Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Quiz: Test!

Intravaginal drug delivery refers to the administration of drugs directly into the vagina. This route of drug administration is considered topical because the drug is applied directly to the surface of the vaginal mucosa. Topical administration involves the application of drugs onto the skin or mucous membranes for localized effects. Therefore, the correct answer is "Topical."

Doxycycline is known to cause esophageal ulceration as a side effect. This medication belongs to a class of antibiotics called tetracyclines, which can irritate the esophagus and cause ulcers. It is important to take doxycycline with plenty of water and to avoid lying down for at least 30 minutes after taking it to minimize the risk of esophageal irritation.

Propranolol is the correct answer because it is a non-selective beta-blocker that has direct membrane-stabilizing action at high doses. It works by blocking the beta receptors in the heart, which reduces the effects of adrenaline and other stress hormones on the heart. This helps to stabilize the cell membranes and prevent abnormal heart rhythms. Propafenone, amiodarone, and verapamil are also antiarrhythmic drugs, but they do not have direct membrane-stabilizing action at high doses like propranolol does.

In the case of Archaea, the first amino acid in protein synthesis is Methionine. In the case of Bacteria, the first amino acid is Formylmethionine. And in the case of Eukarya, the first amino acid is Methionine.

IAA, also known as Indole-3-acetic acid, is a plant hormone that promotes cell elongation and growth in shoots. However, it inhibits root growth. This is because IAA is primarily synthesized in the apical meristem (the tip of the plant), and it moves downwards towards the roots. In the roots, IAA inhibits cell division and elongation, leading to a decrease in root growth. Therefore, IAA acts as a negative regulator of root growth in plants.

Neuropeptide Y is released as a co-transmitter with noradrenaline at many sympathetic nerve endings. Co-transmitters are substances that are released alongside a primary neurotransmitter to modulate its effects. In the sympathetic nervous system, noradrenaline is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for the "fight or flight" response. Neuropeptide Y acts as a co-transmitter to enhance the effects of noradrenaline, contributing to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), angiotensin, and acetylcholine are not typically released as co-transmitters with noradrenaline in sympathetic nerve endings.

Flucytosine is the correct answer because it is an antifungal agent that inhibits DNA synthesis. It is converted into 5-fluorouracil inside the fungal cells, which then inhibits the synthesis of fungal DNA by interfering with thymidylate synthase, an enzyme involved in the production of thymidine. This disruption of DNA synthesis ultimately leads to the death of the fungal cells. Amphotericin, Griseofulvin, and Caspofungin are not chemotherapeutic agents that inhibit DNA synthesis.

The correct answer is C triple bond N. Infrared spectroscopy is a technique used to identify functional groups in a molecule based on the absorption of infrared radiation. A medium intensity peak at 2250 cm-1 is characteristic of a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen (C≡N). This peak corresponds to the stretching vibration of the triple bond, which causes a strong absorption in this region of the infrared spectrum. Therefore, the presence of a medium intensity peak at 2250 cm-1 suggests the presence of a C triple bond N functional group.

The largest capsule size for human use is 0. This means that there is no capsule size available for human use.

Ruggedness/Robustness: a measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small, but deliberate variations in method parameters and provides an indication of its reliabilityduring normal usage.

Accuracy: closeness of test result with the true value
Precision:closeness of test result among each other

Linearity :

S.rimosus is a biological source of Oxytetracycline. Oxytetracycline is an antibiotic that is commonly used to treat various bacterial infections. It belongs to the tetracycline class of antibiotics and is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces rimosus. Oxytetracycline works by inhibiting the growth and spread of bacteria in the body, thus helping to control and eliminate the infection.

The compound having an IHD of 4 can have all the given characteristics - it can be an aromatic ring (P), it can have 4 double bonds (Q), it can have 2 triple bonds (R), and it can have 4 fused saturated cyclic rings (S). Therefore, all the statements P, Q, R, and S are true.

