CCNA 4, Practice Final

To determine if the longer delays in authentication and accessing network resources are part of normal network behavior, network engineers should check the network performance baseline. This baseline provides a reference point for normal network performance, allowing engineers to compare current performance against expected behavior. By analyzing the baseline data, they can identify any deviations or anomalies that may be causing the delays. This information helps in troubleshooting and optimizing the network to ensure efficient and reliable operation.

Northbound APIs are used by an SDN controller to communicate with various applications. These APIs allow applications to request network services and provide instructions to the controller. The northbound APIs enable the controller to receive information about the network state, such as topology and traffic, and provide this information to the applications. This allows applications to make intelligent decisions and control the behavior of the network.

A site-to-site VPN would be the most cost-effective method of providing a proper and secure connection between the two corporate networks. This solution allows for the secure transmission of data between the two networks over the internet without the need for leased lines. It provides a secure and encrypted connection, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of the data being transmitted. Additionally, it eliminates the need for additional hardware or infrastructure, making it a cost-effective solution for connecting the two networks.

DiffServ (Differentiated Services) is a QoS (Quality of Service) strategy that provides differentiated treatment to different types of network traffic. However, it does not enforce end-to-end guarantees. DiffServ operates at the network layer and uses various mechanisms such as traffic classification, marking, and queuing to prioritize and manage network traffic. While it can improve the overall quality of service, it does not guarantee end-to-end performance or enforce specific guarantees for individual flows or connections.

ADSL, or Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, is a DSL technology that provides higher downstream bandwidth to the user than upstream bandwidth. This means that the user can receive data at a faster rate than they can send data. This type of connection is commonly used in residential and small business settings where users typically download more data than they upload, such as streaming videos or browsing the internet.

PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) is the correct answer. It allows the creation of a tunnel through the DSL connection between the customer router and the ISP router to send PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) frames. PPPoE is commonly used in DSL connections to establish a secure and reliable connection between the customer and the ISP. It encapsulates PPP frames within Ethernet frames, allowing the transmission of PPP packets over Ethernet networks.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is the most suitable connection type for the small law firm in this scenario. DSL provides relatively high-speed internet connectivity at a low cost, making it a cost-effective option for the firm. Additionally, DSL can be set up through a dedicated link to the service provider, fulfilling the firm's preference for a dedicated connection. Therefore, DSL meets all the requirements of the law firm in terms of speed, cost, and connection type.

The static route for 192.168.2.0 is incorrectly configured. This means that R1 does not have a proper route to reach the 192.168.2.0 network. As a result, any ping from R1 to an address in the 192.168.2.0 network will fail because R1 does not know how to reach that network. The successful ping to 10.1.1.2 indicates that there is connectivity between R1 and another network, but the issue lies specifically with the 192.168.2.0 network.

The failure of CHAP authentication could be caused by the secret password configured on each router being different. CHAP authentication requires that both routers have the same secret password configured in order to establish a secure connection. If the passwords do not match, the authentication process will fail and communication across the link will not be successful.

PAP uses a two-way handshake method and CHAP uses a three-way handshake method. In PAP, the client sends the username and password to the server in clear text, and the server responds with an acknowledgment. This two-way exchange is vulnerable to replay attacks. On the other hand, CHAP uses a three-way handshake where the client sends the username to the server, and the server responds with a challenge. The client then encrypts the challenge with the password and sends it back to the server for verification. This three-way exchange provides better protection against replay attacks.

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is the correct answer because it is a WAN technology that uses fixed-sized cells of 48 bytes for every frame. This fixed payload allows for efficient transfer of voice and video traffic over the network. Frame Relay, ISDN, and Ethernet WAN are not capable of utilizing a fixed payload size of 48 bytes for every frame.

SNMPv3 has an advantage over SNMPv1 or SNMPv2 in terms of security. SNMPv3 includes features such as authentication, encryption, and access control, which provide a higher level of security compared to the earlier versions. These security measures help in protecting sensitive data and preventing unauthorized access to the network devices.

RSPAN (Remote Switched Port Analyzer) is a feature that allows the monitoring of traffic on multiple switches across a network. It works by creating a dedicated VLAN called RSPAN VLAN, which is used to transport the mirrored traffic from the source switch to the destination switch where the network analyzer is connected. Therefore, the correct answer is RSPAN VLAN as it specifically refers to the VLAN type that RSPAN depends on.

