CCNA 4, Final Exam - C

A DS1 line has a data rate of 1.544 Mb/s. Each DS0 channel has a data rate of 64 kb/s. To calculate the number of DS0 channels required to produce a DS1 line, we divide the data rate of the DS1 line by the data rate of a DS0 channel: 1.544 Mb/s / 64 kb/s = 24. Therefore, 24 DS0 channels are required to produce a 1.544 Mb/s DS1 line.

Configuring SSH (Secure Shell) is a secure configuration option for remote access to a network device. SSH provides encrypted communication between the client and the server, ensuring confidentiality and integrity of data transmitted over the network. It also provides authentication mechanisms, such as public-key cryptography, to ensure that only authorized users can access the network device remotely. In contrast, Telnet is an insecure remote access protocol that transmits data in clear text, making it susceptible to eavesdropping and unauthorized access. Configuring 802.1x is a network access control mechanism, not specifically related to remote access configuration. Configuring an ACL (Access Control List) and applying it to the VTY (Virtual Terminal) lines can provide additional security measures by filtering incoming connections, but SSH is still the recommended secure configuration option for remote access.

Fog computing is the pillar of the Cisco IoT System that allows data to be analyzed and managed at the location where it is generated. Fog computing enables data processing and analytics to be performed closer to the edge devices, reducing latency and bandwidth usage. This allows for real-time decision making and faster response times. By bringing computation and storage capabilities closer to the data source, fog computing enables efficient and effective data management in IoT systems.

RADIUS and TACACS are the two protocols supported on Cisco devices for AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting) communications. RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) is a widely used protocol that provides centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting for remote access users. TACACS (Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System) is an older but still commonly used protocol that separates the authentication, authorization, and accounting functions into separate servers. Both protocols are used to authenticate and authorize users accessing network resources and provide accounting information for auditing and billing purposes.

An administrator would use a protocol analyzer to capture packets that are going to and from a particular device. A protocol analyzer is a tool that allows the administrator to monitor and analyze network traffic, capturing packets and providing detailed information about the protocols and data being transmitted. This tool helps in troubleshooting network issues, identifying potential security threats, and optimizing network performance.

CoS, or Class of Service, is the type of QoS marking that is applied to Ethernet frames. CoS is used to prioritize network traffic and ensure that certain packets receive preferential treatment over others. It is commonly used in Ethernet networks to differentiate between different types of traffic and allocate appropriate resources accordingly. CoS marking allows for the implementation of quality of service policies, such as prioritizing voice or video traffic over data traffic, to ensure optimal network performance.

An enterprise would decide to implement a corporate WAN when its employees become distributed across many branch locations. This is because a WAN (Wide Area Network) allows for the connection of multiple local area networks (LANs) over a large geographical area. By implementing a corporate WAN, the enterprise can ensure that all branch locations are connected and can communicate with each other effectively. This enables seamless collaboration and data sharing between employees in different locations, improving overall productivity and efficiency.

A remote access VPN over the Internet would be the most suitable solution for the corporation's needs. This option allows teleworkers to securely connect to the headquarters using the Internet. It is easy to set up and cost-effective, making it a convenient choice for the corporation. Dial-up connection would not provide the required level of security, while a leased line connection would be expensive. Site-to-site VPN over the Internet is designed for connecting multiple offices, not individual teleworkers.

The "ppp quality 70" command is used to set a threshold for the link quality in a PPP link. If the link quality drops below 70 percent, the PPP link will be closed down. This means that if the link becomes unreliable or the quality of the connection deteriorates, the PPP link will be terminated to prevent further communication over a degraded link.

LTE, which stands for Long-Term Evolution, is considered a fourth-generation cellular or mobile wireless standard. It is designed to provide faster data transfer speeds, lower latency, and increased capacity compared to previous generations. LTE technology is widely used in modern smartphones and networks worldwide, offering improved performance and enhanced user experience for mobile communication and internet access.

The correct answer is traffic shaping. Traffic shaping is a congestion avoidance technique used to control the rate at which traffic is sent out of an interface. It regulates the flow of traffic by buffering packets and controlling the transmission rate. This helps to prevent congestion by smoothing out the traffic flow and ensuring that it adheres to a specified rate.

