3d1x5 Volume 1 (Ure)

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1. Approximately how long does it take for radio frequency energy to travel 1 nautical mile to a target and return to the radar?

Explanation

Radio frequency energy travels at the speed of light, which is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second. Since there are 1,852 meters in a nautical mile, it would take approximately 1.0025 microseconds (us) for the energy to travel 1 nautical mile to the target and an additional 1.0025 microseconds (us) to return to the radar. Therefore, the total time would be approximately 2.005 microseconds (us). However, the closest option to this value is 12.36 us, which is not an accurate representation of the time it takes for radio frequency energy to travel 1 nautical mile and return to the radar.

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About This Quiz
CDC Quizzes & Trivia

This quiz assesses knowledge in radar operations, focusing on reflection angles, signal travel times, and synchronization. It's designed for learners aiming to understand radio frequency behaviors and radar system timings, enhancing skills crucial for professional certification in radar technology.

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2. Which radar subassembly ensures all circuits connected with the radar operate in a definite timed relationship?

Explanation

A synchronizer is a radar subassembly that ensures all circuits connected with the radar operate in a definite timed relationship. It is responsible for coordinating the timing of various components within the radar system, ensuring that they work together harmoniously. This synchronization is crucial for accurate and efficient radar operation, as it allows for precise timing of signals, data processing, and transmission. Without a synchronizer, the radar system may experience timing errors or inconsistencies, leading to inaccurate readings or malfunctioning of the radar system.

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3. What radar subassembly allows the radar system to transmit and receive from the same antenna?

Explanation

A duplexer is a radar subassembly that allows the radar system to transmit and receive from the same antenna. It is responsible for separating the transmitted and received signals, allowing them to be processed separately. This is important because radar systems operate by sending out a signal and then detecting the echo that is reflected back. The duplexer ensures that the transmitted signal does not interfere with the received signal, allowing for accurate detection and measurement of targets.

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4. An antenna is said to be reciprocal if

Explanation

A reciprocal antenna is one where the transmit and receive patterns are identical. This means that the antenna behaves the same way when transmitting a signal as it does when receiving a signal. In other words, the antenna has the same radiation pattern regardless of whether it is transmitting or receiving. This property is important in many applications, such as wireless communication systems, where it is desirable for the antenna to have consistent performance in both transmit and receive modes.

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5. An X pulse is present in a selective identification feature code train when

Explanation

The correct answer is "the aircraft is a pilotless drone or missile". This is because the presence of an X pulse in a selective identification feature code train is used to indicate that the aircraft is a pilotless drone or missile.

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6. Which feedhorn is used only for receiving?

Explanation

Passive feedhorns are used only for receiving signals. Unlike active feedhorns, they do not have any active components or electronics that amplify or modify the received signals. Instead, passive feedhorns simply collect and direct the incoming signals towards the receiver without any additional processing. This makes them suitable for applications where only receiving signals is required, such as in satellite communication systems or radio telescopes.

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7. The shape of the beam of radar energy and its antenna pattern depend on the radar's

Explanation

The shape of the beam of radar energy and its antenna pattern depend on the radar's purpose. Different radar systems are designed for specific purposes, such as air traffic control, weather monitoring, or military surveillance. Each purpose requires a specific beam shape and antenna pattern to effectively achieve its objectives. For example, a radar system used for air traffic control needs a wide beam to cover a large area, while a radar system used for military surveillance may require a narrow beam for precise targeting. Therefore, the purpose of the radar system determines the shape of the beam and antenna pattern.

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8. When a pulse of radio frequency energy is transmitted, it travels at

Explanation

When a pulse of radio frequency energy is transmitted, it travels at the speed of light. This is because radio frequency energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation, which travels through space at the speed of light. The speed of light is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second in a vacuum. Therefore, radio frequency energy, being a type of electromagnetic wave, also travels at this speed.

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9. What characteristic of frequency does a radar target moving towards the radar exhibit?

Explanation

When a radar target is moving towards the radar, it exhibits a higher frequency than the original broadcast. This is known as the Doppler effect, which causes an increase in frequency when the source and observer are approaching each other. This increase in frequency is due to the compression of the waves as the target moves closer to the radar.

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10. Which statement describes a security feature of using fiber optic cable?

Explanation

Fiber optic cables are virtually impossible to tap unnoticed because they do not emit any electromagnetic signals that can be intercepted. Unlike traditional metallic cables, fiber optic cables use light to transmit data, making it extremely difficult for hackers to tap into the cable without being detected. This provides a high level of security for transmitting sensitive information.

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11. What is the required angle of incidence necessary to get a reflection back to a light source?

