Fall 2016 Bio 1 Midterm Exam Review

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1. What structure is labeled A?

Explanation

The structure labeled A is the cell wall. The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria. It provides structural support and protection to the cell, helping it maintain its shape and preventing it from bursting. The cell wall is made up of cellulose in plant cells and peptidoglycan in bacteria. Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is not selectively permeable and allows substances to pass through small channels called plasmodesmata.

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Fall 2016 Bio 1 Midterm Exam Review - Quiz

This quiz, titled 'Fall 2016 Bio 1 Midterm Exam Review', assesses foundational concepts in biology and biochemistry, including hypotheses testing, properties of water, and structures of carbon-based molecules.... see moreIt is designed to evaluate understanding crucial for advanced studies in biological sciences. see less

2. What structure is labeled B?

Explanation

The structure labeled B in the given options is the chloroplast. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that captures sunlight and uses it to produce glucose and oxygen. This organelle is essential for the survival of plants and is not found in other types of cells.

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3. What structure is labeled D?

Explanation

Structure D is labeled as mitochondrion. Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles found in eukaryotic cells. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as a source of chemical energy. Mitochondria are involved in various metabolic processes, including the production of ATP through cellular respiration. They also play a role in regulating cell death and are involved in other cellular functions such as calcium storage and signaling.

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4. What structure is labeled E?

Explanation

E is labeled as the Golgi body because it is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell. The Golgi body consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae, which are involved in the processing and distribution of these molecules. It plays a crucial role in intracellular transport and secretion of proteins to their final destinations within the cell or outside of it.

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5. What structure is labeled C?

Explanation

C is labeled as vacuole because vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of plants, fungi, and some protists. They are responsible for storing water, nutrients, and waste products. Vacuoles also play a role in maintaining the shape and structure of the cell, as well as regulating the cell's internal environment.

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6. What type of cell is this?

Explanation

This cell is an animal cell because it lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, which are characteristics of prokaryotes and plant cells. Animal cells are eukaryotic cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus and various organelles, such as mitochondria and lysosomes.

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7. What structure is labeled A?

Explanation

The structure labeled A is the nucleus. The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains the cell's genetic material, including DNA, and is responsible for controlling the cell's activities by regulating gene expression. The nucleus is often referred to as the "control center" of the cell because it plays a crucial role in cell division, growth, and metabolism.

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8. Fats, oils, and cholesterol are all types of ___.

Explanation

Fats, oils, and cholesterol are all types of lipids. Lipids are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They are an essential component of living cells and play important roles in storing energy, providing insulation, and forming cell membranes. Hormones, cell membranes, and fatty acids are all related to lipids but do not encompass all the types mentioned in the question. Therefore, the correct answer is lipids.

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9. What type of cell is pictured here?

Explanation

The picture shows a prokaryote cell. Prokaryote cells are characterized by their lack of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They are typically smaller and simpler in structure compared to eukaryote cells. The absence of a nucleus means that the genetic material is not enclosed within a membrane. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, and can be found in various environments including soil, water, and the human body.

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10. ___ is the measure of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.

Explanation

pH is the measure of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. It indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 0 to 14, with 0 being highly acidic, 7 being neutral, and 14 being highly alkaline. The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that each unit represents a tenfold difference in the concentration of hydrogen ions. A lower pH value indicates a higher concentration of hydrogen ions and thus a more acidic solution, while a higher pH value indicates a lower concentration of hydrogen ions and a more alkaline solution.

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11. Which of the following is not found in a plant cell?

Explanation

Flagella are not found in plant cells. Flagella are whip-like structures that are responsible for cell movement. While flagella are present in many types of cells, including some bacteria and animal cells, they are not found in plant cells. Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles, which are not mentioned in the question but are characteristic features of plant cells.

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12. A(n) ___ is a substance made up of the joined atoms of two or more different elements.

Explanation

A compound is a substance made up of the joined atoms of two or more different elements. It is formed when atoms of different elements chemically combine together in fixed ratios. Compounds have unique properties that are different from the properties of the individual elements that make them up.

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13. Scientists use observations and data to form and test ___.

Explanation

Scientists use observations and data to form and test hypotheses. Hypotheses are educated guesses or proposed explanations for a phenomenon based on available evidence. Through careful observation and analysis of data, scientists can develop hypotheses that can be tested through experiments or further observations. This process allows scientists to make predictions and draw conclusions about the natural world.

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14. Which of the following is a major principle upon which cell theory is based?

Explanation

The major principle upon which cell theory is based is that all organisms are made of cells. This principle states that cells are the basic units of life and that all living things are composed of one or more cells. This principle was proposed by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in the 19th century and has since been widely accepted in the field of biology. The other options listed are not major principles of cell theory.

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15. Many factors should remain unchanged during an experiment. These factors are referred to as  ___.

Explanation

Controlled variables are the factors that are kept constant or unchanged during an experiment. These variables are carefully controlled in order to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. By keeping these variables constant, researchers can ensure that any changes observed in the dependent variable are a result of the manipulation of the independent variable and not due to other factors.

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16. What structure is labeled F?

