Chapter 2 Physiological Psychology Mid-term Study Quiz

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  • 1/57 Questions

    _______ neurons gather information from the environment so that _________ neurons can relay the information through the body to the brain, so that a message can come down and tell the ______ neurons to contract muscles.

    • Motor; sensory; inter
    • Motor; inter; sensory
    • Sensory; inter; motor
    • Inter; sensory; motor
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About This Quiz

Explore key concepts in cell biology and physiology with the Chapter 2 Physiological Psychology Mid-Term Study Quiz. This quiz assesses knowledge on neuron functions, RNA roles, cellular structures, and membrane properties, crucial for students in biology-related fields.

Chapter 2 Physiological Psychology Mid-term Study Quiz - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    ___________ explains why, after several days, sugar left at the bottom of a glass of water distributes itself even throughout the glass.

    • Van der waals force

    • Diffusion

    • Electrostatic pressure

    • Conservation of mass

    Correct Answer
    A. Diffusion
    Explanation
    Diffusion is the process by which particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the case of sugar left at the bottom of a glass of water, the sugar particles will naturally move and spread out throughout the water due to diffusion. This is because the concentration of sugar is higher at the bottom initially, and over time, the sugar particles will randomly move and mix with the water particles, resulting in an even distribution of sugar throughout the glass.

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  • 3. 

    The mitochondria produces ATP, which is used as __________.

    • Messengers between cell membrane and nucleus

    • Vesicles to house protein that comes from granular endoplasmic reticulum

    • Phagocytes to eat dead cell structures and waste

    • Energy for functioning in the cell

    Correct Answer
    A. Energy for functioning in the cell
    Explanation
    The mitochondria is responsible for producing ATP, which stands for adenosine triphosphate. ATP is considered the energy currency of the cell and is used as a source of energy for various cellular processes and functions. Therefore, the correct answer is "energy for functioning in the cell."

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  • 4. 

    The mitochondria serves as the ___________ of the cell world.

    • Highway

    • Protein factory

    • Power plant

    • Packaging center

    Correct Answer
    A. Power plant
    Explanation
    The mitochondria is often referred to as the "power plant" of the cell because it is responsible for producing the majority of the cell's energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through a process called cellular respiration. This energy is essential for the cell to carry out its various functions and processes. Therefore, the term "power plant" accurately describes the role of mitochondria in providing energy to the cell.

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  • 5. 

    __________ hold the neurotransmitters in little bubbles, ready to burst at the terminal buttons when an action potential signals it.

    • Astrocytes

    • Neuroglia

    • Terminal buttons

    • Synaptic vesicles

    Correct Answer
    A. Synaptic vesicles
    Explanation
    Synaptic vesicles are responsible for holding neurotransmitters in little bubbles, ready to be released at the terminal buttons when an action potential signals it. These vesicles store and transport the neurotransmitters, allowing them to be released into the synapse and transmit signals from one neuron to another.

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  • 6. 

    The cell membrane is ___________, meaning it serves as a barrier to passage of some molecules, and it is composed of a double layer of ________.

    • Hydrophilic; lipid molecules

    • Hydrophilic; nucleic acids

    • Selectively permeable; nucleic acids

    • Selectively permeable; lipid molecules

    Correct Answer
    A. Selectively permeable; lipid molecules
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "selectively permeable; lipid molecules". The cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means it allows certain molecules to pass through while preventing others from crossing. It is composed of a double layer of lipid molecules, specifically phospholipids, which have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. This lipid bilayer structure gives the cell membrane its selective permeability and allows it to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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  • 7. 

    The ribosomes, located on the granular endoplasmic reticulum, serve as the ________ of the cell world.

    • Highways

    • Protein factories

    • Power plants

    • Lipid factories

    Correct Answer
    A. Protein factories
    Explanation
    Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in cells. They are located on the granular endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in the production, folding, and transport of proteins. Therefore, the term "protein factories" accurately describes the role of ribosomes in the cell.

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  • 8. 

    Hormones travel through the body through __________________.

    • Intracellular fluid

    • Intercellular fluid

    • Bloodstream

    • Filaments forming a cytoskeleton

    Correct Answer
    A. Bloodstream
    Explanation
    Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by glands and released into the bloodstream. They travel through the bloodstream to reach their target organs or cells, where they exert their effects. Therefore, the correct answer is "bloodstream" as it is the main pathway through which hormones are transported throughout the body.