Explanation

When light reflects back to its source, it does so at an angle of 90 degrees. This is known as the angle of incidence. At this angle, the light ray hits the surface and bounces directly back in the opposite direction, creating a reflection. Any other angle of incidence would result in the light ray bouncing off at a different angle, rather than returning to the source. Therefore, the required angle of incidence necessary to get a reflection back to a light source is 90 degrees.

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12. What does the distribution of electromagnetic energy from the antenna over the aperture determine?

Explanation

The distribution of electromagnetic energy from the antenna over the aperture determines the pattern of the antenna. The pattern of the antenna refers to the directional characteristics of the antenna, including the shape and strength of the radiation pattern. This pattern determines how the antenna radiates or receives energy in different directions. By controlling the distribution of energy over the aperture, the antenna's pattern can be adjusted to optimize its performance for specific applications such as maximizing signal strength in a particular direction or minimizing interference from unwanted directions.

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13. The vacuum in a cathode-ray tube (CRT)

Explanation

The vacuum in a cathode-ray tube (CRT) prevents collisions between electrons in the beam and air molecules. In a CRT, an electron beam is generated and accelerated towards a phosphor-coated screen. If there was no vacuum inside the tube, the electrons in the beam would collide with air molecules, causing scattering and loss of focus. The vacuum ensures that there are no air molecules present to interfere with the path of the electron beam, allowing for accurate and precise display on the screen.

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14. What type of radar system uses a B-scan indicator?

Explanation

A radar system that uses a B-scan indicator is typically used for precision approach. This type of radar system provides detailed information about the altitude, distance, and position of aircraft during the final stages of landing. It allows pilots to accurately align their aircraft with the runway and make a safe landing. The B-scan indicator provides a visual representation of the aircraft's position relative to the runway, helping pilots to make precise adjustments during the approach.

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15. What possible input voltage(s) may be supplied to the AN/UPM–155 radar test set for operation?

Explanation

The AN/UPM-155 radar test set can be operated with either a 115 Vac or a 230 Vac input voltage. This means that it can be supplied with either 115 Vac or 230 Vac for its operation.

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16. You can identify the maximum detection range of a radar by dividing the time of one radar mile into the

Explanation

The pulse recurrence time refers to the time it takes for a radar to emit one pulse and then emit another pulse. By dividing the time of one radar mile into the pulse recurrence time, we can determine the maximum detection range of the radar. This is because the pulse recurrence time directly affects the time it takes for the radar to cover a certain distance. The longer the pulse recurrence time, the longer it takes for the radar to cover a mile, indicating a shorter detection range. Conversely, a shorter pulse recurrence time allows the radar to cover a mile more quickly, indicating a longer detection range.

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17. What scan system uses a thin beam to cover a rectangular area by sweeping the area horizontally with the angle of elevation incrementally stepped up or down with each horizontal sweep of the sector?

Explanation

The correct answer is Raster. A raster scan system uses a thin beam to cover a rectangular area by sweeping the area horizontally with the angle of elevation incrementally stepped up or down with each horizontal sweep of the sector. This method is commonly used in computer monitors and television screens to display images line by line.

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18. In which scan radar does the antenna rotate on an azimuth sweep, while the elevation angle rises slowly from 0 to 90?

Explanation

In a helical scan radar, the antenna rotates on an azimuth sweep while the elevation angle rises slowly from 0° to 90°. This type of radar scan allows for a continuous and smooth coverage of the entire sky, making it suitable for applications where a wide range of elevation angles need to be monitored. The helical scan pattern ensures that the radar can detect targets at different altitudes without any gaps in coverage.

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19. What frequency is used for identification friend or foe/selective identification feature (IFF/SIF) interrogations?

Explanation

The frequency used for Identification Friend or Foe/Selective Identification Feature (IFF/SIF) interrogations is 1030 MHz. This frequency is commonly used in aviation for radar systems to determine the identity of aircraft. By transmitting a signal at this frequency and receiving a response from an aircraft's transponder, the system can identify whether the aircraft is friendly or hostile.

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20. What is the AN/UPM–155 radar test set capable of testing?

Explanation

The AN/UPM-155 radar test set is capable of testing interrogators and associated components. It is used to assess the functionality and performance of these systems, ensuring that they are operating correctly and effectively. This test set is specifically designed for radar systems and is not capable of testing radar antenna orientation, radar jamming strength, or radar receivers.

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21. Which feature of the Fluke 8025A multimeter do you use to select various measurement functions?

Explanation

The rotary switch is used to select various measurement functions on the Fluke 8025A multimeter. This switch allows the user to easily switch between different modes such as voltage, current, resistance, and continuity. By turning the rotary switch, the user can select the desired measurement function and accurately measure the specific parameter they are interested in.