Before packets can be marked, they must go through the process of classifying. This involves examining the packets and determining their characteristics or attributes, such as the source or destination IP address, port number, or protocol type. Classifying allows network devices to identify and categorize packets into different classes or groups based on specific criteria. Once packets are classified, they can then be marked with appropriate Quality of Service (QoS) labels or tags, which are used to prioritize and manage the packets as they traverse the network.

The network administrator should first enter an IP address in the address bar of the web browser to determine if DNS has failed. This is because DNS (Domain Name System) is responsible for translating domain names into IP addresses. By entering an IP address directly in the browser, the administrator can bypass DNS and check if the issue is related to DNS failure. This step helps narrow down the troubleshooting process and identify the root cause of the connectivity problem.

Encapsulation errors and framing errors are two examples of network problems that can occur at the data link layer. Encapsulation errors refer to issues with the process of encapsulating data into frames, such as errors in adding necessary headers or trailers. Framing errors, on the other hand, occur when there are errors in identifying the start and end of frames, leading to data corruption. These problems can disrupt the proper transmission and reception of data at the data link layer, affecting the overall network performance.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the correct answer because it is the routing protocol used to exchange routing information between autonomous systems on the Internet. BGP is responsible for routing data packets between different networks, allowing them to communicate and exchange information. It is widely used in large-scale networks and is designed to handle the complex routing requirements of the Internet.

Running BGP would not be appropriate for autonomous system 65003 because it is the only autonomous system in the given options that is not adjacent to any other autonomous system. BGP is typically used for routing between autonomous systems, so if an autonomous system is not connected to any other autonomous systems, there would be no need to run BGP in that system.

WiMax is the correct answer because it is a long distance telecommunication technology that provides both point-to-point connections and cellular access. WiMax stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access and it is a wireless communication standard that allows for high-speed internet access over long distances. It is commonly used in areas where wired connections are not feasible or cost-effective. WiMax provides reliable and secure connections for both fixed and mobile devices, making it a suitable choice for long distance telecommunication.

Inbound ACLs are processed before the packets are routed, meaning that they are evaluated as soon as the packets enter the network interface. This allows for filtering and controlling the incoming traffic based on specific criteria. On the other hand, outbound ACLs are processed after the routing is completed, meaning that they are evaluated when the packets are leaving the network interface. This allows for filtering and controlling the outgoing traffic based on specific criteria. This difference in processing order allows for different levels of control and filtering in inbound and outbound ACLs.

Each network protocol has a corresponding NCP. This means that for every network protocol, there is a specific Network Control Protocol (NCP) that is responsible for managing and controlling the communication between devices using that protocol. The NCP handles tasks such as establishing and terminating links, testing the link quality, and ensuring that the communication between devices using the protocol is reliable and efficient.

Initial marking should occur at Trust Boundary 1 to establish the trust boundary. This is because Trust Boundary 1 is the first point where the network administrator has configured the network to mark traffic on the VoIP phones as well as the Layer 2 and Layer 3 switches. By marking the traffic at Trust Boundary 1, the network administrator can ensure that the QoS policies and prioritization are applied consistently throughout the network.

The lt and gt keywords would be used in an IPv4 extended ACL that allows packets from a range of TCP ports destined for a specific network device. These keywords are used to specify a range of values for a particular field in the packet header, such as the source or destination port. "lt" stands for "less than" and "gt" stands for "greater than", allowing the administrator to filter packets based on their port numbers falling within a specified range.

A DHCP starvation attack is a type of network attack where an attacker floods a DHCP server with a large number of fake DHCP requests, exhausting the available IP addresses in the server's pool. As a result, legitimate clients are unable to lease IP addresses from the server, causing a denial of service for those clients. This attack can disrupt network connectivity for legitimate users and make it difficult for them to access network resources.

A recommended best practice when dealing with the native VLAN is to assign it to an unused VLAN. This helps to prevent any potential security vulnerabilities that may arise from using a default or well-known VLAN. By assigning the native VLAN to an unused VLAN, it ensures that it is isolated from other VLANs and reduces the risk of unauthorized access or attacks on the network.