Explanation

The structure labeled F is centrioles. Centrioles are small, cylindrical structures found in animal cells that play a crucial role in cell division. They are involved in the formation of the spindle fibers during mitosis and help in the separation of chromosomes. Centrioles are typically found in pairs and are located near the nucleus. They are not present in all cell types and are absent in plant cells.

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17. Which of the following is not part of the Cell Theory?

Explanation

The given answer is correct because viruses are not considered cells. They are acellular entities that are smaller and simpler than cells. While cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, viruses are considered non-living because they cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic activities on their own. Therefore, they are not part of the Cell Theory, which states that all living things are made up of cells.

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18. What is the term for the jelly-like substance that is contained insidethe cell membrane?

Explanation

Cytoplasm is the correct answer because it refers to the jelly-like substance that is contained inside the cell membrane. It is a semi-fluid substance that fills the cell and holds all the organelles in place. The cytoplasm is where many cellular processes occur, including metabolism and protein synthesis. The nucleus is the control center of the cell, organelles are specialized structures within the cell, and DNA is the genetic material found within the nucleus.

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19. During telophase the cell membrane begins to "pinch" inward, forming a ___.

Explanation

During telophase, the cell membrane begins to "pinch" inward, forming a cleavage furrow. This is a physical indentation that separates the two daughter cells during cytokinesis in animal cells. The cleavage furrow eventually deepens and splits the cell into two separate cells. The other options, such as cell plate and metaphase plate, are not formed during telophase and are not involved in the process of cytokinesis in animal cells.

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20. Which of the following is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons?

Explanation

An ion is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. When an atom gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged and is called an anion. When an atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged and is called a cation. Ions play a crucial role in chemical reactions and the formation of compounds. They can easily combine with other ions or atoms to form stable compounds through the process of ionic bonding.

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21. Which of the following is a feature found only in plant cells?

Explanation

The central vacuole is a feature found only in plant cells. It is a large, membrane-bound organelle that occupies a significant portion of the cell's volume. The central vacuole stores water, nutrients, and waste products, and also helps maintain turgor pressure, which is important for plant cell structure and support. In contrast, mitochondria, nucleus, and centriole are found in both plant and animal cells. Mitochondria are responsible for energy production, the nucleus contains the cell's genetic material, and centrioles play a role in cell division.

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22. The smallest basic unit of matter is the ___.

Explanation

An atom is the smallest basic unit of matter. It is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms combine to form molecules, which are the building blocks of compounds. Cells, on the other hand, are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms, not matter itself. Therefore, the correct answer is atom.

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23. Which organelle is the storehouse for a cell's genetic information?

Explanation

The nucleus is the storehouse for a cell's genetic information. It contains the cell's DNA, which carries the instructions for the cell's activities and characteristics. The DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes, and the nucleus protects and regulates access to the DNA. This allows the cell to control gene expression and carry out essential cellular processes such as replication, transcription, and translation. The mitochondrion and chloroplast are involved in energy production and have their own DNA, but they do not store the cell's genetic information. The centriole is involved in cell division and does not store genetic information either.

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24. Which phrase best describes rough ER?

Explanation

Rough ER is described as "studded with ribosomes" because it contains ribosomes attached to its surface. These ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. The rough appearance of the ER is due to the presence of these ribosomes.

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25. Which phrase best describes the property of selective permeability?

Explanation

Selective permeability refers to the property of a membrane or barrier that allows only certain molecules or ions to pass through while restricting the passage of others. In this case, the correct answer "some molecules pass" accurately describes selective permeability as it implies that only a subset of molecules is able to pass through the membrane or barrier, while others are not able to pass.

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26. Which organelles supply energy to the cell?

Explanation

Mitochondria are the organelles that supply energy to the cell. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate the majority of the cell's energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. This process involves breaking down glucose and other molecules to release energy. Mitochondria have their own DNA and can reproduce independently within the cell. They are found in large numbers in cells that require a lot of energy, such as muscle cells.

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27. An atom, radical or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge is called a(n) ___.

Explanation

An ion is a particle that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge. It can be an atom, radical, or molecule. This charge imbalance is caused by the transfer of electrons between atoms, leading to the formation of positive ions (cation) or negative ions (anion). The correct answer is ion.

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28. Which of the following is a network of proteins that supports and gives shape to a cell?

Explanation

The cytoskeleton is a network of proteins that provides structural support and shape to a cell. It is responsible for maintaining the cell's shape, organizing its internal components, and facilitating cell movement. The cytoskeleton is composed of three main types of protein filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. These filaments work together to give the cell its structure and allow it to carry out its functions.

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29. What structure is labeled C?

Explanation

Structure C is labeled as rough E.R. because it is characterized by the presence of ribosomes on its surface. The rough E.R. is responsible for protein synthesis and modification. It plays a crucial role in the production of proteins that are either secreted or embedded in the cell membrane. The ribosomes on the rough E.R. allow for the direct transfer of newly synthesized proteins into the lumen of the E.R. for further processing and sorting.

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30. The smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means is a(n) ___.

Explanation

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means. It is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms combine to form molecules and compounds, but they themselves cannot be further broken down into simpler substances through chemical reactions. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms, elements are substances made up of only one type of atom, and compounds are substances made up of two or more different types of atoms bonded together.