A Trap is an SNMP message type that informs the network management system (NMS) immediately of certain specified events. When an event occurs, such as a device failure or a threshold being exceeded, the device sends a Trap message to the NMS to notify it of the event. This allows the NMS to quickly respond and take appropriate actions to address the event. Traps are an important feature of SNMP for proactive network monitoring and management.

Based on the given output, the most likely cause for the communication failure is a PPP issue. The output shows that the LCP negotiation failed, which is a key component of the PPP protocol used for establishing and configuring a point-to-point connection. This suggests that there is an issue with the PPP configuration or authentication, leading to the communication failure between the two peers.

The administrator can manually add the new deny statement with a sequence number of 5 to the existing ACL. By adding a new statement with a lower sequence number, it will be processed before the existing permit statement for the 172.16.0.0 network. This will effectively block packets from host 172.16.0.1 while still permitting all other traffic from the 172.16.0.0 network.

MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) is a WAN technology that can switch any type of payload based on labels. It uses labels to direct traffic along predetermined paths, allowing for efficient and fast routing of data packets across a network. MPLS is commonly used by service providers to deliver high-performance, reliable, and secure connections for businesses. It provides flexibility in handling different types of traffic, making it an ideal choice for organizations with diverse network requirements.

The SNMP authentication password that must be used by the member of the ADMIN group configured on router R1 is "cisco123456". This can be determined by examining the given options and selecting the one that matches the password requirement for the ADMIN group on the router.

LLQ stands for Low Latency Queueing, which is a QoS mechanism that allows delay-sensitive data, such as voice, to be sent first before packets in other queues are sent. It prioritizes certain types of traffic over others, ensuring that time-sensitive data is transmitted with minimal delay. This mechanism is commonly used in networks where real-time applications, like VoIP or video conferencing, require immediate and uninterrupted transmission.

Jitter is the term that describes the cause of the broken conversations in this scenario. Jitter refers to the variation in delay between the arrival of voice packets due to network congestion. This variation in delay disrupts the continuous stream of packets, resulting in broken conversations.

The command "show ip sla statistics" would display the results of the analysis using simulated network traffic. This command is specifically used to view the statistics and results of IP Service Level Agreement (SLA) operations, which are used to measure network performance and reliability. By using this command, the router will provide information on the performance metrics collected during the analysis, such as round-trip time, packet loss, and jitter.

A QoS trust boundary is a mechanism that determines which devices within a network trust the marking on packets that enter the network. This means that only devices within the trust boundary will consider the markings on the packets for QoS purposes, while devices outside the trust boundary may ignore or override the markings. This helps ensure that QoS policies are applied consistently within the network and that traffic is appropriately prioritized based on its markings.

SPAN stands for Switched Port Analyzer. It is a network monitoring tool that copies the traffic flowing through one switch port and sends it to another switch port for analysis. This allows network administrators to monitor and analyze network traffic without interrupting the normal flow of data. SPAN is commonly used for troubleshooting network issues, monitoring network performance, and capturing network packets for analysis.

HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) is a Layer 2 encapsulation protocol used for connection D that requires Cisco routers. HDLC is a synchronous protocol that provides a reliable and efficient way to encapsulate data over point-to-point links. It is commonly used in Cisco environments for serial connections and provides features such as error detection and flow control. Ethernet, PPPoE, and PPP are also Layer 2 encapsulation protocols, but in this case, HDLC is specifically mentioned as the required encapsulation for connection D.

PPP can use both synchronous and asynchronous circuits, allowing it to support a wide range of network connections. It is not limited to being used only between Cisco devices, as it is a standardized protocol that can be implemented by various vendors. PPP carries packets from multiple network layer protocols by encapsulating them within LCPs. LCPs are also used by PPP to establish, configure, and test the data-link connection. Additionally, LCPs are used to negotiate and agree upon various format options such as authentication, compression, and error detection.

The correct answer is "named extended." In IPv6, the only type of Access Control List (ACL) available is the named extended ACL. This type of ACL allows for more granular control over network traffic by specifying source and destination IP addresses, ports, and protocols. It provides a higher level of flexibility and security compared to other types of ACLs.

VSAT stands for Very Small Aperture Terminal, which is a technology that can be used to create a private WAN (Wide Area Network) via satellite communications. VSAT systems use small satellite dishes to transmit and receive data, allowing for private and secure communication over long distances. This technology is commonly used in remote areas where traditional wired networks are not available or practical. VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a different technology that provides secure communication over public networks, but it does not specifically rely on satellite communications.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that does not provide any congestion control mechanism. Unlike TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), which employs congestion avoidance tools like windowing and slow-start algorithm, UDP does not have any built-in congestion control mechanisms. Therefore, network traffic using UDP cannot be managed effectively using congestion avoidance tools.