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22. When using the AN/PSM–2 megger, how do you apply the correct regulated output voltage?

Explanation

When using the AN/PSM-2 megger, the correct way to apply the regulated output voltage is to turn the hand-crank at a rate to keep the indicator lights at a steady glow. This means that the hand-crank should be turned at a speed that maintains a consistent and steady illumination of the indicator lights. This ensures that the regulated output voltage is applied correctly and accurately.

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23. A 10 kHz modulating signal has enough peak voltage to cause a deviation of 30 kHz. What is the modulation index?

Explanation

The modulation index is a measure of the extent of modulation in a signal. In this question, the modulating signal has a frequency of 10 kHz and causes a deviation of 30 kHz. The modulation index can be calculated by dividing the peak frequency deviation by the modulating signal frequency. In this case, 30 kHz divided by 10 kHz equals 3, which is the modulation index.

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24. Which current range on the Fluke 8025A do you select to measure 250 milliamps alternating current (AC)?

Explanation

To measure 250 milliamps of alternating current (AC) on the Fluke 8025A, you would select the "Milliamps/amp AC" current range. This range is specifically designed to measure milliamps of AC current.

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25. If someone says, "we doubled our transmitter power;" how much is the gain in dB?

Explanation

When someone says "we doubled our transmitter power," it means that the power has been increased by a factor of 2. In terms of decibels (dB), a doubling of power corresponds to a gain of 3 dB. This is because the dB scale is logarithmic, and a 3 dB gain represents a doubling of power. Therefore, the gain in dB when the transmitter power is doubled is 3 dB.

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26. What size bit combinations are allowed when using 16–phase shift keying?

Explanation

16-phase shift keying allows for 4-bit combinations. This means that each symbol in the transmission can represent 4 bits of information. With 4 bits, there are a total of 16 possible combinations, which aligns with the 16-phase shift keying technique.

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27. Which selective identification feature special response explains a 7500 reply?

Explanation

The special response "Hijacking" explains a 7500 reply. This means that the aircraft is being hijacked or is under the threat of hijacking. A 7500 reply is a code used in aviation to indicate a hijacking situation.

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28. When using forward error control as a method of error correction, where does error correction take place?

Explanation

Error correction takes place at the receiving end when using forward error control as a method of error correction. This means that the errors in the transmitted data are detected and corrected at the destination or receiver of the data. The receiving end analyzes the received data and applies the necessary error correction techniques to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the transmitted information.

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29. Which statement describes an advantage of using fiber optic cable?

Explanation

Fiber optic cables are not affected by electromagnetic fields, which is an advantage over other types of cables. Electromagnetic interference can disrupt the signal transmission in traditional copper cables, leading to signal degradation and data loss. However, fiber optic cables use light signals instead of electrical signals, making them immune to electromagnetic interference. This allows for more reliable and secure data transmission, especially in environments with high electromagnetic activity such as power plants or industrial facilities.

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30. What is the earth ground standard for communications facilities?

Explanation

The earth ground standard for communications facilities is 10 ohms or less. This means that the resistance between the ground and the earth should be 10 ohms or lower. This standard is important for ensuring proper grounding and safety in communications facilities, as it helps to prevent electrical hazards and ensure efficient operation of equipment. A lower resistance value indicates a better and more effective grounding system.

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31. Which scan radar gets its name from the fact that each echo pulse from the aircraft being tracked yields a new azimuth and elevation correction signal?

Explanation

Monopulse scan radar gets its name from the fact that each echo pulse from the aircraft being tracked yields a new azimuth and elevation correction signal. This means that the radar is able to continuously update and correct the position of the tracked aircraft based on the echoes it receives. This capability allows for more accurate tracking and targeting of the aircraft, making monopulse radar a preferred choice in many applications.

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32. What target information is provided by a plan-position indicator?

Explanation

A plan-position indicator provides information about the range and azimuth of a target. Range refers to the distance between the radar and the target, while azimuth refers to the angle between the radar's reference point and the target, measured in a horizontal plane. This information helps in determining the location and movement of the target in relation to the radar.

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33. What occurs because of imperfections in an optical fiber's basic structure?

Explanation

Imperfections in an optical fiber's basic structure cause scattering. Scattering refers to the phenomenon where light waves are scattered in different directions as they pass through the fiber. These imperfections can include impurities, irregularities, or defects in the fiber's core or cladding. When light encounters these imperfections, it gets scattered, leading to a loss of signal strength and degradation of the transmitted information. Scattering is a significant factor that limits the efficiency and performance of optical fiber communication systems.