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31. The processes of mitosis and cytokinesis produce two identical ___.

Explanation

The processes of mitosis and cytokinesis result in the formation of two identical daughter cells. During mitosis, the cell's nucleus divides, and the replicated chromosomes are evenly distributed to each daughter cell. Cytokinesis then occurs, where the cytoplasm divides, separating the two daughter cells. These daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell, containing the same number and type of chromosomes. Therefore, the correct answer is daughter cells.

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32. What gives water many properties that are important to living things?

Explanation

Hydrogen bonds give water many properties that are important to living things. Hydrogen bonds are formed between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another water molecule. This bonding gives water its high boiling point, which allows it to exist as a liquid at temperatures suitable for life. Hydrogen bonds also give water its unique ability to dissolve many substances, making it an excellent solvent. Additionally, hydrogen bonds contribute to water's high surface tension, which allows for capillary action and the movement of water through plants.

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33. What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

Explanation

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing and delivering proteins within a cell. It receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them, and packages them into vesicles for transport to their final destinations. This process involves adding sugars and other molecules to the proteins to modify their structure and function. Therefore, the main function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and deliver proteins within the cell.

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34. Which word best describes the structure of the cell membrane?

Explanation

The word "layered" best describes the structure of the cell membrane because it is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. This bilayer consists of two layers of phospholipids arranged with their hydrophilic (water-loving) heads facing outward and their hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails facing inward. This layered structure provides stability and acts as a barrier, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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35. Identify the type of cell shown in Figure 3.1.

Explanation

The cell shown in Figure 3.1 is identified as eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having a true nucleus that contains genetic material enclosed within a nuclear membrane. They also have other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. This distinguishes them from prokaryotic cells, which do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. The term "bacterial" refers to a specific type of prokaryotic cell, and "animal" is a broad category that includes both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

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36. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are both sites of ___.

Explanation

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are both organelles involved in energy conversion. Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, where they convert nutrients into ATP, the main energy currency of cells. Chloroplasts, on the other hand, are found in plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis, where they convert sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. Therefore, both organelles play a crucial role in the conversion of energy within cells.

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37. Which of the following is a characteristic of anaphase?

Explanation

During anaphase, the sister chromatids, which are identical copies of each chromosome, are separated and pulled towards opposite poles of the cell. This is achieved by the spindle fibers attached to the centromeres of the sister chromatids, which contract and shorten, generating the force necessary to move the chromatids apart. This process ensures that each daughter cell receives an equal and complete set of chromosomes during cell division.

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38. Which of the following molecules found in the food we eat is most commonly broken down to make ATP (providing us with the most readily available energy)?

Explanation

Carbohydrates are the molecules found in the food we eat that are most commonly broken down to make ATP, providing us with readily available energy. Carbohydrates are easily converted into glucose, which is then used by the cells to produce ATP through cellular respiration. Lipids and proteins can also be broken down for energy, but carbohydrates are the preferred source as they are more efficiently metabolized. Vitamins, on the other hand, do not provide energy directly but are essential for various metabolic processes in the body.

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39. Unlike a eukaryoteic cell, a prokaryotic cell does not have...

Explanation

A prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus. This is because prokaryotic cells are simpler and lack a distinct membrane-bound nucleus. Instead, their DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid, which is not enclosed by a membrane. In contrast, eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus that houses their DNA, which is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane. The absence of a nucleus in prokaryotic cells allows for a more direct interaction between the genetic material and the cellular machinery.

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40. What type of cell is this?

Explanation

This cell is classified as a eukaryote cell because it contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryote cells are found in organisms belonging to the domain Eukarya, which includes plants, animals, fungi, and protists. In contrast, prokaryote cells, such as bacterial cells, lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Animal cells are a type of eukaryote cell, but the question specifically asks for the type of cell, not the organism it belongs to.

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41. What structure is labeled B?

Explanation

The structure labeled B is the smooth E.R. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle involved in lipid metabolism, detoxification of drugs and toxins, and calcium storage. It lacks ribosomes on its surface, which gives it a smooth appearance. The other options, such as nucleus, mitochondrion, and rough E.R., do not match the description of the structure labeled B.

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42. A(n) ___ forms when atoms share a pair of electrons.

Explanation

A covalent bond forms when atoms share a pair of electrons. In this type of bond, the electrons are shared between the atoms, creating a strong bond that holds the atoms together. This sharing of electrons allows both atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration, making the bond very stable. Covalent bonds are commonly found in molecules and compounds made up of nonmetals.

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43. Which phrase best describes an organ system?

Explanation

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform specific functions in the body. Each organ within the system has a specific role, and they collaborate to carry out complex processes necessary for the body's survival. This answer accurately describes the concept of an organ system and distinguishes it from other options such as specialized cells, tissues, or cells differentiating at the same rate.

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44. The four main types of carbon-based molecules in organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and ___.

Explanation

Proteins are the fourth main type of carbon-based molecules in organisms. They are large, complex molecules made up of amino acids and play a crucial role in various biological processes. Proteins are involved in structural support, enzymatic reactions, transport, immune response, and many other functions in living organisms. They are essential for the growth, development, and functioning of cells and tissues.

