1.
Which anion evolves a gas with fruity odor when treated with concentrated sulfuric acid and ethanol?
Correct Answer
B. CH3COO
Explanation
When treated with concentrated sulfuric acid and ethanol, the anion CH3COO (acetate ion) evolves a gas with a fruity odor. The reaction between CH3COO and concentrated sulfuric acid produces acetic acid, which has a distinct fruity smell.
2.
Besides activated charcoal and tannic acid, the other component of universal antidote is:
Correct Answer
D. MgO
Explanation
The other component of the universal antidote, besides activated charcoal and tannic acid, is MgO. Magnesium oxide is commonly used in medicine as an antacid and laxative. It helps neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of indigestion. In the context of the universal antidote, MgO may play a role in neutralizing toxins or counteracting the effects of certain poisons.
3.
Calomel is:
Correct Answer
A. Hg2Cl2
Explanation
Calomel is the chemical compound Hg2Cl2, which consists of two mercury (Hg) atoms bonded with one chlorine (Cl) atom. It is a white, crystalline solid that has been historically used in various medical and scientific applications. Calomel is known for its use as a laxative and as a component in certain types of electrodes. Its chemical formula, Hg2Cl2, indicates that it contains two mercury atoms and two chlorine atoms, forming a stable compound.
4.
Bordeaux Mixture contains what salt?
Correct Answer
A. Cupric sulfate
Explanation
Bordeaux Mixture is a fungicide and bactericide used in agriculture to control plant diseases. It is a mixture of copper sulfate (cupric sulfate) and calcium hydroxide. Cupric sulfate is the salt present in Bordeaux Mixture that provides the copper ions necessary for its effectiveness.
5.
Increases osmotic load of the GIT:
Correct Answer
C. Saline cathartic
Explanation
Saline cathartics are substances that increase the osmotic load of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). When taken orally, they draw water into the intestines through osmosis, which softens the stool and promotes bowel movements. This increased osmotic load stimulates the movement of fluid into the intestines, resulting in increased water content in the stool and ultimately relieving constipation. Therefore, saline cathartics are the correct answer as they directly increase the osmotic load of the GIT.
6.
The following can cause a shift of equilibrium except:
Correct Answer
A. Catalyst
Explanation
A catalyst is not capable of causing a shift of equilibrium because it does not affect the position of the equilibrium. Instead, a catalyst speeds up the rate of the forward and reverse reactions equally, allowing the system to reach equilibrium faster but not altering the equilibrium concentrations of reactants and products. In contrast, changes in concentration, pressure, and temperature can affect the equilibrium position by altering the relative concentrations of reactants and products.
7.
It gives spatial orientation of the electron cloud with respect to the three areas in space:
Correct Answer
B. Magnetic quantum number
Explanation
The magnetic quantum number provides information about the spatial orientation of the electron cloud with respect to the three areas in space. It specifies the orientation of the electron's orbital within a given energy level and indicates the number of sublevels or orbitals within that energy level. This quantum number helps in determining the shape of the electron cloud and the direction of its magnetic field.
8.
Copper imparts a characteristics ____ color to a nonluminous flame:
Correct Answer
C. Green
Explanation
Copper imparts a green color to a nonluminous flame. This is because when copper is heated in a flame, it undergoes a chemical reaction and emits green light. This phenomenon is known as flame coloration and is used in flame tests to identify the presence of certain elements in compounds. In the case of copper, the green color is a result of the specific energy levels and transitions of electrons within the copper atoms.
9.
Index of protective power of colloids:
Correct Answer
A. Zigmondy
Explanation
The index of protective power of colloids is referred to as Zigmondy. This term is used to measure the ability of colloids to protect other substances from coagulation or precipitation. It is a measure of the stability and effectiveness of colloidal solutions in maintaining their dispersed state. The other options mentioned, such as nuggets and dolomite, are not related to the index of protective power of colloids.
10.
Densest element in the periodic table:
Correct Answer
D. Os
Explanation
Os stands for Osmium, which is the correct answer. Osmium is the densest element in the periodic table, with a density of 22.59 grams per cubic centimeter. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal and is commonly used in alloys and electrical contacts. Osmium has a high density due to its tightly packed atomic structure, making it the densest element among all the elements in the periodic table.
11.
