Static Test Techniques

Management approval is not a type of review because it does not involve the evaluation or assessment of a product, process, or document. Management approval refers to the process of obtaining authorization or sign-off from higher-level individuals or stakeholders in order to proceed with a decision or action. It is a step in the overall review and approval process, but it is not specifically focused on reviewing and providing feedback on the quality, accuracy, or compliance of a specific item.

Review techniques can be used to examine all of the artifacts mentioned in the question, including software code, requirements specifications, and test designs. Reviewing software code helps identify any errors or issues in the code, while reviewing requirements specifications ensures that all necessary requirements are included and properly documented. Similarly, reviewing test designs helps verify that the test cases are comprehensive and cover all aspects of the system being tested. Therefore, all of these artifacts can benefit from review techniques to improve their quality and effectiveness.

The main difference between a walkthrough and an inspection is the leadership role. In a walkthrough, the author of the work being reviewed leads the process, while in an inspection, a trained moderator takes on the leadership role. This means that in a walkthrough, the author has more control and can provide more context and explanations, while in an inspection, the trained moderator brings objectivity and impartiality to the review process.

A static analysis tool is designed to analyze the source code of a program without actually executing it. It examines the code for potential errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities and provides information about the quality of the code. By analyzing the code statically, it can detect issues such as code complexity, coding standards violations, potential security vulnerabilities, and other code quality metrics. This helps developers identify and fix problems in the code before it is executed, leading to improved software quality.

The characteristics and types of review processes that belong together are as follows:
- s = 4 and 5: This means that the review process includes being led by a trained moderator or leader and using entry and exit criteria.
- t = 3: This means that the review process is undocumented.
- u = 2: This means that the review process has no management participation.
- v = 1: This means that the review process is a walkthrough.

In the context of reviews, the statement "Inspections are led by a trained moderator, whereas technical reviews are not necessarily" is true. Inspections are a formal type of review where a trained moderator leads the process. The moderator ensures that the review follows a defined set of rules and guidelines. On the other hand, technical reviews can be less formal and may not require a trained leader. While it is recommended to have a trained leader for technical reviews, it is not always necessary.

Static analysis is a technique used to analyze software code without executing it. It helps in identifying defects and vulnerabilities in the code that may not be easily detected through dynamic testing, which involves running the software. Static analysis can detect issues such as coding errors, security vulnerabilities, and performance bottlenecks. It complements dynamic testing by providing an additional layer of scrutiny to ensure the quality and reliability of the software. However, it is important to note that static analysis cannot find all faults, as some defects may only manifest during runtime.

Defects found during early test design are more expensive to fix because they are identified and addressed before the development process progresses further, saving time and resources. Early test design can also lead to changes in requirements as defects are discovered and addressed. However, it does not necessarily take more effort, as identifying and fixing defects early can prevent larger issues later on. Therefore, statement 1 is false and statements 2 and 3 are true. Statement 4 is false as it contradicts the explanation.

Static code analysis - will identify
unreachable code, undeclared variables, too few comments in the code.
But it cannot identify Faults in the requirements since it analyses only the code not the requirements.