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  • 9. 

    _________ are responsible for secreting neurotransmitters.

    • Terminal buttons

    • Axons

    • Dendrites

    • Somas

    Correct Answer
    A. Terminal buttons
    Explanation
    Terminal buttons are responsible for secreting neurotransmitters. Terminal buttons, also known as synaptic knobs, are located at the ends of axons and are responsible for transmitting signals to other neurons. When an action potential reaches the terminal buttons, they release neurotransmitters into the synapse, which then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron and transmit the signal. This process allows for communication between neurons and is essential for the functioning of the nervous system.

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  • 10. 

    Astrocytes, oligodendrocyte, and Schwann cells are all examples of ___________

    • Unipolar neurons

    • Neuroglia

    • Multipolar neurons

    • Cell organelles

    Correct Answer
    A. Neuroglia
    Explanation
    Neuroglia refers to a type of cells found in the nervous system that provide support and protection to neurons. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells are all examples of neuroglia. Astrocytes regulate the chemical environment around neurons, oligodendrocytes produce myelin to insulate axons in the central nervous system, and Schwann cells perform the same function in the peripheral nervous system. Therefore, neuroglia is the correct answer as it encompasses all these types of cells that play crucial roles in supporting and protecting neurons.

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  • 11. 

    _________ is positive, like the outside of the cell, so it wants to move inside the cell but the cell membrane is only somewhat permeable to it and a special pump keeps pushing it back out of the cell.

    • Anions

    • Potassium

    • Chlorine

    • Sodium

    Correct Answer
    A. Sodium
    Explanation
    Sodium is positively charged, just like the outside of the cell. Due to this positive charge, sodium wants to move inside the cell. However, the cell membrane is only partially permeable to sodium, meaning it allows only some sodium ions to pass through. Additionally, there is a special pump in the cell membrane that actively pushes sodium ions back out of the cell, maintaining a balance and preventing an excessive buildup of sodium inside the cell.

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  • 12. 

    If one were to apply an electrode to a cell but not provide enough electricity to reach the threshold of excitation, what would occur?

    • Potassium ion channel would open but not sodium ion channel

    • Sodium ion channel would open but not potassium ion channel

    • Both ion channels would open, first the sodium and then the potassium

    • Nothing would occur

    Correct Answer
    A. Nothing would occur
    Explanation
    If the applied electricity is not enough to reach the threshold of excitation, the cell would not undergo any changes. This means that neither the potassium ion channel nor the sodium ion channel would open. Without the opening of these ion channels, there would be no movement of ions across the cell membrane, and therefore, no action potential or any other cellular response would occur.

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  • 13. 

    The purpose of Astrocytes is to ___________.

    • Provide nutrition and physical support to surrounding cells

    • Myelinate segments of several neurons

    • Serve as phagocytes eating dead and dying neurons

    • Myelinate a single segment of a neuron

    Correct Answer
    A. Provide nutrition and physical support to surrounding cells
    Explanation
    Astrocytes are a type of glial cell in the central nervous system that play a crucial role in providing nutrition and physical support to surrounding cells. They help maintain the homeostasis of the extracellular environment by regulating the levels of ions, neurotransmitters, and metabolites. They also form a structural framework for neurons, providing them with physical support. Additionally, astrocytes are involved in the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, which further supports their role in providing nutrition and support to surrounding cells.

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  • 14. 

    ________ are subcellular structures that perform various functions in a cell. 

    • Proteins

    • Cell organelles

    • Glial cells

    • Cholesterol

    Correct Answer
    A. Cell organelles
    Explanation
    Cell organelles are subcellular structures that perform various functions in a cell. They are specialized compartments within a cell that carry out specific tasks such as energy production, protein synthesis, and waste disposal. Examples of cell organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. These organelles work together to maintain the overall function and integrity of the cell.

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  • 15. 

    The granular (rough) endoplasmic reticulum produces and packages __________.

    • Carbohdyrates

    • Lipids

    • Proteins

    • Nucleic acids

    Correct Answer
    A. Proteins
    Explanation
    The granular endoplasmic reticulum, also known as rough endoplasmic reticulum, is responsible for producing and packaging proteins. This organelle contains ribosomes on its surface, which are responsible for protein synthesis. As proteins are synthesized, they are transported into the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they undergo further processing and packaging before being transported to their final destination within the cell or outside of it. Therefore, the correct answer is proteins.

