Science Of Nutriton Exam 1

Behavior such as smoking, dietary habits, physical activity, and alcohol consumption can increase the likelihood of developing certain diseases. These behaviors are known as risk factors because they contribute to the risk or probability of developing a particular disease. By identifying and addressing these risk factors, individuals can take steps to reduce their chances of developing diseases and improve their overall health.

Peristalsis refers to the coordinated muscular contractions that help propel food through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These contractions occur in a wave-like motion, pushing the food forward and aiding in digestion and absorption. Peristalsis ensures that food moves efficiently through the GI tract, allowing for the extraction of nutrients and the elimination of waste. It is an essential process in the digestive system and helps maintain the proper functioning of the GI tract.

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugars in the mouth during digestion. It is produced by the salivary glands and helps in the initial breakdown of carbohydrates. As food enters the mouth and is chewed, amylase starts breaking down the starch molecules into smaller units called maltose. This process is important for the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the body.

Endocrine cells are specialized cells in the body that produce and release hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream and travel to target cells or organs to regulate various physiological processes. They play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction. Therefore, the correct answer is hormones.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for regulating food additive use and safety. The FDA ensures that food additives are safe for consumption and do not pose any health risks to the public. They establish guidelines and standards for the use of food additives, conduct safety assessments, and monitor the labeling and advertising of food products. The FDA plays a crucial role in protecting public health and ensuring the safety of the food supply.

Dietary assessment involves evaluating an individual's usual food intake, including any food allergies and the use of supplements. This assessment helps to understand an individual's dietary habits, nutrient intake, and any potential deficiencies or excesses. By examining the dietary patterns and preferences, healthcare professionals can provide appropriate recommendations for a balanced and healthy diet.

The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) publishes the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. These guidelines provide recommendations for healthy eating patterns and help individuals make informed food choices to promote overall health and prevent chronic diseases. The USDA plays a crucial role in providing evidence-based dietary guidance to the public, ensuring the safety and nutritional quality of the nation's food supply.

The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage located at the base of the tongue that prevents food from entering the trachea (windpipe) when swallowing. It acts as a protective cover, closing off the trachea and directing food towards the esophagus (food pipe) instead. This helps to ensure that food travels down the correct pathway into the stomach, preventing choking or aspiration of food into the lungs.

Vitamins do not provide energy because they are micronutrients that do not contain calories. While carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are macronutrients that provide energy when consumed, vitamins play a different role in the body, such as aiding in metabolism and supporting various bodily functions.

The correct answer is active. This is because active transport is a type of absorptive process that requires ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as an energy source to move molecules against their concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This process is essential for maintaining proper cell function and is responsible for the uptake of nutrients, ions, and other molecules in the body.

Essential nutrients are substances that the body needs for normal functioning but cannot produce on its own. These nutrients must be obtained from the diet. While the body can synthesize some nutrients, such as certain amino acids and vitamin D, there are others that it cannot produce, such as certain vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids. These essential nutrients play crucial roles in various bodily functions, including energy production, growth, and maintenance of overall health.

Micronutrients refer to essential nutrients that are required by the body in small amounts for proper functioning. These include vitamins and minerals, which play crucial roles in various bodily processes such as metabolism, immune function, and cell growth. While carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are macronutrients that provide energy, they do not fall under the category of micronutrients.

Fat contributes 20-35% of intake. This means that in a balanced diet, fat should make up around 20-35% of the total daily calorie intake. Consuming the right amount of fat is important for maintaining overall health and providing essential nutrients. However, excessive intake of fat can lead to weight gain and other health issues, so it is crucial to consume fat in moderation and choose healthier sources of fat such as nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil.

The lower esophageal sphincter prevents the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. This sphincter is located at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach, and it acts as a valve to keep the stomach contents from flowing back up into the esophagus. When this sphincter is functioning properly, it closes tightly after food passes into the stomach, preventing acid and digestive enzymes from entering the esophagus and causing symptoms such as heartburn or acid reflux.

