BRS Micro - Chapter 12 Immunology

PAMP are not restricted but are found on many microorganisms but absent in humans. Binding by PRR initiates aspects of innate immunity.

Toll-like receptors in the host bind to PAMPS on various microorganisms and
trigger the activation of components of innate immunity and early elimination
of the infecting microorganism.

Isotypic variations among the immunoglobulins occurs in all humans
and is exemplified by the kappa and lambda chains.

Pattern recognition receptors for PAMP occur on host phagocytic cells.

Stem cells that evolve into cells of the adaptive immune system originate
in the fetal liver and bone marrow.

The expression of only one parental allele by a B-cell is termed allelic exclusion.
Self-MHC restriction refers to the restriction of antigen presentation only to
HLAs of the same type.

A short sequence of amino acids is shared on the heavy chain of each,
thus permitting their classification together as immunoglobulins.

IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-b help to reduce excessive inflammation, not cause it.

CD3 is retained on all peripheral T-cells and serves as a marker for total T-cell
enumeration.

Depressed levels of MHC class 1 molecules are recognized by killer activated receptors on NK cells.

Th1 cells secrete those cytokines functional in cell-mediated immunity, whereas
IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 are cytokines active in humoral immunity.

KIR docks on to cells with normal levels of MHC class 1 molecules (in contrast
to KAR, which detects cells with low levels of MHC class1 molecules),
thus preventing killing of normal, uninfected cells.

The T-cell antigenic receptor requires the antigenic determinant group to be
processed and presented together with an HLA molecule and does not respond
directly to circulating antigen.

Multiple activities can be stimulated by a single cytokine, and a single activity can be elicited by multiple cytokines.

Tuberculosis eradication is an example of cell-mediated immunity

Group-specific streptococcal antigens are carbohydrates.

Contact dermatitis is a lesion of cell-mediated immunity, not union with antibody.

Different states of tolerance can be achieved by each of those listed.

CD34 is a marker for stem cells and permits their isolation.

The antibody idiotype defines the epitope binding structure comprised of
both the heavy and light chain hyper-variable regions.

The Western blot is a confirmatory test for AIDS. Low CD4 levels are an initial alert.

Each of the statements depicts genetic control of heavy chain synthesis.

The Coombs direct test detects non-agglutinating anti-Rh antibody on infants’
red blood cells. The Coombs indirect test detects the anti-Rh antibody on maternal
red blood cells

Lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria are thymus-independent antigens

Although antibodies are grouped into five classes based on differences in
their heavy chains, they are grouped together as immunoglobulins because
each has a common amino acid sequence on its light chain.

The preponderance of self-antigens in patients with lupus glomerulo nephritis
results in most of the complexes having antigen in excess.