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  • 16. 

    The purpose of Oligondenrocytes is to __________.

    • Provide nutrition and physical support to surrounding cells

    • Myelinate segments of several neurons

    • Serve as phagocytes eating dead and dying neurons

    • Myelinate a single segment of a neuron

    Correct Answer
    A. Myelinate segments of several neurons
    Explanation
    Oligodendrocytes are a type of glial cell in the central nervous system that play a crucial role in the process of myelination. Myelination involves the formation of a protective sheath called myelin around the axons of neurons, which helps to increase the speed and efficiency of electrical signal transmission. Oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelinating multiple segments of several neurons, making them essential for proper neural communication and function.

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  • 17. 

    Rapid depolarization of the cell membrane during an action potential is a result of _________.

    • Potassium ion channel gates openning

    • Potassium ion channel gates closing

    • Sodium ion channel gates openning

    • Sodium ion channel gates closing

    Correct Answer
    A. Sodium ion channel gates openning
    Explanation
    During an action potential, the rapid depolarization of the cell membrane is a result of sodium ion channel gates opening. This allows an influx of sodium ions into the cell, leading to a change in the membrane potential and the initiation of the action potential.

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  • 18. 

    The golgi apparatus is the ___________ of the cell world.

    • Highway

    • Protein factory

    • Power plant

    • Packaging center

    Correct Answer
    A. Packaging center
    Explanation
    The golgi apparatus is often referred to as the "packaging center" of the cell world because it is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport to their final destinations within the cell or for secretion outside of the cell. It receives these molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies them by adding sugars or other molecules, and then packages them into vesicles for transport. This process ensures that proteins and lipids are properly sorted and delivered to their intended locations, allowing for proper cell function.

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  • 19. 

    ____________ are receptors that, upon receiving the proper neurotransmitter, activate and open an ion channel.

    • Ionotropic receptor

    • Metabotropic receptor

    • Neurotropic receptor

    • Autoreceptor

    Correct Answer
    A. Ionotropic receptor
    Explanation
    Ionotropic receptors are receptors that, upon receiving the appropriate neurotransmitter, directly activate and open an ion channel. This allows for the rapid flow of ions across the cell membrane, leading to a quick and direct response in the postsynaptic neuron. In contrast, metabotropic receptors do not directly open ion channels but instead activate a series of intracellular signaling pathways. Neurotropic receptors and autoreceptors are not relevant to this concept and do not fit the given description.

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  • 20. 

    Lysosomes are the ___________ of the cell world.

    • Respiratory system

    • Digestive system

    • Endocrine system

    • Skeletal system

    • Nervous system

    Correct Answer
    A. Digestive system
    Explanation
    Lysosomes are known as the "digestive system" of the cell world because they contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. These enzymes help in the process of digestion within the cell, breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones that can be utilized by the cell for energy or eliminated as waste. Just like the digestive system in our body, lysosomes play a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and functioning of the cell.

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  • 21. 

    __________ is positive, unlike the inside of the cell, so electrostatic pressure keeps it concentrated inside the cell.

    • Anions

    • Potassium

    • Chlorine

    • Sodium

    Correct Answer
    A. Potassium
    Explanation
    Potassium is positive, unlike the inside of the cell, so electrostatic pressure keeps it concentrated inside the cell. This means that potassium ions, which have a positive charge, are more likely to be attracted and retained inside the cell due to the electrostatic forces. This concentration gradient of potassium ions across the cell membrane is important for various cellular processes, such as maintaining the cell's resting membrane potential and regulating cell volume.

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  • 22. 

    When the membrane potential is resting at -70mV, the cell is considered ___________.

    • Polarized

    • Hyperpolarized

    • Depolarized

    • Repolarizing

    Correct Answer
    A. Polarized
    Explanation
    When the membrane potential is resting at -70mV, the cell is considered polarized. This means that there is a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell, with the inside being more negatively charged. This polarization is maintained by the selective permeability of the cell membrane to different ions and the action of ion pumps.

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  • 23. 

    The axon hillock is the place where the ________ and ________ join.

    • Terminal gap; axon

    • Soma; axon

    • Axon; dendrite

    • Axon; postsynaptic cell

    Correct Answer
    A. Soma; axon
    Explanation
    The axon hillock is the place where the soma (cell body) and the axon join. The axon hillock is a specialized region of the neuron where the action potential is initiated. It is located at the base of the soma and acts as a junction between the cell body and the axon. This region contains a high concentration of voltage-gated ion channels, which play a crucial role in generating and propagating the electrical signal along the axon.