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34. Which indicator component produces signals that determine the overall operation of what the indicator will do?

Explanation

Data processing circuits are responsible for producing signals that determine the overall operation of an indicator. These circuits process the input data and generate the appropriate signals to control the indicator's behavior. They play a crucial role in interpreting and manipulating the data to produce meaningful output. Deflection circuits, cathode-ray tubes, and video circuits may be components of an indicator system, but they do not directly determine the overall operation of the indicator.

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35. What type of buffer allows the fiber optic cable to be twisted or pulled with little stress on the fiber?

Explanation

A loose tube buffer is designed to allow the fiber optic cable to be twisted or pulled with minimal stress on the fiber. This type of buffer consists of a loose tube that surrounds the fiber, providing protection and flexibility. The loose tube allows for easy movement of the fiber within the cable, reducing the risk of damage or breakage when the cable is twisted or pulled.

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36. Which feature of the Fluke 8025A locks the measurement into the display for viewing and automatically updates the display when you take a new measurement?

Explanation

The touch-hold pushbutton feature of the Fluke 8025A locks the measurement into the display for viewing and automatically updates the display when a new measurement is taken. This means that once the measurement is locked, it will remain on the screen until the user decides to release it or take a new measurement. This feature is useful for situations where the user needs to closely examine or record a particular measurement without it being overwritten by subsequent measurements.

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37. What area of a digital storage oscilloscope takes digitized samples and performs numerous manipulations on the data including measuring rise and fall times, periods, time intervals, and math computations?

Explanation

The area of a digital storage oscilloscope that takes digitized samples and performs numerous manipulations on the data including measuring rise and fall times, periods, time intervals, and math computations is the microprocessors. The microprocessors in the oscilloscope are responsible for processing and analyzing the captured data, performing various calculations and measurements to provide accurate and detailed information about the waveform being observed.

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38. The scanning method used by the radar system refers to the

Explanation

The scanning method used by the radar system refers to the motion of the antenna axis (of the beam) as the radar looks for an aircraft. This means that the radar system moves its antenna in a specific pattern to cover a certain area and search for any aircraft within that area. By scanning the antenna, the radar system can detect and track the movement of the aircraft. This scanning method allows the radar system to effectively locate and monitor aircraft in its surroundings.

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39. Attempts to reduce multipath effects on radar tracking accuracy include the use of

Explanation

Frequency agility refers to the ability of a radar system to rapidly change its operating frequency. This technique is used to mitigate the effects of multipath, which is the phenomenon where radar signals bounce off objects and arrive at the receiver through multiple paths. By changing the frequency, the radar system can avoid or minimize the interference caused by these reflected signals, improving the accuracy of radar tracking.

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40. What element of modulation prevents interference when sharing the same communications path is necessary?

Explanation

Channel allocation is the element of modulation that prevents interference when sharing the same communications path. By allocating different channels to different users or devices, it ensures that their signals do not overlap and cause interference. This allows for efficient and reliable communication by minimizing the chances of signal degradation or loss due to interference.

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41. During a vertical redundancy check, what significance does the amount of 1's have in a data bit pattern?

Explanation

The amount of 1's in a data bit pattern during a vertical redundancy check determines the parity. Parity is a method used to detect errors in data transmission. It involves adding an extra bit to the data, which is set to 1 or 0 in such a way that the total number of 1's in the data, including the extra bit, is always even or odd. By comparing the received data with the expected parity, errors can be detected.

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42. When you make a resistance measurement, how do you electrically isolate a resistor from the circuit?

Explanation

To electrically isolate a resistor from the circuit during a resistance measurement, one can desolder one side of the resistor. By desoldering, the resistor is physically disconnected from the circuit, ensuring that there is no electrical connection or interference with the rest of the circuit. This allows for an accurate measurement of the resistance value of the isolated resistor without any influence from the surrounding components.

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43. One use for the beam-lobing switch of the multi-feedhorn system is to

Explanation

The beam-lobing switch of the multi-feedhorn system is used to route the received signal from the number one feedhorn to a dummy load. This means that instead of allowing the received signal to be processed or transmitted further, it is redirected to a dummy load, which absorbs the signal. This can be useful in certain situations where the received signal from the number one feedhorn is not desired or needs to be isolated for specific purposes.

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44. What causes delayed, but separate, pulses?

Explanation

Near-simultaneous reception of pulse-type information causes delayed, but separate, pulses. This means that the pulses are received almost at the same time, but with a slight delay between them. This could be due to factors such as the distance between the source of the pulses and the receiving antenna, as well as any obstacles or interference that may cause slight variations in the arrival time of the pulses.