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45. All of the following are stages of Interphase except ___.

Explanation

The stages of the cell cycle are G1, S, G2, and M. Interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle and includes G1, S, and G2. During G1, the cell grows and carries out normal metabolic activities. In S phase, DNA replication occurs. G2 is the final stage of interphase, where the cell prepares for cell division. M phase, or mitosis, is the stage where the cell divides into two daughter cells. Therefore, the correct answer is M because it is not a stage of interphase, but rather a stage of the cell cycle that follows interphase.

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46. What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

Explanation

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing and delivering proteins within the cell. It receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies them by adding sugars, lipids, or other molecules. It then packages the modified proteins into vesicles and sends them to their appropriate destinations within or outside the cell. This process ensures that proteins are properly folded, modified, and transported to their required locations, allowing them to perform their specific functions in the cell.

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47. A(n) ___ is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom.

Explanation

An element is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom. This means that all atoms in an element have the same number of protons in their nucleus. Elements are the building blocks of matter and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions. Examples of elements include hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. Compounds, on the other hand, are made up of two or more different elements chemically combined. Atoms and ions are not pure substances but rather the fundamental particles that make up elements and compounds.

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48. A(n) ___ is a substance in which a solute dissolves and is in greatest concentration in a solution.

Explanation

A solvent is a substance in which a solute dissolves and is in greatest concentration in a solution. In a solution, the solute is the substance that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the substance that does the dissolving. The solvent is usually present in larger amounts compared to the solute, which is why it is in greatest concentration in the solution.

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49. Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?

Explanation

The correct answer is metaphase because in the image, the chromosomes are aligned along the center of the cell, forming a metaphase plate. This is a characteristic feature of metaphase in mitosis, where the chromosomes are fully condensed and ready to be separated into two daughter cells.

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50. In the lock-and-key model of enzyme function shown in Figure 2.2, what is happening in step 2? 

Explanation

In step 2 of the lock-and-key model of enzyme function, the enzyme is causing new bonds to form between the substrates. This means that the enzyme is facilitating the reaction by bringing the substrates together in the correct orientation and providing the necessary conditions for the formation of new chemical bonds. This step is crucial for the catalysis of the reaction and the subsequent release of the product.

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51. Which aspect of a chemical reaction is affected by enzymes?

Explanation

Enzymes affect the rate of a chemical reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. They do this by binding to the reactant molecules and facilitating the formation of the transition state, which then leads to the formation of products. Therefore, enzymes play a crucial role in increasing the rate at which chemical reactions proceed in biological systems.

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52. Which of the following is not found in a animal cell?

Explanation

The cell wall is not found in an animal cell. While both plant and bacterial cells have a cell wall, animal cells do not possess this feature. Animal cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane, which provides structure and protection to the cell. The cell wall, on the other hand, is a rigid layer found outside the plasma membrane in plant cells and some bacteria, providing additional support and protection.

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53. Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?

Explanation

The stage of mitosis illustrated on the right is telophase. This can be determined based on the characteristics of telophase, such as the formation of a nuclear envelope around each set of chromosomes, the decondensation of chromosomes, and the formation of a cleavage furrow or cell plate.

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54. Cell division is very similar in animal and plant cells . However, ___.

Explanation

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55. Which sequence shows the progression from least complex structure to most complex structure?

Explanation

The correct answer is cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system. This sequence represents the progression from the least complex structure to the most complex structure. At the cellular level, individual cells are the basic building blocks of life. Tissues are formed when similar cells come together to perform a specific function. Organs are composed of different types of tissues working together to carry out specific functions. Finally, organ systems are made up of multiple organs working together to perform complex functions necessary for the survival of an organism.

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56. Which organelles contain enzymes that break down old cell parts?

Explanation

Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down old cell parts. Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that function as the cell's recycling centers. They contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down various biological molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. These enzymes are responsible for the degradation and recycling of cellular waste, as well as the breakdown of old or damaged organelles.

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57. What is the function of the entire structure shown in the diagram?

Explanation

The correct answer is "regulate what goes in/out of a cell." The diagram likely depicts a cell membrane or a similar structure that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. This function is essential for maintaining homeostasis and allowing the cell to selectively transport molecules and ions across its boundary.

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58. The most common form of reproduction among prokaryotes is ___.

Explanation

Binary fission is the most common form of reproduction among prokaryotes. In this process, a single prokaryotic cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It involves the replication of the genetic material and the splitting of the cell into two separate cells. This method of reproduction allows prokaryotes to rapidly increase their population and is an efficient way for them to reproduce in favorable conditions. Sexual reproduction, budding, and fragmentation are not as common among prokaryotes as binary fission.

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59. Protein polymers are made of a series of ___.

Explanation

Protein polymers are made of a series of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are linked together through peptide bonds to form long chains. These chains then fold into specific three-dimensional structures, which determine the function of the protein. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates, histones are proteins involved in DNA packaging, and DNA strands are nucleic acids that carry genetic information. Therefore, the correct answer is amino acids.

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60. During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate from each other?

Explanation

During anaphase, sister chromatids separate from each other and move towards opposite poles of the cell. This is facilitated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the kinetochores of each chromatid. As the microtubules shorten, the sister chromatids are pulled apart, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes. Therefore, anaphase is the phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate from each other.