SNMP version 3 is the correct answer because it is the most secure management protocol that can be used with Cisco devices to retrieve or write to variables in a MIB (Management Information Base). SNMP version 3 provides authentication, encryption, and access control, making it the preferred choice for secure communication between network devices and management systems. SNMP versions 1 and 2 do not offer the same level of security as version 3, while SNMP version 2c is a community-based protocol that also lacks the advanced security features of version 3.

The administrator should manually add the new deny ACE with a sequence number of 5. This is because the error message indicates that there is already an ACE with a sequence number of 5 in the ACL. By manually adding the new deny ACE with a higher sequence number, such as 5, it ensures that the new ACE will be processed before the existing ACE with the same sequence number, effectively blocking packets from host 172.16.0.1 while still permitting all other traffic from the 172.16.0.0 network.

Network administrators use IP SLAs (Service Level Agreements) to monitor a network and detect network failures early by simulating network data and IP services. This allows them to collect real-time network performance data, enabling them to identify any issues or anomalies promptly. By simulating network data, administrators can measure various aspects such as latency, packet loss, and jitter, helping them assess the overall network health and ensure that it meets the required service level agreements. This proactive monitoring approach helps administrators detect potential network failures before they impact users or services.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) and PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) are two common types of circuit-switched WAN technologies. ISDN is a digital telephony technology that allows voice and data to be transmitted over traditional telephone lines. PSTN refers to the global network of public telephone networks that use circuit-switching technology to transmit voice and data. Both ISDN and PSTN provide reliable and secure connections for communication over wide area networks.

Based on the given configuration, HDLC will be used for connection D. This is because HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) is a Layer 2 protocol commonly used for point-to-point serial connections. The configuration shows that the interface is a serial interface (serial0/0/0), which is typically used for serial connections. Additionally, there is no mention of any other Layer 2 encapsulation protocols like Ethernet or Frame Relay, and the configuration does not include any specific commands to enable PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) encapsulation. Therefore, HDLC is the most likely Layer 2 encapsulation for this connection.

The application enablement platform pillar provides the infrastructure for application mobility in IoT. This pillar focuses on enabling applications to interact with and access data from various IoT devices and sensors. It provides tools, APIs, and frameworks that allow developers to build and deploy applications that can easily move and adapt to different devices and environments. By leveraging the capabilities of the application enablement platform, IoT applications can be more flexible, scalable, and portable, allowing for seamless mobility across different devices and networks.

IPv6 ACLs have an implicit permit of neighbor discovery packets, which means that these packets are allowed by default without any explicit configuration. This feature is unique to IPv6 ACLs and is not present in IPv4 ACLs. Neighbor discovery packets are essential for IPv6 network operation as they facilitate address resolution and neighbor discovery processes.

The tunnel source and tunnel destination addresses on the tunnel interface refer to the IP addresses at each end of the WAN link between the routers. This means that these addresses are used to establish the GRE tunnel between the routers and encapsulate the data packets for transmission over the WAN link.

Voice and video communications require real-time transmission and any delay in delivering the data can result in poor call quality or video playback. Latency refers to the delay in transmitting data packets from one point to another. In a converged network that combines voice, video, and data communications, ensuring low latency is crucial to maintain the quality of voice and video streams. Therefore, prioritizing voice and video communications by implementing Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms becomes important to minimize latency and provide a seamless experience for users.

SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer) is a network monitoring tool that copies the traffic flowing through one switch port and sends it to another switch port for analysis. It allows network administrators to capture and analyze network traffic without interrupting the normal flow of data. By using SPAN, administrators can monitor network performance, troubleshoot issues, and detect any suspicious or malicious activities on the network.

The next troubleshooting step should be to ping from Server1 to its gateway IP address. This step will help determine if there is a connectivity issue between Server1 and the ISR's gateway. If the ping is successful, it would indicate that the wired network is functioning properly. If the ping fails, it would suggest a problem with the wired network, and further troubleshooting would be required.

The two core components of Cisco ACI architecture are the Application Network Profile and the Application Policy Infrastructure Controller. The Application Network Profile allows for the creation and management of application-specific network policies, while the Application Policy Infrastructure Controller serves as the centralized management and policy enforcement point for the ACI fabric. These technologies work together to provide a programmable and policy-driven network infrastructure.

The problem preventing the hosts from communicating across the VPN tunnel is that the tunnel IP addresses are incorrect. This means that the IP addresses configured for the tunnel are not matching or compatible with the IP addresses expected for the tunnel to function properly.