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45. What is the relationship of the bandwidth required for double-sideband emitted carrier (DSBEC) amplitude modulation (AM) to the bandwidth of the modulating signal of the AM bandwidth alone?

Explanation

The bandwidth required for double-sideband emitted carrier (DSBEC) amplitude modulation (AM) is twice the bandwidth of the modulating signal. This means that the bandwidth needed to transmit the modulated signal is double the bandwidth of the original signal that is being modulated. This is because the DSBEC AM technique requires both the upper and lower sidebands of the modulated signal to be transmitted, resulting in a wider bandwidth requirement.

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46. What is the most useful way to classify fiber optic cable?

Explanation

The most useful way to classify fiber optic cable is based on its refractive index profile and number of modes. The refractive index profile refers to the way the refractive index changes across the core of the fiber, which affects the way light is transmitted through the cable. The number of modes refers to the number of different paths that light can take through the fiber. These two factors are crucial in determining the performance and capabilities of the fiber optic cable, making them the most useful classification criteria.

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47. Which probe lets you use the oscilloscope to measure higher voltage levels, raises the input impedance, and attenuates noise?

Explanation

The passive divider, 10:1 probe is the correct answer because it allows the oscilloscope to measure higher voltage levels by attenuating the signal by a factor of 10. This means that if the input voltage is 10V, the probe will reduce it to 1V for measurement. Additionally, the passive divider probe raises the input impedance, which helps in accurately measuring the voltage without affecting the circuit under test. It also attenuates noise, ensuring that the measured signal is not distorted by external interference.

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48. In a typical indicator system, where is digital display data from the data processing circuits converted into analog drive signals?

Explanation

In a typical indicator system, the digital display data from the data processing circuits is converted into analog drive signals in the deflection circuits. These circuits are responsible for controlling the movement of the indicator, such as the position of a pointer or the deflection of a cathode-ray tube. By converting the digital data into analog signals in the deflection circuits, the indicator can accurately represent the information being processed by the system.

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49. What part of the pulse code modulation process converts a continuous time signal into a discrete time signal?

Explanation

Sampling is the part of the pulse code modulation process that converts a continuous time signal into a discrete time signal. In this process, the continuous time signal is sampled at regular intervals, and each sample represents the amplitude of the signal at that particular instant. By converting the continuous signal into discrete samples, it becomes easier to process and transmit the signal digitally.

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50. How does synchronous transmission reduce the overhead costs of data transmission?

Explanation

Synchronous transmission reduces the overhead costs of data transmission by blocking many characters together for transmission. This means that multiple characters are sent as a single unit, reducing the number of individual transmissions required and therefore reducing the associated overhead costs. By sending multiple characters together, the transmission process becomes more efficient and cost-effective.

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51. What is caused by low-insulation resistance between conductors?

Explanation

Low-insulation resistance between conductors can cause high-attenuation, crosstalk, and noise. When the insulation resistance is low, it allows for leakage of current between the conductors, leading to increased attenuation of the signal, interference from crosstalk between adjacent conductors, and the introduction of unwanted noise into the system.

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52. How many probes are normally used for an earth ground tester?

Explanation

An earth ground tester typically uses three probes. These probes are used to measure the resistance of the ground to determine if it is suitable for electrical grounding. Each probe is inserted into the ground at different points to get accurate readings. Using three probes helps to ensure accurate measurements and provides a reliable assessment of the earth ground.

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53. What does a power reading that uses the abbreviation dBm indicate?

Explanation

A power reading that uses the abbreviation dBm indicates the ratio of decibels relative to a 1-milliwatt standard. This means that the power level is being measured and expressed in relation to a standard power level of 1 milliwatt. The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit used to express the ratio between two power levels, and the "m" in dBm stands for milliwatt. Therefore, a power reading in dBm provides information about the power level in relation to the 1-milliwatt standard.

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54. Which scan radar is also used in the acquisition phase by some airborne intercept radars?

Explanation

Some airborne intercept radars use the raster scan radar in the acquisition phase. The raster scan radar is a type of radar that scans the target area in a systematic pattern, moving horizontally and vertically. This scanning technique allows the radar to gather information from multiple angles and provide a more accurate picture of the target's location. In the acquisition phase, the radar is searching for and acquiring targets, and the raster scan radar is used for this purpose.

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55. How is the parity bit used in asynchronous transmission?

Explanation

The parity bit is used by the receiving device to verify that the transmission was received correctly. The parity bit is an extra bit added to a binary code to detect errors during transmission. The transmitting device calculates the parity bit based on the data being sent and adds it to the transmission. The receiving device then recalculates the parity bit based on the received data and compares it to the transmitted parity bit. If they match, it indicates that the transmission was received correctly. If they don't match, it suggests that an error occurred during transmission.