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  • 24. 

    Why is it important for there to be nodes of Ranvier?

    • The action potential would go both directions in the axon and cause a never-ending loop of action potentials

    • The axon requires nutrition that would be impossible to attain if there were no gaps in the myelinated sheath

    • Action potential would lose strength along the axon and not be able to signal the terminal buttons to activate

    • There is no specific reason for nodes of Ranvier; the support cells just can't fit close enough to form no gaps

    Correct Answer
    A. Action potential would lose strength along the axon and not be able to signal the terminal buttons to activate
    Explanation
    Nodes of Ranvier are essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. These gaps in the myelinated sheath allow for the regeneration of the action potential, preventing it from losing strength as it travels along the axon. Without nodes of Ranvier, the action potential would gradually weaken, making it difficult for the signal to reach the terminal buttons and activate the necessary response. Therefore, the presence of nodes of Ranvier is crucial for maintaining the strength and efficiency of the action potential along the axon.

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  • 25. 

    Nuclear envelope is to __________ as nucleus is to cell.

    • Mitochondria

    • Cell membrane

    • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • Ribosomes

    Correct Answer
    A. Cell membrane
    Explanation
    The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, separating it from the rest of the cell. Similarly, the cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipids that surrounds the entire cell, separating it from the external environment. Both the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane serve as barriers that regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Therefore, the relationship between the nuclear envelope and the nucleus is analogous to the relationship between the cell membrane and the entire cell.

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  • 26. 

    _________ requires a lot of energy to keep working in a cell, up to 40% of the ATP that the cell produces.

    • Mitochondria

    • Sodium-Potassium pump

    • Nucleus

    • Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum

    Correct Answer
    A. Sodium-Potassium pump
    Explanation
    The correct answer is the Sodium-Potassium pump. The Sodium-Potassium pump is a protein found in the cell membrane that helps maintain the balance of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside the cell. It uses ATP energy to pump three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions it pumps in. This constant pumping requires a significant amount of energy, accounting for up to 40% of the ATP produced by the cell.

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  • 27. 

    ____________ is the only neurotransmitter that utilizes enzymatic deactivation.

    • Acetylcholine

    • GABA

    • Dopamine

    • Seteronin

    Correct Answer
    A. Acetylcholine
    Explanation
    Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter that utilizes enzymatic deactivation. This means that after acetylcholine has fulfilled its role in transmitting signals between nerve cells, it is broken down by enzymes called acetylcholinesterases. This enzymatic deactivation is crucial for maintaining proper neurotransmitter balance and preventing excessive stimulation of the nervous system. GABA, dopamine, and serotonin are neurotransmitters that are deactivated through different mechanisms, such as reuptake or enzymatic breakdown by other enzymes. Therefore, acetylcholine stands out as the only neurotransmitter that relies on enzymatic deactivation.

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  • 28. 

    ______________ is/are DNA/protein combinations that are condensed for size and are involved in mitosis/meiosis. 

    • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • Nuclear pores

    • Nucleolus chromatin

    • Nuclear envelope

    Correct Answer
    A. Nucleolus chromatin
    Explanation
    Nucleolus chromatin refers to the DNA/protein combinations that are condensed for size and are involved in mitosis/meiosis. The nucleolus is a substructure within the nucleus of a cell, and chromatin is the material that makes up chromosomes. During mitosis and meiosis, the nucleolus chromatin undergoes condensation and organization to form chromosomes, which are then distributed to daughter cells. Therefore, nucleolus chromatin is the correct answer in this context.

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  • 29. 

    __________ is to __________ as input is to output.

    • Axons; dendrites

    • Soma; axons

    • Dendrites; axons

    • Axons; soma

    Correct Answer
    A. Dendrites; axons
    Explanation
    Dendrites are the branching extensions of neurons that receive electrical signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body (soma). Axons, on the other hand, are the long projections of neurons that transmit electrical signals away from the cell body towards other neurons or muscles. In this analogy, the relationship between dendrites and axons is similar to the relationship between input and output, as dendrites receive signals (input) and axons transmit signals (output). Therefore, the correct answer is Dendrites; axons.

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  • 30. 

