Pharmacy Board Exam Questions And Answers Quiz

A catalyst is not capable of causing a shift of equilibrium because it does not affect the position of the equilibrium. Instead, a catalyst speeds up the rate of the forward and reverse reactions equally, allowing the system to reach equilibrium faster but not altering the equilibrium concentrations of reactants and products. In contrast, changes in concentration, pressure, and temperature can affect the equilibrium position by altering the relative concentrations of reactants and products.

Group IA, also known as the alkali metals, is considered to be the most reactive group of metallic elements. This is because they have only one valence electron, which they readily lose to form a positive ion. This high reactivity is due to the low ionization energy and electronegativity of these elements. They react vigorously with water, oxygen, and halogens, and are stored under oil to prevent their reaction with air. Examples of Group IA elements include lithium, sodium, and potassium.

Eugenol is a phenol primarily obtained from clove oil. It is the main component that gives clove oil its distinct aroma and flavor. Eugenol has various uses, both medically and in other industries. In dentistry, it is valued for its analgesic and antiseptic properties, often used in dental cement and to soothe pain from toothaches. Additionally, eugenol serves as a flavoring agent in some foods and perfumes. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective against a range of bacteria and fungi. This versatile compound is extracted from clove buds, leaves, and stems.

Streptomycin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics are known to cause ototoxicity, which refers to damage to the inner ear and resulting hearing loss or balance problems. This side effect occurs due to the drugs' toxic effect on the sensory cells in the cochlea, the part of the inner ear responsible for hearing. It is important to monitor patients receiving these antibiotics for any signs of hearing loss or balance issues.

Plasil is a medication used to treat nausea and vomiting. Metoclopromide is the correct answer because it is the generic name for Plasil. Acyclovir is an antiviral medication used to treat herpes infections. Diclofenac sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. Tranexamic acid is a medication used to prevent or control excessive bleeding.

The term "Zigmondy" refers to the index of protective power of colloids, named after Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, a chemist who made significant contributions to colloid chemistry. This index measures the ability of colloidal particles to stabilize against coagulation under various conditions. Zsigmondy's work in understanding the properties and behaviors of colloids has been pivotal in the development of various applications, including medicinal formulations and industrial processes where the stability of colloids is critical. The protective power index helps in evaluating the effectiveness of colloids in protecting dispersed phases from precipitating out.

Bordeaux Mixture, a well-known fungicide used in gardening and agriculture, contains cupric sulfate as its primary salt component. This blue-colored compound, also known as copper sulfate, is combined with lime (calcium hydroxide) and water to form the mixture. The copper in the Bordeaux Mixture acts as an effective fungicide, helping to prevent and control fungal diseases such as downy mildew and powdery mildew on plants. The addition of lime helps to regulate the pH of the mixture, ensuring that the copper remains effective over time and reduces the risk of copper toxicity to plants.

 Nystatin is a polyene antifungal antibiotic that is particularly effective in treating fungal infections caused by Candida species, such as oral thrush and diaper rash. Polyenes work by binding to ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes, thereby disrupting the membrane and causing cell contents to leak, which ultimately leads to the death of the fungal cell. Nystatin is not absorbed from the digestive tract and is thus mainly used for infections in the mouth or intestinal tract. It was discovered in 1950 and remains a critical tool in the management of fungal infections.

Calomel, known chemically as mercury(I) chloride, has the formula Hg2Cl2. This compound consists of mercury and chlorine, where the mercury is in the +1 oxidation state, unusual because mercury typically exhibits a +2 oxidation state in most of its compounds. Calomel has been historically used in medicine, particularly as a diuretic and purgative, although its use has declined due to toxicity concerns. The unique formulation involving two mercury atoms bonded together, as reflected in its chemical formula, distinguishes it from mercury(II) chloride (HgCl2), which is significantly more toxic.

Saline cathartics are substances that increase the osmotic load of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). When taken orally, they draw water into the intestines through osmosis, which softens the stool and promotes bowel movements. This increased osmotic load stimulates the movement of fluid into the intestines, resulting in increased water content in the stool and ultimately relieving constipation. Therefore, saline cathartics are the correct answer as they directly increase the osmotic load of the GIT.

Penicillamine is an effective antidote for the treatment of copper poisoning. It works by binding to the excess copper in the body and forming a complex that can be excreted through urine. This helps to reduce the toxic effects of copper and restore normal copper levels in the body. Penicillamine is commonly used in cases of Wilson's disease, a genetic disorder that causes copper buildup in the body. It is also used in cases of acute copper poisoning.

 Copper, when exposed to a nonluminous flame, typically imparts a green color. This characteristic green flame test is a common method used in qualitative chemical analysis to identify the presence of copper ions in a compound. When copper heats up, it excites the electrons, which then release energy as they return to their original energy state. The energy released falls within the green portion of the visible light spectrum, hence producing the green flame. This distinct coloration is useful in laboratory settings for quickly indicating the presence of copper in a sample.

Ferrous sulfate is the correct answer because it is commonly known as green vitriol. It is a chemical compound that contains iron in the +2 oxidation state, hence the term "ferrous." It is used in various industries, including agriculture and medicine. Copper sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and sodium sulfate are different compounds and not referred to as green vitriol. Therefore, they are not the correct answers.

Oxacillin is resistant to penicillinase because it is a penicillinase-resistant penicillin. Penicillinase is an enzyme produced by some bacteria that can break down penicillin and render it ineffective. Oxacillin has a side chain that makes it less susceptible to the action of penicillinase, allowing it to maintain its antimicrobial activity. Ampicillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and mezlocillin are not resistant to penicillinase and can be inactivated by the enzyme.

Vidarabine is the correct answer because it is more effective than acyclovir in treating herpes viruses in the central nervous system (CNS) in neonates. Vidarabine is an antiviral medication that works by inhibiting the replication of the virus. It has been specifically approved for the treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis in neonates, making it a superior choice compared to acyclovir in this particular scenario.