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56. Which mode of triggering an oscilloscope causes a trace to be drawn on the screen at all times, whether there is an input signal or not?

Explanation

The Auto mode of triggering an oscilloscope causes a trace to be drawn on the screen at all times, regardless of whether there is an input signal or not. This mode automatically adjusts the trigger level and timebase to ensure that the waveform is always visible on the screen. It is useful when there is no consistent or periodic input signal, as it allows the user to continuously monitor the oscilloscope display.

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57. Which one of these is not an application of a radio frequency generator?

Explanation

Aligning galvanometers is not an application of a radio frequency generator. A radio frequency generator is typically used to generate specific frequencies for various purposes such as verifying transmitter frequencies, troubleshooting receivers, and checking antenna systems. However, aligning galvanometers involves adjusting and calibrating the sensitive electromechanical instruments used to detect and measure small electric currents. It does not require the use of a radio frequency generator.

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58. What is reduced through the use of index matching fluids on fiber optic connectors?

Explanation

Index matching fluids are used on fiber optic connectors to reduce Fresnel reflection. Fresnel reflection occurs when there is a mismatch in the refractive index between two materials, causing a portion of the light to be reflected back instead of transmitted through the connector. By using index matching fluids, the refractive index is matched between the connector and the fiber, minimizing the reflection and improving the efficiency of light transmission.

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59. What type of fiber has a core diameter of 50–125 micrometers (μm) and consists of numerous concentric layers of glass, something like the annular rings of a tree configured to reduce dispersion?

Explanation

Multimode graded-index fiber is the correct answer because it has a core diameter of 50-125 micrometers and consists of numerous concentric layers of glass. These layers are designed in a graded manner, with the refractive index decreasing towards the outer layers. This configuration helps to reduce dispersion, which is the spreading of light pulses as they travel through the fiber. The graded index allows for different light rays to travel at different speeds, compensating for dispersion and improving the overall performance of the fiber.

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60. What type of sampling does a digital storage oscilloscope normally use on single-shot or seldom-occurring signals?

Explanation

A digital storage oscilloscope normally uses real-time sampling on single-shot or seldom-occurring signals. Real-time sampling captures and displays the signal waveform as it occurs in real-time, allowing for accurate representation of fast-changing or transient signals. This type of sampling is essential for capturing and analyzing signals that occur infrequently or unpredictably. Sequential sampling, repetitive sampling, and random sampling are not typically used in this context.

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61. When considering light wave propagation, what is the name of the angle between the normal in the first material and the ray that is bounced back in the first material?

Explanation

The angle between the normal in the first material and the ray that is bounced back in the first material is called the angle of reflection.

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62. When will insulation resistance increases?

Explanation

Insulation resistance is a measure of how well an insulating material can resist the flow of electrical current. When the thickness of the insulating material increases, it creates a larger barrier for the current to pass through. This results in a higher insulation resistance because there is less leakage of current through the insulation. Therefore, as the thickness of the insulating material increases, the insulation resistance also increases.

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63. In a Raster scan indicator, how many vertical scan periods does it take to produce one complete picture?

Explanation

In a raster scan indicator, it takes two vertical scan periods to produce one complete picture. During the first scan period, the odd-numbered lines are drawn, and during the second scan period, the even-numbered lines are drawn. This process is repeated continuously to create a complete image on the screen.

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64. Most fiber optic links use infrared light and consist of what frequency range?

Explanation

Fiber optic links use infrared light because it has low attenuation in optical fibers. The frequency range of 750 to 1500 nm falls within the infrared spectrum, making it suitable for transmitting data through fiber optic cables. This range is commonly used in telecommunications and other applications that require high-speed data transmission over long distances. The other frequency ranges mentioned, 400 to 750 nm and 400 to 750 mm, are not commonly used in fiber optic links.

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65. By how much does non-uniform quantizing and companding decreases the length of a code word?

Explanation

Non-uniform quantizing and companding decreases the length of a code word from 11 bits to 7 bits. This means that the process of non-uniform quantizing and companding reduces the number of bits required to represent a signal, resulting in a more efficient and compressed representation of the data.

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66. Which probe does not need to actually make contact with the circuit under test?

Explanation

A current probe is a type of measurement device that can measure the flow of current in a circuit without the need for physical contact. It works by using magnetic fields to detect the current passing through a conductor. This makes it a non-invasive tool that can be used to measure current in high-voltage or high-frequency circuits where direct contact may not be possible or safe. Therefore, a current probe does not need to actually make contact with the circuit under test.

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67. Which measurement is not made with a spectrum analyzer?