    The most common type of axon/dendrite configuration is a ___________ neuron, with _____ axon(s) and _______ dendrite(s).

    • Bipolar; one; many

    • Bipolar; one; one

    • Multipolar; many; one

    • Multipolar; one; many

    Correct Answer
    A. Multipolar; one; many
    Explanation
    The correct answer is multipolar; one; many. In a multipolar neuron, there is one axon and many dendrites. This type of neuron is the most common configuration found in the nervous system. The axon carries signals away from the cell body, while the dendrites receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body.

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  • 31. 

    The purpose of microglia is to _________.

    • Provide nutrition and physical support to surrounding cells

    • Myelinate segments of several neurons

    • Serve as phagocytes eating dead and dying neurons

    • Myelinate a single segment of a neuron

    Correct Answer
    A. Serve as phagocytes eating dead and dying neurons
    Explanation
    Microglia are a type of immune cells found in the central nervous system. Their main function is to act as phagocytes, which means they engulf and digest dead or dying neurons, as well as other cellular debris. This process helps to remove waste and maintain the overall health of the nervous system. Therefore, microglia serve as phagocytes eating dead and dying neurons.

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  • 32. 

    The benefit of steroid hormones being lipids is that ______________.

    • They can pass through the cell membrane and go directly to the nucelus

    • It stops them from being destroyed through reuptake nor enzymatic deactivation

    • They can pass through an axon much faster than neurotransmitters

    • They can be manufactured by any cell in the body

    Correct Answer
    A. They can pass through the cell membrane and go directly to the nucelus
    Explanation
    Steroid hormones being lipids allows them to pass through the cell membrane easily due to their hydrophobic nature. This enables them to enter the cell and directly reach the nucleus, where they can bind to specific receptors and regulate gene expression. This direct access to the nucleus allows steroid hormones to have a rapid and direct effect on cellular processes, without the need for complex signaling pathways.

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  • 33. 

    Anterograde axoplasmic transport refers to substances being pushed toward the ________.

    • Nucleus

    • Dendrites

    • Soma

    • Terminal buttons

    Correct Answer
    A. Terminal buttons
    Explanation
    Anterograde axoplasmic transport refers to the movement of substances in a neuron away from the cell body towards the terminal buttons. This transport mechanism is responsible for delivering various molecules, proteins, and organelles necessary for synaptic communication and neurotransmitter release at the terminal buttons.

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  • 34. 

    Filaments form the ____________ of the cell world.

    • Digestive system

    • Endocrine system

    • Skeletal system

    • Nervous system

    Correct Answer
    A. Skeletal system
    Explanation
    Filaments form the skeletal system of the cell world. The skeletal system provides structure and support to the cell, similar to how the skeletal system in humans provides support to the body. Just like bones in the human body, filaments in the cell world help maintain the shape and integrity of the cell. They also play a role in cell movement and provide attachment points for various cellular components. Therefore, the correct answer is skeletal system.

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  • 35. 

    Postsynaptic membrane cannot be a __________.

    • Dendrite

    • Axon

    • Soma

    • Nucleus

    Correct Answer
    A. Nucleus
    Explanation
    The postsynaptic membrane is the membrane of a neuron that receives signals from the presynaptic neuron. It is responsible for converting these signals into electrical impulses that can be transmitted throughout the neuron. The nucleus, on the other hand, is the central organelle of a cell that contains the genetic material. It is involved in the control of cell activities and the production of proteins. Therefore, the postsynaptic membrane cannot be a nucleus as it is a separate structure involved in different functions.

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  • 36. 

    ___________ is negative, unlike the outside of the cell, so electrostatic pressure keeps it concentrated outside the cell.

    • Anions

    • Potassium

    • Chlorine

    • Sodium

    Correct Answer
    A. Chlorine
    Explanation
    Chlorine is negative, unlike the outside of the cell, so electrostatic pressure keeps it concentrated outside the cell. This means that there is a higher concentration of chlorine ions outside the cell compared to inside. The electrostatic pressure, also known as the electrochemical gradient, helps to maintain this concentration gradient by pushing the negatively charged chlorine ions away from the inside of the cell and keeping them concentrated outside.

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  • 37. 

