Biochemistry Drugs, DNA & RNA Quiz

Gluconeogenesis refers to the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids or glycerol. This metabolic pathway occurs mainly in the liver and kidneys and is essential for maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting or low carbohydrate intake. It involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert these non-carbohydrate precursors into glucose, which can then be used as an energy source by various tissues in the body. Glycolysis, on the other hand, is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, while glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose.

All of the options listed (Arachidonic acid, Linolenic acid, and Linoleic acid) are essential fatty acids in humans. Essential fatty acids are types of fats that the body cannot produce on its own and must be obtained from the diet. These fatty acids play important roles in various bodily functions, such as brain development, hormone production, and maintaining healthy skin and hair. Therefore, it is necessary for humans to consume foods that contain these essential fatty acids in order to meet their nutritional needs.

Anorexia is the correct answer because it refers to the loss of appetite. Anuria refers to the absence of urine production, Alopecia refers to hair loss, and "None of this" is not a term used to describe loss of appetite.

Watson and Crick proposed the double helical structure of DNA. This groundbreaking discovery was made in 1953 and is considered one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century. Their model showed that DNA is composed of two strands that are twisted together in a helical shape, with the bases on each strand pairing up in a complementary manner. This discovery provided crucial insights into how DNA replicates and transmits genetic information, laying the foundation for modern genetics and molecular biology.

Schedule V describes standards for patent and proprietary medicines. This means that it provides guidelines and regulations for the production, labeling, and distribution of these types of medicines. These standards ensure that patent and proprietary medicines meet certain quality and safety requirements, and that they are accurately labeled with appropriate information for consumers.

Atropine is a parasympatholytic agent because it blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, leading to inhibition of parasympathetic nerve impulses. This results in relaxation of smooth muscles, decreased glandular secretions, and increased heart rate. Atropine is commonly used to treat bradycardia, dilate the pupils during eye exams, and reduce secretions during surgery. Demecarium, Pilocarpine, and Carbochol are not parasympatholytic agents; they have different mechanisms of action and are used for different purposes.

Chloramphenicol is known to cause Grey baby syndrome, a condition characterized by a grayish-blue skin color, abdominal distension, and cardiovascular collapse in newborn infants. This syndrome occurs due to the inability of newborns to efficiently metabolize and eliminate chloramphenicol, leading to toxic levels in their system. Other antibiotics like tetracycline, benzyl penicillin, and gentamycin do not have this specific side effect.

Vitamin K is essential for the production of certain proteins that are involved in blood clotting. Without enough vitamin K, the blood clotting process is impaired, leading to a defect in blood clotting. This can result in excessive bleeding or difficulty in stopping bleeding after an injury. Retarded growth, color blindness, and pernicious anemia are not directly associated with vitamin K deficiency.

Levodopa is a prodrug because it is converted into dopamine in the brain, which helps to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Prodrugs are inactive or less active compounds that are converted into active forms in the body. In this case, levodopa is converted into dopamine, which is the neurotransmitter that is deficient in Parkinson's disease. Reserpine, amoxicillin, and streptomycin are not prodrugs as they are already active in their current form.

Depletion of dopamine causes Parkinsonism, a clinical condition characterized by symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with movement. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the regulation of movement and coordination. When dopamine levels are depleted, it disrupts the normal functioning of the basal ganglia, a brain region involved in movement control. This leads to the development of Parkinsonism symptoms. Mania, Schizophrenia, and Depression are not directly caused by dopamine depletion, although they may involve other neurotransmitter imbalances and have different underlying causes.

Oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds in their carbon chain, which creates kinks in the molecule and prevents the fatty acid from packing tightly together. Oleic acid specifically has one double bond, making it a monounsaturated fatty acid. Stearic acid, palmitic acid, and myristic acid, on the other hand, are all saturated fatty acids, meaning they have no double bonds in their carbon chain.

Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template. During transcription, the DNA strands separate, and an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and synthesizes a complementary RNA molecule. This RNA molecule is then processed and modified to form a mature mRNA molecule, which carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. Therefore, transcription is the correct answer as it accurately describes the process of RNA synthesis on a DNA strand.