In the spraying process of sugar coating, the step that is eliminated is seal coating. Seal coating is a process where a thin layer of coating is applied to seal the sugar coating and prevent moisture absorption. However, in sugar coating, the aim is to create a smooth and glossy outer layer on the surface of the product, so there is no need for an additional seal coating step.

chewable tablets are quite large in size and for large tablets, D tooling is used.

Morphine is not a drug exhibiting zero-order elimination kinetics because it follows first-order elimination kinetics. In zero-order elimination, a constant amount of the drug is eliminated per unit of time, regardless of the drug concentration. However, in first-order elimination, a constant fraction of the drug is eliminated per unit of time, meaning that the elimination rate decreases as the drug concentration decreases. Therefore, morphine does not exhibit zero-order elimination kinetics.

The correct answer is intercellular. Intercellular transport refers to the movement of substances between cells. Cardiac glycosides and insulin are both absorbed through this route, meaning they are able to pass between cells to reach their target sites. This mode of transport allows for efficient distribution of these substances throughout the body.

Verapamil is the correct answer because it is a calcium channel blocker that has been found to be effective in both short-term and long-term treatment of Mania and Hypomania. Additionally, the addition of MgO (magnesium oxide) can enhance the effectiveness of verapamil in managing these conditions. Nifedipine and diltiazem are also calcium channel blockers, but there is no mention of their effectiveness in treating Mania and Hypomania. Hydralazine is not a calcium channel blocker and therefore is not effective in treating these conditions.

Vesicular transport mechanism allows compounds to be absorbed without needing to be in an aqueous solution. This process involves the formation of vesicles, which are small sacs that transport molecules across cell membranes. Unlike passive diffusion and carrier-mediated transport, vesicular transport does not require the compound to be dissolved in water. Instead, the compound is encapsulated within the vesicle and transported through the cell membrane. The ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport mechanism, on the other hand, utilizes ATP energy to transport compounds across cell membranes and may or may not require an aqueous solution for absorption.

Neutrophils are the first cells to enter an inflamed area. They are a type of white blood cell and are part of the immune system's response to infection or injury. Neutrophils are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical signals released by damaged tissues. Once they arrive, they help to eliminate pathogens by engulfing and destroying them. Their rapid response and ability to release inflammatory molecules make them essential in the early stages of the inflammatory process.

Chloroquine is used in the treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythromatus (SLE). SLE is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to various organs in the body. Chloroquine is an antimalarial drug that also has immunomodulatory properties, making it effective in managing the symptoms of SLE. It helps to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, thereby alleviating the symptoms and preventing disease flares in SLE patients.

Metoclopramide is the correct answer because it is known to decrease the absorption of Digoxin. Metoclopramide is a medication that increases the movement of the stomach and intestines, which can lead to a faster transit time for medications, including Digoxin. This faster transit time can result in decreased absorption of Digoxin, leading to lower levels of the drug in the bloodstream. Therefore, if Metoclopramide is taken concurrently with Digoxin, it can reduce the effectiveness of Digoxin therapy.

Penicillin is known to cause hyperkalemia, which is an elevated level of potassium in the blood. This can occur due to the effect of penicillin on the kidneys, where it can impair the excretion of potassium. As a result, potassium levels can build up in the body, leading to hyperkalemia. It is important to monitor potassium levels in patients receiving penicillin therapy, especially those with underlying kidney disease or other risk factors for hyperkalemia.

Flupirtine is unique as a non-opioid, non-NSAID, non-steroidal analgesic. This means that it is a pain reliever that does not belong to the opioid class of drugs, does not have anti-inflammatory properties like NSAIDs, and is not a steroid. Flupirtine works by activating potassium channels in the brain, leading to pain relief. This makes it a distinct option for treating pain without the side effects and risks associated with opioids, NSAIDs, or steroids.

