a significant number of routers to the service. In contrast to a leased line, which typically connects only two endpoints, packet switching services enable the connection of multiple routers, allowing for more efficient and flexible data transmission. This technology divides data into smaller packets and sends them individually over the network, optimizing bandwidth utilization and improving overall network performance.