The correct answer is "control". In scientific experiments, a control group is used as a basis of comparison to evaluate the effects of the independent variable. It is a group that is not exposed to the variable being tested, allowing researchers to compare the results with the experimental group that is exposed to the variable. The control group helps to determine if any observed effects are due to the independent variable or other factors.

Genes contain the instructions for making proteins, which are essential for the growth, development, and maintenance of cells. These proteins play crucial roles in various cellular processes, such as cell division, differentiation, and repair. Therefore, genes indeed direct the growth, development, and maintenance of cells, making the statement "True" accurate.

Foods are selected based mainly on appetite, which refers to the desire or preference for certain types of food. Hunger is the physiological need for food, but appetite is the psychological drive to eat. Custom may influence food choices to some extent, but it is not the main determining factor. Cost can also play a role in food selection, but it is not the primary consideration. Therefore, appetite is the most appropriate answer as it encompasses personal preferences and cravings when choosing what to eat.

The ileocecal sphincter is a valve located between the small intestine and the large intestine. Its main function is to prevent the contents of the large intestine from flowing back into the small intestine. This is important because the large intestine contains waste materials and bacteria that can be harmful if they reenter the small intestine. By maintaining this barrier, the ileocecal sphincter helps to ensure the proper flow of digested food and waste through the digestive system.

If the usual intake falls below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), it is likely to be inadequate. This means that the current intake of nutrients is not enough to meet the body's needs. Inadequate intake can lead to various health problems and deficiencies. Therefore, if the usual intake is below the EAR, it is important to make dietary changes and ensure a more adequate intake of nutrients.

Alcohol is not considered a nutrient because it interferes with the growth and repair of the body. While it does yield energy, it lacks energy balance and only contributes energy to certain parts of the body. Unlike essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, alcohol does not provide any necessary substances for the body's growth, maintenance, and repair. Instead, it can have detrimental effects on various bodily functions and can hinder the body's ability to heal and develop properly.

Clinical assessment involves measuring concentrations of nutrients in the blood. This is done to evaluate a person's nutritional status and determine if they have any deficiencies or imbalances in their nutrient levels. By measuring the concentrations of nutrients in the blood, healthcare professionals can assess if a person's diet is providing them with the necessary nutrients for optimal health. This information can then be used to develop appropriate dietary interventions or recommend supplements if needed.

The correct answer is "Good source" because it indicates that the food contains 10 to 19% of the Daily Value per reference amount. This means that it provides a moderate amount of the nutrient, making it a decent choice for meeting daily nutritional needs. The other options, such as "High or excellent source," "high-potency," and "healthy," do not accurately describe the nutrient content in relation to the Daily Value.

The correct answer is "calorie free" because the statement "Less than 5kcal per serving" indicates that the food or drink contains very few calories, possibly even zero calories. Therefore, it can be classified as "calorie free" as it meets the criteria of having an extremely low calorie content.

The given statement suggests that a diet with sufficient calcium can lower the risk of osteoporosis. This statement is related to health claims as it pertains to the potential benefits of a specific nutrient (calcium) on a person's health (reducing the risk of osteoporosis). Health claims typically involve the relationship between a nutrient or food component and a specific health condition or disease.

Vitamins and water are absorbed in the large intestine. The large intestine is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, as well as some vitamins. Water is essential for maintaining hydration and carrying out various bodily functions, while vitamins are necessary for proper growth, development, and overall health. The large intestine plays a crucial role in ensuring that these vital nutrients are absorbed and utilized by the body.

Water acts as a solvent, meaning it can dissolve a wide range of substances, making it an essential medium for chemical reactions and metabolic processes in cells. It also acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between tissues and organs. Additionally, water plays a crucial role in transporting nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, to cells throughout the body. Overall, water's unique properties make it vital for various physiological functions and maintaining overall health.