    Excitatory graded potentials ________________

    • Are depolarizing and bring the cell membrane closer to 0mV

    • Are hyperpolarizing and bring the cell membrane closer to 0mV

    • Are depolarizing and bring the cell membrane further from 0mV

    • Are hyperpolarizing and bring the cell membrane further from 0mV

    Correct Answer
    A. Are depolarizing and bring the cell membrane closer to 0mV
    Explanation
    Excitatory graded potentials are depolarizing and bring the cell membrane closer to 0mV. This means that they increase the positive charge inside the cell, making it more likely for an action potential to occur.

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  • 38. 

    __________ are receptors within the cell that respond to neurotransmitters that the cell itself released. 

    • Ionotropic receptor

    • Metabotropic receptor

    • Neurotropic receptor

    • Autoreceptor

    Correct Answer
    A. Autoreceptor
    Explanation
    Autoreceptors are receptors within the cell that respond to neurotransmitters that the cell itself released. These receptors act as a feedback mechanism, regulating the release of neurotransmitters. When the concentration of neurotransmitters reaches a certain level, autoreceptors are activated, reducing further release. This helps maintain a balance in neurotransmitter levels and prevent excessive stimulation. Therefore, autoreceptors play a crucial role in regulating the activity of neurons and maintaining overall neurotransmitter homeostasis.

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  • 39. 

    _______ are receptors that, upon being activated by the proper neurotransmitter, activate an enzyme and begin a series of events that opens an ion channel elsewhere in the membrane.

    • Ionotropic receptor

    • Metabotropic receptor

    • Neurotropic receptor

    • Autoreceptor

    Correct Answer
    A. Metabotropic receptor
    Explanation
    Metabotropic receptors are a type of receptor that, when activated by the appropriate neurotransmitter, initiate a cascade of events that ultimately leads to the opening of an ion channel in a different location on the cell membrane. Unlike ionotropic receptors, which directly open ion channels upon activation, metabotropic receptors indirectly modulate ion channels through signal transduction pathways. These receptors play a crucial role in regulating neuronal communication and are involved in various physiological processes in the body.

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  • 40. 

    Agranular (smooth) endoplasmic reticulum is the __________ of the cell world.

    • Highway

    • Protein factory

    • Power plant

    • Lipid factory

    Correct Answer
    A. Lipid factory
    Explanation
    The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for lipid synthesis, detoxification, and carbohydrate metabolism. It lacks ribosomes, which gives it a smooth appearance. Lipids, such as phospholipids and steroids, are essential components of cell membranes and play a crucial role in various cellular processes. Therefore, comparing the smooth ER to a "lipid factory" accurately describes its function in the cell world.

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  • 41. 

    The purpose of Schwann cells is to _____________.

    • Provide nutrition and physical support to surrounding cells

    • Myelinate segments of several neurons

    • Serve as phagocytes eating dead and dying neurons

    • Myelinate a single segment of a neuron

    Correct Answer
    A. Myelinate a single segment of a neuron
    Explanation
    Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system that play a crucial role in myelination. Myelination refers to the process of forming a protective covering around the axons of neurons. Schwann cells wrap around a single segment of a neuron, forming a myelin sheath. This myelin sheath helps to insulate the neuron, allowing for faster and more efficient transmission of electrical signals along the axon. Therefore, the purpose of Schwann cells is to myelinate a single segment of a neuron.

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  • 42. 

    _________ is responsible for cutting and splicing messenger RNA to produce a protein.

    • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

    • Phospholipid

    • Non-coding ribonucleic acid (ncRNA)

    • Carboxlyl

    Correct Answer
    A. Non-coding ribonucleic acid (ncRNA)
    Explanation
    Non-coding ribonucleic acid (ncRNA) is responsible for cutting and splicing messenger RNA to produce a protein. Unlike coding RNA, which directly codes for proteins, ncRNA plays a regulatory role in gene expression. It can bind to messenger RNA and guide the splicing process, ensuring that the correct sections are joined together to form a functional protein. This process is essential for proper protein synthesis and cellular function. DNA carries the genetic information, but it is not directly involved in cutting and splicing mRNA. Phospholipids and carboxyl do not have a role in this process.

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  • 43. 

    A more intense stimuli may elicit a __________ graded potential and ultimately ________ action potential.

    • More intense; more intense

    • More intense; same intensity

    • Same intensity; same intensity

    • Same intensity; more intense

    Correct Answer
    A. More intense; same intensity
    Explanation
    When a more intense stimuli is applied, it results in a more intense graded potential. This graded potential, if it reaches the threshold, will trigger an action potential of the same intensity. This means that the strength or magnitude of the action potential does not change, regardless of the intensity of the stimuli.