Explanation

A spectrum analyzer is a device used to measure and display the frequency spectrum of a signal. It is mainly used to analyze the frequency components of a signal and measure parameters such as frequency, amplitude, and power. However, the measurement of peak-peak voltage is not typically made with a spectrum analyzer. Peak-peak voltage refers to the difference between the maximum positive and maximum negative voltage levels in a signal, which is a measure of the signal's amplitude. This type of measurement is usually made using an oscilloscope, which is specifically designed for measuring voltage levels and waveforms.

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68. What type of megohmmeter do you use on paper insulated conductor cable?

Explanation

A 500 volt megohmmeter is used on paper insulated conductor cable because it is the appropriate voltage for testing the insulation resistance of this type of cable. Using a higher voltage may cause damage to the insulation, while using a lower voltage may not provide accurate results. Therefore, a 500 volt megohmmeter is the most suitable option for testing the insulation resistance of paper insulated conductor cable.

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69. The 10:1 power ratio represented by 1 bel can also be represented by how many decibels (dB)?

Explanation

A power ratio of 10:1 can be represented by 10 decibels (dB) because the decibel scale is logarithmic. Each increase of 10 dB represents a power ratio increase of 10 times. Therefore, a power ratio of 10:1 would correspond to 10 dB.

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70. What is the principle on which fiber optics work?

Explanation

Fiber optics work on the principle of total internal reflection. This means that when light enters a fiber optic cable, it is transmitted through the cable by repeatedly reflecting off the walls of the cable due to the difference in refractive indices between the core and the cladding of the cable. This allows the light to travel long distances without significant loss of signal, making fiber optics ideal for high-speed data transmission. Refraction of light, light wavelengths, and rays of incidence are not the principles on which fiber optics work.

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71. What is the frequency range of an audio signal generator?

Explanation

The frequency range of an audio signal generator is typically from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. This range covers the audible frequencies that humans can hear, allowing the generator to produce a wide range of tones and sounds. Frequencies below 20 Hz are considered infrasonic and are not typically used in audio applications, while frequencies above 20 kHz are considered ultrasonic and are also not commonly used in audio signals.

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72. In frequency modulation, the amount of oscillator frequency change is

Explanation

In frequency modulation, the amount of oscillator frequency change is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. This means that as the amplitude of the modulating signal increases, the frequency change of the oscillator also increases. This is because frequency modulation involves varying the frequency of the carrier signal based on the amplitude of the modulating signal. Therefore, a larger amplitude modulating signal will result in a larger frequency change in the carrier signal.

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73. Information capacity is increased by how many times its normal rate if using 8– phase shift keying (PSK) instead of binary PSK?

Explanation

Using 8-phase shift keying (PSK) instead of binary PSK increases the information capacity by three times its normal rate. This is because binary PSK can transmit one bit per symbol, while 8-PSK can transmit three bits per symbol. Therefore, by increasing the number of phases, more information can be encoded and transmitted in each symbol, resulting in a higher information capacity.

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74. The measurable frequency and power ranges of the HP 436A power meter system are determined by the

Explanation

The measurable frequency and power ranges of the HP 436A power meter system are determined by the selected sensor. Different sensors have different capabilities and specifications, including the frequency range they can measure and the power levels they can handle. Therefore, by choosing a specific sensor for the power meter system, the frequency and power ranges that can be measured are determined.

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75. Which electronic counter measurement counts the number of bits in a pulse train?

Explanation

Totalize is the correct answer because it refers to the electronic counter measurement that counts the total number of bits in a pulse train. This measurement is used to determine the overall length or duration of the pulse train by counting the individual bits it contains. The other options, period, scaling, and time interval, do not specifically measure the number of bits in a pulse train.

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76. What scan is identified at the electronic countermeasure receiver by its regular intervals between illuminations?

Explanation

Circular scan is identified at the electronic countermeasure receiver by its regular intervals between illuminations. This type of scan involves rotating the antenna in a circular pattern, illuminating the target area at regular intervals. This allows for a systematic coverage of the area, ensuring that all targets within the scan range are detected and tracked. The regular intervals between illuminations help in distinguishing the circular scan from other types of scans.

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77. What factor determines the spacing of the sidebands in an amplitude modulated signal?

Explanation

The spacing of the sidebands in an amplitude modulated signal is determined by the frequency of the modulating signal. In amplitude modulation, the modulating signal is superimposed onto the carrier signal, resulting in the creation of sidebands. These sidebands are located on either side of the carrier frequency, and their spacing is directly proportional to the frequency of the modulating signal. Therefore, a higher frequency modulating signal will result in sidebands that are spaced closer together, while a lower frequency modulating signal will result in sidebands that are spaced further apart.