Vitamins and water are absorbed in the large intestine. The large intestine is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, as well as some vitamins. Water is essential for maintaining hydration and carrying out various bodily functions. Vitamins are organic compounds that are necessary for the proper functioning of the body and are obtained through diet or supplementation. The large intestine plays a crucial role in absorbing these essential nutrients to support overall health and well-being.

The statement is incorrect. Cloned animals are not genetically modified because their DNA is not altered. Cloning involves creating an exact genetic copy of an existing animal by replicating its DNA. The cloned animal will have the same genetic makeup as the original, without any modifications or alterations. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

CCK, also known as cholecystokinin, is a hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of fatty acids and amino acids. It stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. CCK also acts as a hunger suppressant by signaling satiety to the brain. Therefore, the gallbladder releases bile in response to stimulation by CCK.

Goblet cells are specialized cells found in the respiratory and digestive tracts that produce and secrete mucus. Mucus plays a crucial role in protecting and lubricating the lining of these organs. It helps to trap foreign particles, such as dust and bacteria, and prevents them from damaging the tissues. Goblet cells are named after their goblet-like shape, with a narrow base and a wider, rounded top where mucus is stored. Therefore, it is correct to say that goblet cells make mucus.

EER stands for Estimated Energy Requirement, which is the average daily caloric need for each life stage group. This is a measure used to estimate the amount of energy (calories) individuals need to consume in order to maintain their weight and meet their daily energy needs. EER takes into account factors such as age, gender, weight, height, and activity level to provide a more personalized estimate of caloric needs. It is a useful tool for individuals and healthcare professionals in planning and managing their diet and nutrition.

When more energy is consumed than expended, the excess energy is stored as fat in the body. This is because the body has a mechanism to store excess energy for future use. This can lead to weight gain over time if the excess energy intake continues.

The dietitian is using historical information as a nutritional assessment when investigating the individual's socioeconomic status and financial availability. This information helps the dietitian understand the individual's background, lifestyle, and resources, which can have a significant impact on their dietary choices and overall nutrition. By considering historical information, the dietitian can tailor their recommendations and interventions to better meet the individual's needs and circumstances.

The correct answer is minerals and water. Inorganic nutrients are essential substances that cannot be synthesized by the body and are required for various physiological functions. Proteins and fats are organic nutrients, while vitamins can be either organic or inorganic. Minerals, such as calcium, iron, and potassium, are inorganic nutrients that are needed in small amounts for proper body functioning. Water is also an inorganic nutrient that is vital for hydration, nutrient transport, and waste removal in the body.

The FDA does not publish the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The guidelines are actually published jointly by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). These guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for healthy eating and are updated every five years to reflect the latest scientific research. The FDA, on the other hand, is responsible for ensuring the safety and labeling of food products, among other things.

The sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve located at the junction of the common bile duct, pancreatic duct, and duodenum. Its main function is to control the flow of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine. This helps regulate the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The other options mentioned, such as the lower esophageal and anal sphincters, are also important in controlling the flow of substances in the digestive system, but they are not directly involved in the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine.

The FDA regulates and approves certain types of claims that can be made on food labels. Nutrient content claims refer to statements about the level of nutrients in a food product, health claims refer to statements linking a food or nutrient to a reduced risk of a disease, preliminary health claims refer to statements about emerging scientific evidence linking a food or nutrient to a reduced risk of a disease, and structure/function claims refer to statements about how a nutrient or ingredient affects the structure or function of the body. In this case, the correct answer is structure/function claims because it is stated that the claim is not approved by the FDA, indicating that it does not meet the criteria for any of the other types of claims.

Malnutrition refers to a condition where a person's diet lacks essential nutrients, either due to an insufficient intake or poor absorption. This can result in various symptoms that may be overlooked or attributed to other diseases. It can occur due to both undernutrition, where a person does not consume enough nutrients, and overnutrition, where a person consumes an excess of unhealthy foods lacking in essential nutrients. Therefore, malnutrition is the correct answer as it encompasses both possibilities of overlooked symptoms due to deficiencies or excesses in nutrient intake.