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  • 44. 

    Which of the following is not an example of postsynaptic potential termination?

    • Reuptake

    • Enzymatic deactivation

    • Release of AchE

    • Glial cell clean up

    Correct Answer
    A. Glial cell clean up
    Explanation
    Glial cell clean up is not an example of postsynaptic potential termination. Postsynaptic potential termination refers to the processes that stop the transmission of signals across the synapse. Reuptake is the process by which neurotransmitters are taken back up into the presynaptic neuron, enzymatic deactivation involves the breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes, and the release of AchE (acetylcholinesterase) is responsible for breaking down acetylcholine. However, glial cell clean up refers to the role of glial cells in removing excess neurotransmitters and maintaining the chemical balance in the synapse, but it does not directly terminate postsynaptic potentials.

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  • 45. 

    One reason for having differential permeability in the blood-brain barrier is ______________.

    • So that glial cells from the body can pass through the blood-brain barrier and attempt to repair brain damage in the case of trauma

    • So that neurotransmitter information coming from the sensory organs already located in the skull are able to transmit information directly

    • So that the area postrema, responsible for vomiting behavior, is able to detect toxic substances

    • So that dye used in brain scans is able to permeate the brain and facilitate brain scans

    Correct Answer
    A. So that the area postrema, responsible for vomiting behavior, is able to detect toxic substances
    Explanation
    The blood-brain barrier has differential permeability to allow the area postrema, responsible for vomiting behavior, to detect toxic substances. The area postrema is a specialized region in the brain that detects and responds to toxic substances in the bloodstream. By allowing certain substances to pass through the blood-brain barrier in this region, the body can quickly detect and initiate vomiting as a protective response to prevent further harm from ingesting toxic substances.

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  • 46. 

    Retrograde axoplasmic transport refers to substances being pushed toward the _________.

    • Nucleus

    • Dendrites

    • Soma

    • Terminal buttons

    Correct Answer
    A. Soma
    Explanation
    Retrograde axoplasmic transport refers to the movement of substances from the terminal buttons towards the soma. This process allows for the recycling of cellular components, removal of waste materials, and delivery of signals from the terminal buttons to the soma. The soma, also known as the cell body, contains the nucleus and other essential organelles necessary for the functioning of the neuron. Therefore, it is the correct answer as substances are pushed towards the soma during retrograde axoplasmic transport.

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  • 47. 

    ________ are negative, like the inside of the cell, so they want to get out but they can't because the cell membrane is not permeable to it.

    • Anions

    • Potassium

    • Chlorine

    • Sodium

    Correct Answer
    A. Anions
    Explanation
    Anions are negatively charged ions that are present inside the cell. Since they are negatively charged, they have a tendency to move out of the cell. However, the cell membrane is not permeable to anions, meaning that they cannot freely move across it. Therefore, anions want to get out of the cell, but they are unable to do so due to the impermeability of the cell membrane.

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  • 48. 

    ____________ are permanently attached to the cell membrane; whereas ________ are only temporarily attached.

    • Integral membrane proteins; peripheral membrane proteins

    • Peripheral membrane proteins; integral membrane proteins

    • Peripheral membrane proteins; secondary membrane proteins

    • Primary membrane proteins; secondary membrane proteins

    Correct Answer
    A. Integral membrane proteins; peripheral membrane proteins
    Explanation
    Integral membrane proteins are permanently attached to the cell membrane, meaning that they are embedded within the lipid bilayer and cannot be easily removed without disrupting the membrane structure. On the other hand, peripheral membrane proteins are only temporarily attached to the cell membrane, meaning that they can be easily detached and removed from the membrane without disrupting its structure.

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  • 49. 

    Secretory vesicles in the golgi apparatus contain __________ sent by the granular endoplasmic reticulum, and intend to __________.

    • Proteins; secrete proteins to outside of cell

    • Lipids; secrete lipids to outside of cell

    • Proteins; secrete proteins throughout inside of cell

    • Lipids; secrete lipids throughout inside of cell

    Correct Answer
    A. Proteins; secrete proteins to outside of cell
    Explanation
    Secretory vesicles in the golgi apparatus contain proteins sent by the granular endoplasmic reticulum, and intend to secrete proteins to outside of the cell.

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  • Current Version
  • Mar 22, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
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  • Oct 16, 2009
    Quiz Created by
    Hruka22

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