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61. Which of the following is a characteristic of metaphase?

Explanation

During metaphase, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. This is a characteristic of metaphase because it is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes, which have already replicated during interphase, align themselves along the equatorial plane of the cell. This alignment is crucial for ensuring that each daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes during cell division. The other options, such as the breakdown of the nuclear membrane, the separation of sister chromatids, or the splitting of the cytoplasm, occur during other stages of mitosis.

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62. DNA and RNA are two types of ___.

Explanation

DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information in living organisms. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is responsible for storing genetic information, while RNA (ribonucleic acid) plays a role in protein synthesis and gene expression. Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are other types of biomolecules, but they are not specifically related to storing and transmitting genetic information like nucleic acids.

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63. Which organelle is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic information?

Explanation

The nucleus is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic information. It contains the cell's DNA, which carries the instructions for the cell's functions and characteristics. The DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes, which are located within the nucleus. The nucleus also regulates the cell's activities and controls the expression of genes. Therefore, the nucleus is responsible for storing and controlling the cell's genetic information.

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64. A membrane-bound sac that contains digestive enzymes is a ...

Explanation

A membrane-bound sac that contains digestive enzymes is called a lysosome. Lysosomes are organelles found in animal cells that function as the cell's recycling center. They break down various macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, into smaller molecules that can be reused by the cell. The digestive enzymes within the lysosome are highly acidic and can break down a wide range of substances. Lysosomes also play a crucial role in the immune system by destroying foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses, engulfed by the cell.

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65. A(n) ___ is a substance that dissolves in a solvent.

Explanation

A solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent. When a solute is added to a solvent, it disperses and becomes evenly distributed throughout the solvent, forming a solution. The solute particles become surrounded by solvent particles, breaking down the solute into individual molecules or ions. This process is known as dissolution. The solute can be a solid, liquid, or gas, and it can dissolve in various types of solvents, such as water, alcohol, or oil. The solute-solvent interaction is essential in many chemical and biological processes, as it allows for the transportation of substances and the formation of solutions.

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66. Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?

Explanation

The stage of mitosis illustrated on the right is prophase. Prophase is characterized by the condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes, the breakdown of the nuclear membrane, and the formation of the mitotic spindle. In the image, these features can be observed, indicating that the cell is in prophase.

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67. The structures labeled B would be made of ___.

Explanation

The structures labeled B would be made of protein because lipids are not typically involved in structural components, cellulose is a carbohydrate found in plant cell walls, and fatty acid chains are components of lipids rather than structural components themselves. Protein is known to be involved in the formation of various structural components in cells, such as the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.

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68. Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?

Explanation

The correct answer is anaphase because in the image on the right, the sister chromatids are separating and moving towards opposite poles of the cell. This is a characteristic feature of anaphase in mitosis.

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69. Some cells live their entire lives without going through mitosis. These cells are said to be in ___.

Explanation

G zero refers to the phase in the cell cycle where cells temporarily stop dividing and enter a non-dividing state. During this phase, cells may remain in a resting state or carry out specialized functions without undergoing mitosis. This phase is important for cells that have completed their division cycle or have reached a stage where they no longer need to divide. Thus, the correct answer is G zero.

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70. Which of the following organelles can be found on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Explanation

Ribosomes can be found on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. This is because the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis, and ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum provides a platform for ribosomes to attach and synthesize proteins, which can then be transported and modified within the cell. Therefore, ribosomes are the correct answer as they are directly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum.

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71. The process of organizing and condensing DNA into its compact form takes place at the start of ___.

Explanation

During mitosis, the process of organizing and condensing DNA into its compact form takes place. Mitosis is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This process involves several stages, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In prophase, the DNA condenses into tightly coiled structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are then aligned at the equator of the cell during metaphase. Therefore, mitosis is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the phase where DNA condensation occurs.

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72. Which organelles are found only in plant cells?

Explanation

Chloroplasts are the correct answer because they are unique to plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a pigment that gives plants their green color and allows them to absorb sunlight. They are not found in animal cells or other types of cells.

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73. Which of the following is a characteristic of G1 phase?

Explanation

G1 phase is the first phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows in size and carries out its normal functions. During this phase, the cell prepares for DNA replication and enters the S phase. However, the main characteristic of G1 phase is cell growth and normal function, as it is the time when the cell acquires the necessary nutrients and energy to support its growth and perform its regular activities.

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74. A membrane-bound sac used to transport substances into and out of cells is a ...

Explanation

A vesicle is a membrane-bound sac that is responsible for transporting substances into and out of cells. It acts as a small transport vehicle within the cell, allowing molecules to be moved from one location to another. Vesicles are involved in various cellular processes such as secretion, exocytosis, endocytosis, and intracellular transport. They play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of the cell by regulating the movement of molecules and maintaining the integrity of the cell membrane.

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75. Which is the term for the group of proteins that organizes and condenses long strands of DNA into tight coils?