The answer is EAR, which stands for Estimated Average Requirement. It represents the average amount of a nutrient that is needed to maintain a specific function in half of the healthy individuals within a particular age and gender group. The EAR is used as a basis for setting dietary reference values and is an important tool in determining the nutrient needs of a population.

RDA stands for Recommended Dietary Allowance, which is a guideline set by nutrition experts to evaluate the average daily intake of a specific nutrient that is sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of most healthy individuals. It is based on scientific research and takes into account factors such as age, sex, and life stage. The RDA helps individuals and healthcare professionals assess whether their current intake of a nutrient is adequate or if adjustments need to be made to their diet.

The EER (Estimated Energy Requirement) is the correct answer because it refers to the average requirement of energy intake that maintains energy balance and good health in a person of a specific age, gender, and other factors. It takes into account the individual's physical activity level and is used to determine the appropriate caloric intake for maintaining a healthy weight and lifestyle.

Dark green vegetables tend to be good sources of iron, calcium, folic acid, vitamin A, and vitamin C. These vegetables, such as kale and bok choy, are rich in nutrients and provide essential vitamins and minerals that are important for overall health. Iron is necessary for the production of red blood cells, calcium is important for bone health, folic acid is essential for cell growth and development, and vitamins A and C are antioxidants that support the immune system and promote healthy skin and eyes. Therefore, dark green vegetables are a great choice for obtaining these important nutrients.

Foods labeled and marketed as organic must be grown on farms that are certified by the USDA. The USDA, or the United States Department of Agriculture, is responsible for regulating and certifying organic agricultural practices in the United States. They set the standards and guidelines for organic farming, ensuring that farmers follow strict regulations regarding the use of pesticides, fertilizers, and genetically modified organisms. By requiring certification from the USDA, consumers can trust that organic foods meet specific criteria and have been produced in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner.

The gastric cells that secrete HCL are known as parietal cells. These cells are found in the lining of the stomach and are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid, which helps in the digestion of food. Parietal cells also secrete intrinsic factor, which is important for the absorption of vitamin B12.

The person is suffering from undernutrition because weight loss and bleeding gums are common symptoms of inadequate nutrition. Undernutrition occurs when the body does not receive enough essential nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and proteins, leading to various health problems.

Subsistence farmers are individuals who are able to cultivate enough food to sustain their own families, but they do not have a surplus to sell in order to generate additional income. This means that they rely solely on the food they grow for their own consumption and do not have the means to engage in commercial farming or trade their produce for financial gain.

Anthropometric assessment involves measuring various physical characteristics of the human body to evaluate health and nutrition status. This includes measurements such as height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and skinfold thickness. Skinfold thickness is specifically used to estimate body fat percentage. By measuring the thickness of skinfolds at different sites on the body, it provides an indirect measure of subcutaneous fat, which is important for assessing body composition and overall health. Therefore, the correct answer is skinfold thickness as it is a key component of anthropometric assessment.

Anthropometric data refers to the measurements of the human body, such as height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). This type of data is commonly used in fields like healthcare, nutrition, and ergonomics to assess physical characteristics and monitor changes in health and growth. Since the given data specifically mentions height and weight, it aligns with the concept of anthropometric data.

The correct answer is "adequate because RDA covers needs of all people." This answer suggests that if a person's usual intake falls above the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA), it is considered adequate because the RDA is designed to meet the nutritional needs of the general population. This implies that the person is consuming enough nutrients to meet their requirements and maintain good health.

This statement suggests that there is a positive relationship between the amount of vitamin C consumed and the occurrence of colds. In other words, as the intake of vitamin C increases, the number of colds also increases. This implies that there may be a causal relationship between the two variables, indicating that higher levels of vitamin C intake may lead to a higher susceptibility to colds.