The primary difference between a company LAN and the WAN services it uses is that the company must subscribe to an external WAN service provider. This means that the company does not have direct control over its WAN links, as it relies on a third-party provider for the WAN services. In contrast, the company has direct control over its LAN, which allows it to manage and configure the local network infrastructure according to its specific needs.

A seasoned network administrator, with their experience and knowledge, can rely on their intuition and expertise to make educated guesses about the cause of a problem. They may have encountered similar issues in the past and can draw from that experience to troubleshoot effectively. This approach allows for more flexibility and creativity in problem-solving, as they can quickly narrow down potential causes without following a strict structure. In contrast, a less-experienced network administrator may benefit from a more structured approach that systematically analyzes different components and layers to identify the problem.

In the stage of gathering symptoms during the troubleshooting process, ownership would be researched and documented. This is because, in order to effectively troubleshoot a problem, it is important to identify who is responsible for the issue and document their involvement. By researching and documenting ownership, it becomes easier to track the problem, assign responsibilities, and communicate with the appropriate individuals throughout the troubleshooting process.

The correct answer is VMware ESX/ESXi and Microsoft Hyper-V 2012. These two hypervisors are suitable for supporting virtual machines in a data center. VMware ESX/ESXi is a popular choice for virtualization in enterprise environments, offering robust features and scalability. Microsoft Hyper-V 2012 is also widely used and provides a comprehensive virtualization platform for Windows-based systems. Both hypervisors offer the necessary capabilities and management tools to effectively run and manage virtual machines in a data center setting.

Cable would be the appropriate broadband solution for the company because it is typically less expensive compared to satellite and WiMax. Additionally, cable internet can provide high download speeds, including at least 10 Mb/s, which meets the company's requirement. DSL could also be a suitable option, but it may not offer the same level of speed and reliability as cable.

WAN technologies provide services at the physical layer and data link layer of the OSI model. The physical layer is responsible for the transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium, while the data link layer is responsible for the reliable transfer of data between two nodes connected by a physical layer. WAN technologies, such as DSL, Ethernet, and Frame Relay, operate at these two layers to establish and maintain connections over wide area networks.

A playout delay buffer compensates for jitter in an audio stream by buffering packets and then replaying them outbound in a steady stream. Jitter refers to the variation in the arrival time of packets, which can disrupt the smooth playback of audio. By buffering the packets and delaying their playback, the playout delay buffer ensures a consistent and continuous stream of audio, compensating for the variations in packet arrival time and minimizing the impact of jitter on the audio quality.

The correct answer is "permit tcp any host 2001:DB8:10:10::100 eq 25". This entry allows TCP traffic from any host to the specified IPv6 address with a destination port of 25, which is the port commonly used for SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) traffic.

Disabling automatic trunking negotiation can help mitigate the threat of VLAN attacks because it prevents unauthorized switches from automatically establishing trunk links with the network. Trunk links are used to carry traffic for multiple VLANs, and if an attacker gains access to a trunk link, they can potentially access and manipulate traffic from multiple VLANs. By disabling automatic trunking negotiation, the network administrator can ensure that trunk links are only established with authorized switches, reducing the risk of VLAN attacks.

The best way for the network administrator to determine how the change has affected performance and availability on the company intranet is to conduct a performance test and compare it with the baseline that was established previously. By conducting a performance test, the administrator can measure metrics such as response time, throughput, and error rates to assess the impact of the change. Comparing these results with the baseline will provide a clear indication of any changes in performance and availability.

The given correct answer states that R1 will send system messages of levels 0 (emergencies) to level 4 (warnings) to a server. This means that R1 will forward system messages of severity levels 0 to 4 to the specified server. Additionally, it mentions that the syslog server has the IPv4 address 192.168.10.10, indicating the destination IP address for the syslog messages.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) uses TCP connections to exchange routing updates with neighbors. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) ensures reliable and ordered delivery of data packets between devices. BGP uses TCP to establish a connection between routers and exchange routing information, including updates about network reachability and path selection. This allows routers to maintain an up-to-date and accurate view of the network topology, facilitating efficient and effective routing decisions.