Topiramate is an anti-convulsant medication used to treat seizures and prevent migraines. It works by affecting the chemicals in the brain that are involved in seizures and preventing the abnormal electrical activity. Topiramate is commonly prescribed for epilepsy and is also used off-label for other conditions such as bipolar disorder and weight loss. It is available in tablet and capsule form and is usually taken orally. Common side effects of topiramate include drowsiness, dizziness, and difficulty concentrating. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and consult a healthcare professional for proper guidance and monitoring while taking this medication.

Trimetazidine is the correct answer because it is an antianginal drug that works by reducing fatty acid metabolism and increasing glucose metabolism in the myocardium. By doing so, it helps improve the energy production and utilization in the heart muscle, which can be beneficial in treating angina and reducing myocardial ischemia. Triamterene, Dipyridamole, and Nimodipine do not have the same mechanism of action as Trimetazidine and therefore are not the correct answers.

Clofibrates are a type of anti-hyperlipidemic medication that is known to improve glucose tolerance. They work by reducing the levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood, which in turn can help improve insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. This makes them an effective choice for individuals with both hyperlipidemia and impaired glucose tolerance. Atorvastatin, fish oil, and bile acid sequestrants may also have some lipid-lowering effects, but they are not specifically known for improving glucose tolerance like clofibrates.

Methysergide is used in the treatment of the symptoms of carcinoid tumors. Carcinoid tumors are rare, slow-growing tumors that can develop in various parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. These tumors can release chemicals such as serotonin, causing symptoms like flushing, diarrhea, and wheezing. Methysergide is a medication that works by blocking the effects of serotonin, helping to alleviate these symptoms and improve the patient's quality of life. Ergometrine, Cyproheptadine, and Pizotifen are not typically used in the treatment of carcinoid tumor symptoms.

Guvacine a tetrahydropyridine derivative inhibits GABA transport
it is a constituent of herbal drug Areca.

Hydralazine is the correct answer because it exhibits a bimodal distribution in the population. Bimodal distribution means that there are two distinct peaks or modes in the frequency distribution of the drug's effects or concentrations in the population. This suggests that there are two subgroups within the population that respond differently to the drug, possibly due to variations in metabolism or other factors. Sodium nitroprusside, clonidine, and pethidine do not show this bimodal distribution.

One of the enzymes it blocks is thymidylate Synthetase.
The drug is approved by FDA for use in lung cancer specifically(pleural mesothelioma)

Desorption Ionization (DI) is a mode of ionization in Mass Spectrometry where energetic photons are used as ionizing agents. In DI, the sample is desorbed from a solid surface using laser beams or other energetic photons, and then ionized in the gas phase. This technique is particularly useful for analyzing large biomolecules and other complex samples that are difficult to ionize using traditional ionization methods like Electron Ionization. Therefore, DI is the correct answer for the given question.

B.subtilis is recently used...E.coli was previously used...

Croton is the correct answer because it is an example of a herbal drug that has a warty outgrowth from the micropyle. The micropyle is a small opening in the seed coat through which the pollen tube enters during fertilization. In the case of Croton, it develops a warty outgrowth from this opening, which is unique to this plant. Cardamom, nutmeg, and Datura do not exhibit this characteristic.

Cefpirome exists in the zwitterionic form. Zwitterionic compounds have both positive and negative charges on different parts of the molecule, making them electrically neutral overall. This property allows them to have better solubility and stability in aqueous solutions. Cefpirome is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of bacteria. Its zwitterionic form enhances its ability to penetrate bacterial cell walls and exert its antimicrobial activity.

Domperidone is a medication primarily used to treat nausea and vomiting. It works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which can lead to an increase in the levels of dopamine. Overuse of domperidone can result in an imbalance of dopamine levels, which is known to be a contributing factor in the development of Parkinsonism. Parkinsonism is a group of symptoms that resemble Parkinson's disease, including tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with movement. Therefore, excessive use of domperidone can potentially cause Parkinsonism.