Form-12 is an application for a license to import drugs for the purpose of examination, test, or analysis. This form is used to request permission to import drugs specifically for the purpose of conducting examinations, tests, or analysis on them. It is likely that this form is required to ensure that imported drugs meet the necessary standards and regulations set forth by the Drug and Cosmetics Act.

Phytolaca Americana is the adulterant of Belladona. This means that Phytolaca Americana can be mixed or substituted with Belladona, potentially in herbal medicines or other products. Adulteration is a common practice in the herbal industry, where cheaper or more readily available substances are added to increase profits or mimic the effects of the original substance. In this case, Phytolaca Americana is being used as a cheaper alternative to Belladona, which is a highly toxic plant known for its medicinal properties.

Amygdalin is a cyanogenetic glycoside. Cyanogenetic glycosides are compounds found in certain plants that release hydrogen cyanide when metabolized. Amygdalin is commonly found in the seeds of fruits such as apricots, almonds, and peaches. When ingested, it can be hydrolyzed by enzymes in the body to release cyanide. Therefore, it is considered toxic and potentially harmful if consumed in large amounts.

Mottling refers to the uneven distribution of color on the surface of colored tablets. It occurs when the colorant does not disperse evenly throughout the tablet during the manufacturing process. This can result in patches or streaks of different colors on the tablet surface, which can affect its appearance and potentially impact its effectiveness. Mottling is a common issue in tablet production and can be caused by various factors such as improper mixing or insufficient binder.

Carbimazole is classified as an antithyroid drug because it is used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormone. Carbimazole works by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones, thereby reducing their levels in the body. This helps to normalize the functioning of the thyroid gland and alleviate the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. It is not an antiepileptic drug, coagulant, or anticoagulant, as it does not have any effect on epilepsy or blood clotting.

The correct answer is Ledger. A ledger is a book or a computerized record where all the accounts of a business are maintained. It contains separate pages for each account, and transactions are recorded in a chronological order. The ledger helps in keeping track of the financial transactions and ensures that all accounts are balanced. It serves as a central repository of financial information and is crucial for preparing financial statements and analyzing the financial health of a business.

Gokhru is a diuretic drug. It is known for its ability to increase urine production and promote the elimination of excess water and salt from the body. This diuretic effect can be beneficial for individuals with conditions such as hypertension, edema, and kidney stones. Gokhru contains active compounds that stimulate the kidneys to produce more urine, thereby reducing fluid retention and helping to maintain a healthy fluid balance in the body.

The ratio 4:2:1 (oil:water:gum) is suitable for almond oil. This means that when using almond oil, it should be mixed with water and gum in a ratio of 4 parts oil, 2 parts water, and 1 part gum. This ratio is specific to almond oil and may not be suitable for other types of oil such as peppermint oil, liquid paraffin, or cinnamon oil.

Indigocarmine is the correct answer for the diagnostic agent used for kidney function tests. Indigocarmine is a blue dye that is commonly used in medical procedures to assess kidney function. It is injected into the bloodstream and then excreted by the kidneys, allowing healthcare professionals to evaluate the kidneys' ability to filter and excrete waste products.

Tolerance is a phenomenon where a larger dose of a drug is needed to achieve the same response that was previously obtained with a normal therapeutic dose. This occurs when the body becomes less responsive to the drug over time, requiring higher doses to produce the desired effect. Tolerance can develop with repeated use of certain medications or substances, leading to decreased effectiveness and potentially requiring dose adjustments or alternative treatments.

Ampicillin is an antibiotic that belongs to the penicillin group. One of the most common side effects of ampicillin is diarrhea. This occurs because ampicillin can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the intestines, leading to an overgrowth of certain bacteria that can cause diarrhea. Other adverse effects of ampicillin may include gastrointestinal irritation, but diarrhea is the most significant and commonly observed adverse effect.

Cortisol is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal glands. It plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone, and Prednisolone are synthetic glucocorticoids that are commonly used as medications to treat inflammation and immune-related disorders. However, cortisol is the only option listed that is naturally produced by the body.