A polyene anti-fungal antibiotic:
Correct Answer
B. Nystatin
Explanation
Nystatin is a polyene antifungal antibiotic used to treat fungal infections. It works by binding to the fungal cell membrane, causing it to become permeable and leading to the death of the fungus. Griseofulvin is also a polyene antifungal antibiotic, but it is primarily used to treat fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails. Salicylic acid is a keratolytic agent used to treat skin conditions such as acne and warts. Econazole is an antifungal medication, but it does not belong to the polyene class of antifungal antibiotics.
12.
Methylated erythromycin:
Correct Answer
B. Clarithromycin
Explanation
The correct answer is clarithromycin because it is a derivative of erythromycin that has been methylated. Methylating erythromycin results in clarithromycin, which has improved activity against certain bacteria and a longer half-life. Lincomycin is a different antibiotic, while azithromycin and ilotycin are not methylated forms of erythromycin.
13.
Mechanism of action of thiabendazole:
Correct Answer
B. Inhibition of cell division
Explanation
Thiabendazole is a drug that inhibits cell division. This means that it prevents the cells of organisms, such as worms, from dividing and multiplying. By inhibiting cell division, thiabendazole can effectively stop the growth and reproduction of these organisms, leading to their eventual death. This mechanism of action is different from the other options provided, which include paralysis due to GABA receptor occupation, phagocytic attack on worms, and decreased glucose uptake.
14.
Mechanism of action of mebendazole:
Correct Answer
C. Decreased glucose uptake
Explanation
Mebendazole is an anthelmintic medication used to treat parasitic worm infections. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting the uptake of glucose by the worms, leading to their immobilization and eventual death. This is achieved by binding to tubulin, a protein necessary for the worms' energy metabolism. By decreasing glucose uptake, mebendazole disrupts the worms' ability to generate energy, ultimately causing their paralysis and elimination from the body.
15.
What is the primary mechanism of action for Lidocaine, a commonly used local anesthetic?
Correct Answer
B. Blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels
Explanation
Lidocaine primarily acts by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cell membranes. This action inhibits the initiation and propagation of action potentials in nerve fibers, which leads to local anesthesia and the suppression of pain signals.
16.
Streptomycin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics are:
Correct Answer
B. Ototoxic
Explanation
Streptomycin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics are known to cause ototoxicity, which refers to damage to the inner ear and resulting hearing loss or balance problems. This side effect occurs due to the drugs' toxic effect on the sensory cells in the cochlea, the part of the inner ear responsible for hearing. It is important to monitor patients receiving these antibiotics for any signs of hearing loss or balance issues.
17.
Plasil is:
Correct Answer
B. Metoclopromide
Explanation
Plasil is a medication used to treat nausea and vomiting. Metoclopromide is the correct answer because it is the generic name for Plasil. Acyclovir is an antiviral medication used to treat herpes infections. Diclofenac sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. Tranexamic acid is a medication used to prevent or control excessive bleeding.
18.
Which of the following penicillins is resistant to penicillinase?
Correct Answer
C. Oxacillin
Explanation
Oxacillin is resistant to penicillinase because it is a penicillinase-resistant penicillin. Penicillinase is an enzyme produced by some bacteria that can break down penicillin and render it ineffective. Oxacillin has a side chain that makes it less susceptible to the action of penicillinase, allowing it to maintain its antimicrobial activity. Ampicillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and mezlocillin are not resistant to penicillinase and can be inactivated by the enzyme.
19.
Mechanism of action trimethoprim:
Correct Answer
A. Folate reductase inhibitor
Explanation
Trimethoprim is a folate reductase inhibitor, meaning it inhibits the enzyme responsible for converting dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. Tetrahydrofolate is essential for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and amino acids in bacteria. By inhibiting this enzyme, trimethoprim disrupts folate metabolism in bacteria, leading to impaired nucleic acid synthesis and ultimately inhibiting bacterial growth. Therefore, the correct answer is folate reductase inhibitor.
20.
A phenol primarily obtained from clove oil:
Correct Answer
A. Eugenol
Explanation
Eugenol is a phenol primarily obtained from clove oil. It is a colorless to pale yellow oily liquid with a strong, spicy odor. Eugenol is commonly used in dentistry as an analgesic and antiseptic. It is also used in the production of perfumes, flavorings, and as a precursor to various chemicals.
21.