Capreomycin is a peptide antibiotic that is used in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). It is specifically effective against multidrug-resistant strains of TB. Capreomycin works by inhibiting protein synthesis in the bacteria, thereby preventing their growth and replication. It is usually administered through intramuscular injections and is considered a second-line drug for TB treatment.

The question is asking for the agent that does not consist of a dibenz[b,f]azepine ring system. Carbamazepine, Trimipramine, and Amitryptyline all contain this ring system. However, Imipramine does not have this ring system, making it the correct answer.

The statement "number of H-bond acceptor must be less than 5" is incorrect with respect to Lipinski's Rule of Five. Lipinski's Rule of Five states that for a drug to have good oral bioavailability, its molecular weight should be less than 500, its log P should be less than 5, it should have no more than 5 hydrogen bond donors, and it should have no more than 10 hydrogen bond acceptors. Therefore, the correct answer is that the number of H-bond acceptors should be less than 10, not less than 5.

Cortisone acetate exists in 8 polymorphic forms. Polymorphism refers to the ability of a substance to exist in multiple crystalline forms. Each polymorphic form of a substance has a unique crystal structure and physical properties. In the case of cortisone acetate, there are 8 different crystal structures that it can adopt, resulting in variations in its properties such as solubility, melting point, and stability. This polymorphism is important in pharmaceuticals as different crystal forms can have different bioavailability and therapeutic effects.

HPC (Hydroxypropyl cellulose) is the correct answer because it is soluble in water below 40°C but becomes insoluble above 45°C. This means that HPC can form a film when dissolved in water at temperatures below 40°C, but the film will dissolve or disintegrate when the temperature exceeds 45°C.

CDP (cytidine diphosphate) is the correct answer because it is a coenzyme that is required in the synthesis of phospholipids. Phospholipids are essential components of cell membranes and play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and function of cells. CDP is involved in the transfer of phosphatidic acid to other molecules, leading to the formation of various phospholipids. Therefore, CDP is necessary for the synthesis of phospholipids, making it the correct choice among the given options.

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Erythromycin is the correct answer because it is a drug that exhibits higher dissolution in its crystalline form compared to its amorphous form. Crystalline drugs have a regular and ordered structure, which allows for better solubility and dissolution in a solvent. On the other hand, amorphous drugs have a disordered structure, leading to lower solubility and slower dissolution. Therefore, Erythromycin in its crystalline form would dissolve more readily and be more bioavailable compared to its amorphous form.

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The correct answer is thymoleptic. Thymoleptic drugs are a category of drugs that are used to treat mood disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder. They work by affecting the levels of certain chemicals in the brain that are involved in regulating mood. Neuroleptics, on the other hand, are a category of drugs used to treat psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia. Analeptics are drugs that stimulate the central nervous system and are used to treat conditions like respiratory depression. Minor tranquilizers are drugs that have a calming effect and are used to treat anxiety and insomnia.

Quinupristin is the first choice antibiotic for vancomycin-resistant streptococcus because it is a potent bactericidal agent that effectively targets and kills the bacteria. It belongs to a class of antibiotics called streptogramins, which inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Quinupristin is particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant streptococcus, making it a suitable choice for treating infections caused by this type of bacteria. Amoxicillin, azithromycin, and clindamycin are not as effective against vancomycin-resistant streptococcus, hence they are not the first choice antibiotics for this condition.

Acriflavin is the correct answer because it is known to intercalate between DNA base pairs, causing the distance between adjacent base pairs to double. This intercalation disrupts DNA replication and transcription processes, making it an effective chemotherapeutic drug. Cytarabine, Gatifloxacin, and Bleomycin do not have this specific mechanism of action.

Isoleucine & Threonine both contain 2 chiral carbons both of which are Essential.
Except Glycine all amino acids contain atleast one chiral carbon

PVAP has pH-independent solubility because it is a non-ionic polymer. Non-ionic polymers do not ionize in solution and therefore their solubility is not affected by changes in pH. On the other hand, PVA, HPMC, and HPMCP are all ionic polymers and their solubility can be influenced by pH changes.