The part of the prescription that comprises the direction to the pharmacist is the subscription. The subscription includes information such as the name and quantity of the medication, as well as instructions on how the medication should be prepared and dispensed. It is the section of the prescription that provides specific details for the pharmacist to follow when filling the prescription.

A wafer capsule is known as a cachet.

Jesuit's bark is a term used to refer to Cinchona, which is a genus of flowering plants. Cinchona bark is known for its medicinal properties and has been used historically to treat malaria. Therefore, Cinchona is the correct synonym for Jesuit's bark.

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Amphetamine is classified as an indirectly acting sympathomimetic drug because it stimulates the release of norepinephrine from nerve terminals and inhibits its reuptake, leading to increased sympathetic activity. This results in various physiological effects such as increased heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness. Amphetamine is commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.

Benzyl penicillin contains sulfur in its elemental composition.

Arachis oil is commonly used as a vehicle for oily injectables. It is a clear, odorless, and colorless oil derived from peanuts. Due to its low viscosity and compatibility with various drugs, it is often used as a carrier or base oil for injectable medications. Arachis oil provides a stable and homogeneous mixture, allowing for easy administration and absorption of the medication into the bloodstream. Additionally, it has a low allergenic potential, making it a suitable choice for patients with sensitivities or allergies.

Sulfonylureas are a class of medications used to treat type 2 diabetes by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin. One of the most common side effects of sulfonylureas is hypoglycemia, which is when blood sugar levels drop too low. This can occur if the medication causes too much insulin to be released or if the patient skips a meal or exercises excessively. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include dizziness, confusion, sweating, and shakiness. It is important for patients taking sulfonylureas to monitor their blood sugar levels regularly and to be aware of the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia.

Cholesterol is a major precursor of steroid hormones. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic reactions. Cholesterol serves as the starting material for the synthesis of hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, and testosterone. These hormones play critical roles in various physiological processes including metabolism, immune response, and reproduction. Therefore, cholesterol is an essential molecule for the production of steroid hormones in the body.

Grey baby syndrome is a rare but serious condition that can occur in newborns when they are exposed to high levels of chloramphenicol. This antibiotic can accumulate in the baby's body and cause symptoms such as grayish skin color, low body temperature, low blood pressure, and difficulty breathing. It is important to avoid using chloramphenicol in newborns or infants, as their bodies are not able to process the drug effectively, leading to toxicity and potentially life-threatening complications.

The correct answer is "Ball mill" because a ball mill operates by rotating a cylinder with steel grinding balls, causing the balls to fall back into the cylinder and onto the material to be ground. The rotation is usually between 4 to 20 revolutions per minute, depending on the diameter of the mill. The larger the diameter, the slower the rotation. The mill works on the principle of impact and attrition, where the grinding media (balls) are responsible for reducing the size of the material by impact and abrasion.

Doxycycline is a prophylactic agent for the treatment of traveler's diarrhea. It is a type of antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including those that commonly cause diarrhea. Doxycycline works by inhibiting the growth and multiplication of bacteria, helping to reduce the symptoms and duration of diarrhea. It is commonly prescribed for travelers who are visiting regions with a high risk of diarrhea-causing bacteria. Tetracycline and oxytetracycline are also antibiotics in the same class as doxycycline, but they may have more side effects and are less commonly used for traveler's diarrhea.

Papaverine is a medication that exhibits spasmolytic activity. This means that it helps to relax smooth muscles, particularly those found in the blood vessels and the gastrointestinal tract. By relaxing these muscles, papaverine can alleviate spasms and reduce constriction, making it useful in the treatment of conditions such as vasospasms, intestinal colic, and erectile dysfunction. It does not possess antitussive, emetic, or sedative properties, making spasmolytic the correct pharmacological activity associated with papaverine.

Isoenzymes are multiple forms of the same enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but differ in their amino acid sequence or overall structure. These variations in structure can result in differences in enzyme activity, substrate specificity, or regulation. Isoenzymes are often found in different tissues or organs and can have different physiological roles or be used as diagnostic markers for certain diseases. Therefore, isoenzymes are the correct term to describe multiple forms of the same enzyme.