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78. When used together, what two error detection methods are 98 percent effective in detecting errors?

Explanation

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79. Sampled data points are stored in the memory of a digital storage oscilloscope as

Explanation

Sampled data points are stored in the memory of a digital storage oscilloscope as waveform points. This means that the individual data points that make up a waveform are stored sequentially in the memory. This allows for the accurate representation of the waveform and easy retrieval of the data for analysis or display on the oscilloscope screen. The other options, such as sequential records, record lengths, or record points, do not accurately describe how the data is stored in the oscilloscope's memory.

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80. Which input coupling switch position allows you to view both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) components of the input signal?

Explanation

The input coupling switch position that allows you to view both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) components of the input signal is the DC option. This is because the DC coupling setting allows both AC and DC signals to pass through, while the other options such as AC, GND, and Line only allow specific types of signals to pass through. Therefore, selecting the DC option will enable you to observe both AC and DC components of the input signal.

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81. During what operation is the radio frequency blanking output used on the HP 436A power meter?

Explanation

The radio frequency blanking output on the HP 436A power meter is used during the automatic zeroing operation. This means that when the power meter is performing the automatic zeroing process, the radio frequency blanking output is utilized.

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82. In phase modulation, the carrier's

Explanation

In phase modulation, the phase of the carrier signal shifts at the same rate as the modulating signal. This means that as the modulating signal changes, the phase of the carrier signal also changes accordingly. The amplitude of the carrier signal remains constant in phase modulation, and it is the phase that is altered. This allows for the encoding of information in the phase of the signal, making phase modulation useful in communication systems where the phase of the signal carries the desired information.

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83. How is a radio frequency generator used?

Explanation

A radio frequency generator is used to align telemetry receivers. This means that it is used to adjust and calibrate the receivers so that they are properly tuned to receive and interpret the radio frequency signals being transmitted. This ensures that the receivers are accurately detecting and decoding the information being sent, allowing for effective communication and data collection.

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84. Which electronic counter measurement represents the average bit-to-bit time of an input signal?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Period". In electronics, the period refers to the time it takes for one complete cycle of a repetitive waveform to occur. In the context of electronic counter measurement, the period represents the average bit-to-bit time of an input signal. It is a measure of the time between consecutive bits in the signal.

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85. What error detection method is used for checking a data block greater than 512 and is about 99 percent effective in most applications?

Explanation

Cyclic redundancy is an error detection method used for checking data blocks greater than 512 and is about 99 percent effective in most applications. It involves generating a short check value, or checksum, from the data and appending it to the data block. When the data is received, the checksum is recalculated and compared to the received checksum. If they match, it is assumed that the data was transmitted correctly. If they do not match, it indicates that an error has occurred during transmission.

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86. Using the longitudinal redundancy check method of error correction, what does the receiver compare with the transmitter to ensure an accurate transmission of data?

Explanation

The receiver compares the block check character with the transmitter to ensure an accurate transmission of data. The block check character is a form of error detection code that is added to the data being transmitted. By comparing the block check character received with the one generated by the transmitter, the receiver can determine if any errors have occurred during transmission. This helps ensure the integrity and accuracy of the transmitted data.

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87. What type of fiber is the least efficient, with the highest dispersion and has a core diameter range of 30μm to over 800μm?

Explanation

Multimode step-index fiber is the least efficient type of fiber because it has the highest dispersion. Dispersion refers to the spreading of light pulses as they travel through the fiber, which can cause signal distortion and limit the data transmission capacity. The core diameter range of 30μm to over 800μm in multimode step-index fiber further contributes to its inefficiency, as it allows for multiple propagation paths and leads to modal dispersion. This means that different modes of light travel at different speeds, causing further signal degradation.

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88. What digital storage oscilloscope circuit compensates for high sampling rates of highfrequency signals?

Explanation

A charged coupled device (CCD) is a digital storage oscilloscope circuit that compensates for high sampling rates of high-frequency signals. CCDs are capable of converting analog signals into digital data, allowing for accurate and precise measurements of fast-changing signals. By converting the analog signals into digital form, the CCD can store and process the data effectively, enabling the oscilloscope to capture and display high-frequency signals with accuracy.

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89. Which are the correct four classes of electronic counters?

Explanation

The correct answer is Frequency, universal, microwave, and reciprocal. This is because electronic counters can be classified into different types based on their functionality. Frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal, universal counters can perform multiple functions such as frequency, period, and time interval measurements, microwave counters are specifically designed for high-frequency applications, and reciprocal counters can measure both time and frequency simultaneously.

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In phase modulation, the carrier's
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