Chemical Name of Green Vitriol:
Correct Answer
D. Ferrous Sulfate
Explanation
Ferrous sulfate is the correct answer because it is commonly known as green vitriol. It is a chemical compound that contains iron in the +2 oxidation state, hence the term "ferrous." It is used in various industries, including agriculture and medicine. Copper sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and sodium sulfate are different compounds and not referred to as green vitriol. Therefore, they are not the correct answers.
22.
Group of elements which is the considered to be the most reactive of all metallic elements:
Correct Answer
B. Group IA
Explanation
Group IA, also known as the alkali metals, is considered to be the most reactive group of metallic elements. This is because they have only one valence electron, which they readily lose to form a positive ion. This high reactivity is due to the low ionization energy and electronegativity of these elements. They react vigorously with water, oxygen, and halogens, and are stored under oil to prevent their reaction with air. Examples of Group IA elements include lithium, sodium, and potassium.
23.
Preparations used for brain scanning to determine the presence nad location of neo-plastic lesions:
Correct Answer
C. Technetium Tc 99 Injection
Explanation
Technetium Tc 99 Injection is used for brain scanning to determine the presence and location of neo-plastic lesions. Technetium Tc 99 is a radioactive isotope that emits gamma rays, which can be detected by a gamma camera during a brain scan. This injection is commonly used in nuclear medicine imaging to visualize the blood flow and metabolic activity in the brain, helping to identify any abnormal growths or tumors. It is a safe and effective method for diagnosing brain conditions and guiding appropriate treatment.
24.
In REDOX reaction, the oxidizing agent
Correct Answer
C. Is reduced
Explanation
In a REDOX reaction, the oxidizing agent is reduced. This means that it gains electrons, resulting in a decrease in its oxidation state. This reduction of the oxidizing agent allows it to accept electrons from the reducing agent, which is oxidized in the process.
25.
Which of the following glass types makes use of water attack test type?
Correct Answer
B. TYPE II
Explanation
TYPE II glass makes use of the water attack test type. This means that it is resistant to the effects of water, making it suitable for use in situations where it may come into contact with water or other liquids. It is important for glass to be able to withstand water attack to prevent any damage or degradation that could occur over time. TYPE II glass is specifically designed to meet this requirement, making it a suitable choice for applications where water resistance is important.
26.
An example of glycine conjugation pathway:
Correct Answer
B. Benzoic acid to hippuric acid
Explanation
Glycine conjugation is a metabolic pathway in which glycine, an amino acid, is used to detoxify certain substances by attaching to them and forming a conjugate. In the given options, benzoic acid to hippuric acid is an example of glycine conjugation pathway. Benzoic acid is conjugated with glycine in the liver to form hippuric acid, which is then excreted in the urine. This pathway helps in the elimination of benzoic acid from the body and is an example of phase II metabolism.
27.
A glycopeptide antibiotic:
Correct Answer
D. Vancomycin
Explanation
Vancomycin is the correct answer because it is a glycopeptide antibiotic. Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of peptidoglycan precursors, preventing their incorporation into the growing cell wall. Vancomycin is commonly used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those resistant to other antibiotics. It is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecium.
28.
Superior to acyclovir in the treatment of herpes viruses in the CNS in neonates:
Correct Answer
C. Vidarabine
Explanation
Vidarabine is the correct answer because it is more effective than acyclovir in treating herpes viruses in the central nervous system (CNS) in neonates. Vidarabine is an antiviral medication that works by inhibiting the replication of the virus. It has been specifically approved for the treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis in neonates, making it a superior choice compared to acyclovir in this particular scenario.
29.
This is an effective antidote for the treatment of poisoning by copper:
Correct Answer
A. Penicillamine
Explanation
Penicillamine is an effective antidote for the treatment of copper poisoning. It works by binding to the excess copper in the body and forming a complex that can be excreted through urine. This helps to reduce the toxic effects of copper and restore normal copper levels in the body. Penicillamine is commonly used in cases of Wilson's disease, a genetic disorder that causes copper buildup in the body. It is also used in cases of acute copper poisoning.
30.
What is the primary mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) when used to treat Tylenol (acetaminophen) overdose?
Correct Answer
D. NAC replenishes glutathione levels in the liver, aiding in the detoxification of acetaminophen's toxic metabolite
Explanation
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is used in the treatment of acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose. It works by replenishing the levels of glutathione in the liver, which is necessary for the detoxification of acetaminophen's toxic metabolite. This helps to prevent or mitigate liver damage caused by acetaminophen overdose.