Asafoetida is the correct answer because it is a resin obtained from the roots of the Ferula plant, not from seeds. Nutmeg and cardamom are both spices derived from the seeds of their respective plants. Guar gum is derived from the seeds of the guar plant. Therefore, only asafoetida does not fit the category of a drug obtained from seeds.

Glycogenolysis is the process of breaking down stored glycogen into glucose. This is an important mechanism for maintaining blood glucose levels, especially during periods of fasting or physical activity. Glucose is a primary source of energy for the body, and by converting glycogen into glucose, the body can ensure a steady supply of fuel. The other options listed, such as pyruvic acid, lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and water, are not the direct products of glycogenolysis.

Cellulose acetate phthalate is the material used in enteric coating. Enteric coating is a process used in pharmaceuticals to protect the drug from being released in the stomach and instead allows it to be released in the intestine. Cellulose acetate phthalate is a polymer that is insoluble in acidic environments, such as the stomach, but becomes soluble in the alkaline environment of the intestine. This property makes it an ideal material for enteric coating as it can protect the drug from degradation in the stomach and ensure its targeted release in the intestine.

Chlorpromazine is a drug that can induce parkinsonism. Parkinsonism is a condition characterized by symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowness of movement). Chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic medication that works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in movement control, and blocking its receptors can lead to the development of parkinsonism-like symptoms. Therefore, chlorpromazine is the correct answer as it is known to induce parkinsonism.

Streptomycin is the correct answer because it is a known drug that can cause ototoxicity, which refers to damage or toxicity to the ear and its structures. Ototoxicity can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems. Streptomycin is an antibiotic that is primarily used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. However, it is known to have potential side effects on the auditory system, making it an ototoxic drug. Norfloxacin, Tetracycline, and Cephalexin are antibiotics as well, but they are not typically associated with ototoxicity.

Steven Johnson syndrome is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition that is characterized by a rash, blisters, and skin peeling. It is most commonly caused by certain medications, including Sulphadimidine. This drug belongs to the class of sulfonamide antibiotics and has been associated with the development of Steven Johnson syndrome in some individuals. Therefore, Sulphadimidine is the correct answer as it is known to exhibit this serious adverse reaction.

Papaverine is the correct answer because it is an opium alkaloid that contains the isoquinolone ring system. Morphine and codeine are also opium alkaloids, but they do not contain the isoquinolone ring system. Thebane is not an opium alkaloid. Therefore, papaverine is the only option that fits the given criteria.

Doxorubicin is a cytotoxic antibiotic because it belongs to the anthracycline class of antibiotics that have potent anticancer properties. It works by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis, which ultimately leads to the death of cancer cells. Doxorubicin is commonly used in the treatment of various types of cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia. It is known for its effectiveness in killing cancer cells, but it can also cause side effects such as nausea, hair loss, and heart damage.

Rhodopsin is the correct answer because it is the pigment found in the rod cells of the eye. Rod cells are responsible for vision in low light conditions, and rhodopsin plays a crucial role in this process. When light enters the eye, it interacts with rhodopsin, causing a chemical reaction that triggers an electrical signal to be sent to the brain, allowing us to perceive images. Melanin is a pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes, but it is not specifically found in rod cells. Iodopsin and opsin are not the correct terms for the pigment in rod cells.

Cocaine is used as a local anaesthetic in modern medicine. It is a powerful numbing agent that blocks nerve signals in a specific area, providing temporary pain relief. It is commonly used in procedures such as dental work, minor surgeries, and dermatological treatments. However, due to its highly addictive nature and potential for abuse, its medical use is highly regulated and restricted.

Digitalis is the correct answer because it is a plant that contains cardiac glycosides. Cardiac glycosides are a group of compounds that have a positive inotropic effect on the heart, meaning they increase the force of contraction. Digitalis, also known as foxglove, is commonly used in medicine for its cardiac glycoside content and is used to treat heart conditions such as congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation.

Ammonium carbonate is a respiratory stimulant because it can release ammonia gas when it reacts with water or moisture in the respiratory system. Ammonia gas can irritate the respiratory tract and stimulate the body to increase its breathing rate. This increased breathing rate helps to supply more oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide, aiding in respiratory stimulation.