Explanation

Histones are the proteins that organize and condense long strands of DNA into tight coils. They play a crucial role in DNA packaging, helping to compact the DNA molecule and regulate gene expression. Histones form complexes called nucleosomes, around which the DNA wraps, creating a structure known as chromatin. This compact packaging allows for efficient storage and protection of DNA within the cell nucleus. Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes, centromeres are regions of DNA that help in chromosome segregation during cell division, and chromatids are duplicated copies of a chromosome.

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76. Which of the following is a characteristic of S phase?

Explanation

During the S phase of the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs. This means that the DNA molecule is duplicated, resulting in two identical copies. This is an essential process for cell division as each new cell needs to have a complete set of genetic information. The other options mentioned, such as cell growth and preparation for mitosis, and the reforming of the nuclear membrane, are not specific to the S phase and can occur during other stages of the cell cycle as well.

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77. Substances are changed into different substances when bonds break and reform during ___.

Explanation

Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of chemical bonds, resulting in the transformation of substances into different substances. During a chemical reaction, the bonds between atoms in the reactants are broken, and new bonds are formed to create the products. This process can involve various types of reactions, such as synthesis, decomposition, combustion, and more. Therefore, it is through chemical reactions that substances undergo changes and are converted into different substances.

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78. Which of the following statements is true of cytokinesis?

Explanation

Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle, following mitosis or meiosis, in which the cytoplasm of a cell divides to form two daughter cells. It is responsible for completing the cell cycle and ensuring that each daughter cell receives a copy of the genetic material. Therefore, the statement "completes the cell cycle" is true for cytokinesis.

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79. What pH would be considered a strong base?

Explanation

A pH of 12 would be considered a strong base. pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, with values ranging from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered neutral, below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is alkaline. The higher the pH value, the more alkaline the solution is. A pH of 12 indicates a highly alkaline solution, making it a strong base.

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80. An attraction between substances of the same kind is referred to as ___.

Explanation

Cohesion refers to the attraction between substances of the same kind. This force allows molecules of the same substance to stick together, creating surface tension and forming droplets. It is responsible for the ability of water to form beads on a surface and for the movement of water through plants. Adhesion, on the other hand, refers to the attraction between different substances. Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that occurs between ions with opposite charges. "Chemical friendship" is not a scientific term and does not accurately describe the concept of attraction between substances of the same kind.

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81. The activation energy needed for a chemical reaction is decreased by a ___.

Explanation

A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. It does this by providing an alternative pathway with a lower energy barrier for the reaction to proceed. By decreasing the activation energy, a catalyst increases the rate of the reaction without being consumed in the process. Therefore, a catalyst is the correct answer because it effectively reduces the energy barrier and facilitates the reaction.

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82. The term used to describe the imaginary plane along which chromosomes line up during metaphase is called the ___.

Explanation

The term "metaphase plate" refers to the imaginary plane in the cell where chromosomes align during metaphase, which is a stage of cell division. This plate is crucial for ensuring that each daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes during cell division. The other options, such as "cell plate," "cleavage furrow," and "envelope," do not accurately describe the specific plane where chromosomes line up during metaphase.

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83. In Fig. 3.3, identify the structure labeled C.

Explanation

The structure labeled C in Fig. 3.3 is the Endoplasmic Reticulum. The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of membranes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It plays a key role in the synthesis, folding, and transport of proteins, as well as lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and toxins. It can be classified into two types: rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), which is studded with ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), which lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

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84. Which of the following is a characteristic of cytokinesis?

Explanation

Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division, where the cytoplasm of the parent cell divides into two daughter cells. This process ensures that each daughter cell receives the necessary organelles and cytoplasmic components to function independently. The nuclear membrane breaks down during prophase, chromosomes line up in the middle during metaphase, and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides during anaphase. However, it is during cytokinesis that the cytoplasm physically splits, allowing for the formation of two separate cells.

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85. The positive region of one water molecule is attracted to the negative region of another water molecule in a(n) ___.

Explanation

Water molecules are polar, meaning they have a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom. In a hydrogen bond, the positive region of one water molecule is attracted to the negative region of another water molecule. This attraction is due to the electrostatic forces between the partially positive hydrogen atom and the partially negative oxygen atom. Therefore, the correct answer is hydrogen bond.

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86. A substance that releases protons (H+ ions) in solution is a(n) ___.

Explanation

A substance that releases protons (H+ ions) in solution is known as an acid. Acids are characterized by their ability to increase the concentration of H+ ions when dissolved in water. They typically have a sour taste and can react with metals, turn litmus paper red, and have a pH value less than 7. Examples of common acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

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87. Which of the following is not part of M phase?

Explanation

Synthesis is not part of the M phase. The M phase, also known as the mitotic phase, is the phase of the cell cycle where cell division occurs. It consists of several stages including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During these stages, the cell undergoes processes such as condensation of chromosomes, alignment of chromosomes at the cell equator, separation of sister chromatids, and formation of two daughter cells. Synthesis, on the other hand, is part of the interphase, specifically the S phase, where DNA replication takes place.

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88. A(n) ___ is the smallest unit of a substance that keeps all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance.It can consist of one element or two or more elements bonded together.

Explanation

A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that retains all of its physical and chemical properties. It can be made up of a single element or multiple elements bonded together. This means that a molecule can exist as an individual entity or as a component of a larger substance.

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89. A(n) ___ forms through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions.