The three implicit access control entries that are automatically added to the end of an IPv6 ACL are "deny ipv6 any any", "permit icmp any any nd-ns", and "permit icmp any any nd-na". These entries deny any IPv6 traffic, allow ICMP Neighbor Discovery NS messages, and allow ICMP Neighbor Discovery NA messages respectively.

An ISP (Internet Service Provider) would more likely use the CO (Central Office) and the toll network components of a WAN. The CO is a central location where the ISP connects its customer's telephone lines to its network. The toll network refers to the long-distance network that allows the ISP to connect with other networks and provide internet services to customers outside of their local area. These two components are essential for an ISP to establish and maintain its network infrastructure and provide internet connectivity to its customers.

SNMP traps provide two benefits. Firstly, they reduce the load on network and agent resources by allowing devices to send notifications only when specific events occur, instead of constantly polling for updates. This helps to optimize network performance and reduce unnecessary traffic. Secondly, SNMP traps eliminate the need for some periodic polling requests by proactively notifying management systems about important events or conditions. This ensures that critical information is promptly delivered, improving network monitoring and troubleshooting efficiency.

Frame Relay fits under the categories of private infrastructure and packet-switched. Private infrastructure refers to a network that is owned and controlled by a single organization, providing dedicated and secure connections. Frame Relay can be implemented within a private network, allowing organizations to have control over their connections. Packet-switched refers to a network technology that breaks data into packets and sends them individually over a shared network. Frame Relay operates by packet-switching, where data is divided into frames and transmitted over a shared network, making it suitable for this category as well.

Voice traffic is characterized by being delay sensitive, meaning that any significant delay in transmitting the voice data can result in poor call quality or dropped calls. Additionally, voice traffic consumes few network resources, as the data packets for voice calls are relatively small compared to other types of data, such as video or file transfers.

Access Control Lists (ACLs) serve two main functions. Firstly, they provide a basic level of security for network access by allowing or denying traffic based on specified criteria such as source/destination IP address, protocol, port number, etc. Secondly, ACLs can control which areas or resources a host can access on a network, allowing administrators to define and enforce access policies. The other options mentioned in the question are incorrect because ACLs do not assist routers in path determination or control traffic based on MAC addresses.

The three abstraction layers of a computer system are hardware, firmware, and services. Hardware refers to the physical components of the computer system, such as the processor, memory, and storage devices. Firmware is the software that is embedded into the hardware and provides low-level control and functionality. Services refer to the software programs and applications that run on top of the hardware and firmware, providing specific functions and capabilities to the user.

To establish a link with secure authentication between a Cisco and a non-Cisco router, PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) should be used as the link layer protocol. PPP provides authentication options such as PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) and CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol). PAP sends the password in clear text, while CHAP uses a three-way handshake process to securely authenticate the connection. Therefore, the combination of PPP and CHAP ensures secure authentication between the routers.

Two possible causes for the line protocol being in the down state are: the encapsulation on the Serial0/0/0 interface is incorrect, and keepalives are not being sent by the remote device.

The partial debug command output containing LCP messages suggests that the WAN protocol being used on the link is PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol). PPP is commonly used for establishing a direct connection between two devices over a serial interface, making it a suitable choice for troubleshooting a router in a remote location. Frame Relay, HDLC, and VPN are not indicated by the LCP messages and are therefore not the correct answer.

Packet switching offers two advantages over circuit switching. Firstly, the communication costs are lower in packet switching as it allows for the efficient use of network resources. Instead of dedicating a circuit for the entire duration of a communication, packets can be sent separately and routed through different paths, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. Secondly, multiple pairs of nodes can communicate over the same network channel simultaneously in packet switching. This is possible because packets are individually addressed and can be interleaved and transmitted in a shared manner, allowing for increased network capacity and flexibility.

To configure Multilink PPP on the HQ router, the first step is to assign the serial interfaces to the multilink bundle. This is done to combine multiple physical links into a single logical link. The second step is to enable PPP encapsulation on the serial interfaces, which is necessary for PPP to encapsulate and transmit data over the links. The third step is to create and configure the multilink interface, which will act as the logical interface for the combined links. This includes specifying the IP address, subnet mask, and other configuration parameters for the multilink interface.