The correct order of the statements for how packets are processed on a router configured with ACLs is C-B-D-A. First, the router checks if the packet matches any deny statements in the ACL (C). If there is a match, the packet is dropped. If there is no match, the router then checks if the packet matches any permit statements in the ACL (B). If there is a match, the packet is allowed to proceed. If there is no match, the router moves to the next step which is the default deny statement (D). If the packet does not match any permit statements and there is no default deny statement, the packet is dropped. Finally, if the packet passes all the previous steps, it is forwarded to the destination (A).

DSL, or Digital Subscriber Line, is the correct answer because it utilizes copper telephone lines to provide internet access. DSL technology allows for the transmission of digital data over traditional telephone lines, enabling high-speed internet connections. In this scenario, the subscribers' connections are multiplexed into a single T3 link connection, which is a high-speed digital transmission line capable of transmitting data at a rate of 44.736 Mbps. Therefore, DSL is the most suitable public WAN access technology for this situation.

ISPs can use CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) to periodically challenge broadband customers over DSL networks with PPPoE. CHAP is a protocol used for authentication in PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) connections. It provides a more secure method of authentication by periodically sending a challenge to the client, which the client must respond to with the correct password. This helps to ensure that only authorized users are able to access the network. PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) is another authentication protocol used in PPP connections, but it does not provide the same level of security as CHAP. HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) and Frame Relay are not authentication protocols and are not used for challenging broadband customers.

Frame Relay and ATM are both private WAN technologies. Frame Relay is a packet-switching technology that allows multiple virtual circuits to be established over a single physical connection. It is often used for connecting remote offices or branch locations to a central network. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is a cell-switching technology that uses fixed-size cells to transmit data. It is commonly used in high-speed networks and can support various types of traffic, including voice, video, and data. Both Frame Relay and ATM provide secure and reliable connectivity for private wide area networks.

The network administrator would use RSPAN (Remote Switched Port Analyzer) to make the suspicious traffic available for analysis at the college data center. RSPAN allows the administrator to monitor traffic from one or more ports on a remote switch and send it to a designated port on another switch for analysis. This way, the suspicious traffic can be captured and analyzed at the data center without disrupting the normal operation of the classroom computer.

The output shows that there are no matches for line 10, which means that the router has not received any Telnet packets from 10.35.80.22 that are destined for 10.23.77.101.

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DHCP spoofing attacks can be mitigated by implementing DHCP snooping on trusted ports. DHCP snooping is a security feature that helps prevent unauthorized DHCP servers from providing false IP addresses to clients. By enabling DHCP snooping on trusted ports, the switch can monitor and verify the legitimacy of DHCP messages. It maintains a binding table of trusted DHCP servers and their associated IP addresses, ensuring that only valid DHCP responses are forwarded to clients. This helps to prevent attackers from spoofing DHCP servers and distributing malicious IP addresses.

The three factors that might lead to the selection of CHAP over PAP as the authentication protocol are:
1) CHAP uses a three-way authentication periodically during the session to reconfirm identities, providing an extra layer of security compared to PAP which only authenticates once at the beginning of the session.
2) CHAP transmits login information in encrypted format, ensuring that the information is protected from unauthorized access.
3) CHAP uses an unpredictable variable challenge value to prevent playback attacks, making it more secure against potential attacks compared to PAP.

The three core components of the Cisco ACI architecture are the Application Network Profile, the Application Policy Infrastructure Controller, and the Cisco Nexus Switches. The Application Network Profile is responsible for defining the requirements of an application, including its connectivity and security policies. The Application Policy Infrastructure Controller is the central management point for the ACI fabric, providing policy-based automation and orchestration. The Cisco Nexus Switches form the physical infrastructure of the ACI fabric, providing high-performance network connectivity and programmability. These three components work together to enable the deployment and management of applications in the ACI architecture.

The correct answer is R1(config-if)# tunnel source 209.165.202.129 and R1(config-if)# tunnel destination 206.165.202.130. These two commands are needed to configure the source and destination IP addresses for the GRE tunnel on router R1. The "tunnel source" command specifies the source IP address for the tunnel, and the "tunnel destination" command specifies the destination IP address for the tunnel. In this case, the source IP address is 209.165.202.129 and the destination IP address is 206.165.202.130.