Explanation

An ionic bond forms through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions. In an ionic bond, one atom donates electrons to another atom, resulting in the formation of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions. These ions are held together by electrostatic attraction, creating a strong bond between them. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, hydrogen bonds are formed between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, and James Bond is a fictional character unrelated to chemical bonding.

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90. In Fig. 3.3, what is the function of the structure labeled F.

Explanation

The structure labeled F in Fig. 3.3 is responsible for holding water. This means that it has the function of storing and retaining water within the organism or structure depicted in the figure.

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91. A substance that removes protons (H+ ions) from a solution is a(n) ___.

Explanation

A substance that removes protons (H+ ions) from a solution is a base. Bases are substances that can accept protons or donate pairs of electrons. They have a higher pH value and can neutralize acids by reacting with them to form water and a salt. By removing protons from a solution, bases increase the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) and decrease the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+), making the solution more basic.

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92. Which stage of the cell cycle is illustrated here?

Explanation

Cytokinesis is the stage of the cell cycle where the cytoplasm of the cell divides, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells. In this stage, the nuclear material has already been divided during the previous stage, called telophase. The image or context of the question may not be available, but based on the given options, cytokinesis is the stage that specifically involves the division of the cytoplasm, which is the correct answer.

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93. Atoms in molecules share pairs of electrons when they make ___.

Explanation

When atoms in molecules form a covalent bond, they share pairs of electrons. This type of bond occurs when atoms have similar electronegativities and are able to share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. In a covalent bond, the shared electrons are attracted to both nuclei, creating a strong bond between the atoms. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, hydrogen bonds are weaker interactions between molecules, and polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits.

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94. Which type of stem cell can grow into any other cell type?

Explanation

Totipotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell in the body, including both embryonic and extraembryonic cells. This means that they can give rise to all cell types in an organism, including the cells of the placenta and other supporting tissues. Totipotent stem cells are the earliest stage of development and are found in the fertilized egg or zygote. They have the highest level of potency and are capable of generating a complete organism.

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95. An attraction between different substances is called ___.

Explanation

Adhesion refers to the attraction between different substances. It is the ability of different substances to stick or cling to each other. This phenomenon occurs due to the intermolecular forces between molecules of different substances. Adhesion is commonly observed when water molecules adhere to the surface of a solid, such as when water sticks to the sides of a glass or when a raindrop sticks to a leaf.

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96. Which of the following is a characteristic of prophase?

Explanation

During prophase, the nuclear membrane breaks down, allowing the chromosomes to become visible. This is an important step in cell division as it allows the chromosomes to be properly organized and prepared for separation. The breakdown of the nuclear membrane also allows for the movement of other cellular components during cell division. Therefore, the characteristic of prophase mentioned in the answer is accurate.

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97. The term "mitosis" means ___.

Explanation

Mitosis is the process of cell division, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. During mitosis, the nucleus of the cell also divides, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic material. Therefore, the term "mitosis" refers to the division of the nucleus, not the division of the entire cell or the cytoplasm. The replication of DNA occurs before mitosis, during the S phase of the cell cycle.

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98. Which of the following is responsible for making membrane and protein?

Explanation

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for making membranes and proteins. It contains ribosomes on its surface, which are responsible for protein synthesis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum plays a crucial role in the production, folding, and modification of proteins. Additionally, it is involved in the synthesis of lipids and the transport of proteins to other parts of the cell or to the cell membrane. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and chloroplasts have other functions within the cell and are not primarily responsible for making membranes and proteins.

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99. Which of the following is a feature found only in animal cells?

Explanation

Centrioles are cylindrical structures found only in animal cells. They play a crucial role in cell division by organizing the microtubules that form the spindle apparatus. This helps in the separation of chromosomes during cell division. Plant cells do not contain centrioles, making it a feature exclusive to animal cells. The other options, such as central vacuole, mitochondria, and nucleus, are found in both animal and plant cells.

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100. Which of the following is a characteristic of G2 phase?

Explanation

G2 phase is the third phase of the cell cycle, following the S phase where DNA is replicated. During G2 phase, the cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis, which is the process of cell division. This includes synthesizing the necessary proteins and organelles for cell division, as well as checking for any errors in DNA replication. Therefore, the characteristic of G2 phase is cell growth and preparation for mitosis.

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101. Which of the following is a direct result of a normal cell's ability to express only certain genes?

Explanation

The ability of a normal cell to express only certain genes allows it to differentiate and specialize. This means that the cell can develop into a specific type of cell with a specific function. Through gene expression, different cells in the body can acquire different characteristics and perform different tasks, leading to the specialization of cells in various tissues and organs. This differentiation is crucial for the proper functioning of the body and the maintenance of homeostasis.

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102. If an organic molecule model contains carbon atoms arranged in a long chain, it is probably a model of ___.

Explanation

If an organic molecule model contains carbon atoms arranged in a long chain, it is probably a model of a lipid. Lipids are organic molecules that are characterized by long chains of carbon atoms bonded together. They are an important component of cell membranes and serve as a source of energy in the body.

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103. Which of the following is a characteristic of telophase?

Explanation

Telophase is the final stage of mitosis where the nuclear membrane reforms around the separated chromosomes. During this stage, the chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell, and a new nuclear envelope starts to form around each set of chromosomes. This reformation of the nuclear membrane marks the completion of cell division and the beginning of cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells. Cell growth and preparation for mitosis occur in earlier stages of the cell cycle, while DNA replication takes place during the S phase of interphase.

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104. Stem cells are important to multicellular organisms because of their

Explanation

Stem cells are important to multicellular organisms because of their capacity to differentiate. This means that they have the ability to develop into different types of cells with specific functions, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, or blood cells. This differentiation process is crucial for the growth, development, and repair of tissues and organs in the body. Without the capacity to differentiate, stem cells would not be able to fulfill their role in maintaining and regenerating the various cell types needed for the proper functioning of the organism.

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What structure is labeled A?
What structure is labeled B?
What structure is labeled D?
What structure is labeled E?
What structure is labeled C?
What type of cell is this?
What structure is labeled A?
Fats, oils, and cholesterol are all types of ___.
What type of cell is pictured here?
___ is the measure of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
Which of the following is not found in a plant cell?
A(n) ___ is a substance made up of the joined atoms of two or more...
Scientists use observations and data to form and test ___.
Which of the following is a major principle upon which cell theory is...
Many factors should remain unchanged during an experiment. These...
What structure is labeled F?
Which of the following is not part of the Cell Theory?
What is the term for the jelly-like substance that is contained...
During telophase the cell membrane begins to "pinch" inward,...
Which of the following is formed when an atom gains or loses...
Which of the following is a feature found only in plant cells?
The smallest basic unit of matter is the ___.
Which organelle is the storehouse for a cell's genetic...
Which phrase best describes rough ER?
Which phrase best describes the property of selective permeability?
Which organelles supply energy to the cell?
An atom, radical or molecule that has gained or lost one or more...
Which of the following is a network of proteins that supports and...
What structure is labeled C?
The smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical...
The processes of mitosis and cytokinesis produce two identical ___.
What gives water many properties that are important to living things?
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
Which word best describes the structure of the cell membrane?
Identify the type of cell shown in Figure 3.1.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are both sites of ___.
Which of the following is a characteristic of anaphase?
Which of the following molecules found in the food we eat is most...
Unlike a eukaryoteic cell, a prokaryotic cell does not have...
What type of cell is this?
What structure is labeled B?
A(n) ___ forms when atoms share a pair of electrons.
Which phrase best describes an organ system?
The four main types of carbon-based molecules in organisms are...
All of the following are stages of Interphase except ___.
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
A(n) ___ is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom.
A(n) ___ is a substance in which a solute dissolves and is in greatest...
Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?
In the lock-and-key model of enzyme function shown in Figure 2.2, what...
Which aspect of a chemical reaction is affected by enzymes?
Which of the following is not found in a animal cell?
Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?
Cell division is very similar in animal and plant cells . However,...
Which sequence shows the progression from least complex structure to...
Which organelles contain enzymes that break down old cell parts?
What is the function of the entire structure shown in the diagram?
The most common form of reproduction among prokaryotes is ___.
Protein polymers are made of a series of ___.
During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate from each...
Which of the following is a characteristic of metaphase?
DNA and RNA are two types of ___.
Which organelle is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic...
A membrane-bound sac that contains digestive enzymes is a ...
A(n) ___ is a substance that dissolves in a solvent.
Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?
The structures labeled B would be made of ___.
Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?
Some cells live their entire lives without going through mitosis....
Which of the following organelles can be found on the surface of the...
The process of organizing and condensing DNA into its compact form...
Which organelles are found only in plant cells?
Which of the following is a characteristic of G1 phase?
A membrane-bound sac used to transport substances into and out of...
Which is the term for the group of proteins that organizes and...
Which of the following is a characteristic of S phase?
Substances are changed into different substances when bonds break and...
Which of the following statements is true of cytokinesis?
What pH would be considered a strong base?
An attraction between substances of the same kind is referred to as...
The activation energy needed for a chemical reaction is decreased by a...
The term used to describe the imaginary plane along which chromosomes...
In Fig. 3.3, identify the structure labeled C.
Which of the following is a characteristic of cytokinesis?
The positive region of one water molecule is attracted to the negative...
A substance that releases protons (H+ ions) in solution is a(n) ___.
Which of the following is not part of M phase?
A(n) ___ is the smallest unit of a substance that keeps all of the...
A(n) ___ forms through the electrical force between oppositely charged...
In Fig. 3.3, what is the function of the structure labeled F.
A substance that removes protons (H+ ions) from a solution is a(n)...
Which stage of the cell cycle is illustrated here?
Atoms in molecules share pairs of electrons when they make ___.
Which type of stem cell can grow into any other cell type?
An attraction between different substances is called ___.
Which of the following is a characteristic of prophase?
The term "mitosis" means ___.
Which of the following is responsible for making membrane and protein?
Which of the following is a feature found only in animal cells?
Which of the following is a characteristic of G2 phase?
Which of the following is a direct result of a normal cell's...
If an organic molecule model contains carbon atoms arranged in a long...
Which of the following is a characteristic of telophase?
Stem cells are important to multicellular organisms because of their
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