Even The Best Neurologists Cannot Crack This Quiz!

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  • 1/73 Questions

    Approximately how many areas of the brain have a visual function 

    • 45
    • 5
    • 2
    • 76
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About This Quiz

Neurology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. The nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates body activities. It has two major divisions: Central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord.
This is a neurology quiz Even the best Neurologists cannot crack!
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Even The Best Neurologists Cannot Crack This Quiz! - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    At each adherent junction, there are about 

    • 3 gap junctions

    • 2 tight junctions

    • 1 gap junction

    • 1 tight junction 

    Correct Answer
    A. 3 gap junctions
    Explanation
    At each adherent junction, there are about 3 gap junctions. Gap junctions are specialized protein channels that allow for direct communication and exchange of molecules between adjacent cells. Adherent junctions are cell-cell adhesion complexes that help cells adhere to each other and provide mechanical strength to tissues. The presence of 3 gap junctions at each adherent junction suggests a high level of communication and coordination between adjacent cells, which is important for tissue function and homeostasis.

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  • 3. 

    If a large light stimulus were to fall within the area of 2 adjacent receptive fields. which of the following would you expect

    • Sub-optimal response

    • Maximal response

    • Minimal response

    • No response

    Correct Answer
    A. Sub-optimal response
    Explanation
    If a large light stimulus were to fall within the area of 2 adjacent receptive fields, one would expect a sub-optimal response. This is because the receptive fields are responsible for detecting and responding to specific stimuli within their designated areas. When a large stimulus falls within the area of two adjacent receptive fields, it may not be accurately detected or processed by either field, leading to a sub-optimal response.

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  • 4. 

    Which of the following horizontal cell types projects to the fewest rods

    • H1

    • H2

    Correct Answer
    A. H1
    Explanation
    H1 is the only horizontal cell that has axonal connections to rods (~350-500)
    all horizontal cells have a dendritic field that connect ONLY to Cones

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  • 5. 

    Which of the following would be an appropriate reason why your visual acuity is decreased when going from photopic conditions to scotopic conditions 

    • Increased receptive field size

    • Decreased receptive field size

    Correct Answer
    A. Increased receptive field size
    Explanation
    When transitioning from photopic conditions to scotopic conditions, the visual system adjusts to low light levels. In scotopic conditions, the increased receptive field size allows for the capture of more photons, enhancing sensitivity to low light. This expanded receptive field size enables the eye to gather more light from the surroundings, compensating for the reduced amount of available light in scotopic conditions. As a result, visual acuity decreases due to the larger receptive field size, which leads to a decrease in the sharpness and clarity of the image perceived.

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  • 6. 

    Typically how many invaginating rod bipolar cells are found in a spherule?

    • 2

    • 1

    • 3

    • None rods don't have spherules

    Correct Answer
    A. 2
    Explanation
    In a spherule, typically there are two invaginating rod bipolar cells. These cells are responsible for transmitting signals from the rod photoreceptor cells to the bipolar cells in the retina. The spherule is a specialized structure in the retina where the rod photoreceptor cells connect with the bipolar cells. Therefore, it is expected to find two invaginating rod bipolar cells in a spherule.

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  • 7. 

    Which of the following is the only chemical change that occurs in response to light 

    • Rhodopsin ---> bathorhodopsin

    • Rhodopsin ---> Opsin + all-trans retinAL

    • Rhodopsin ---> 11-cis retinAL

    • Rhodopsin ---> all-trans retinol

    Correct Answer
    A. Rhodopsin ---> bathorhodopsin
    Explanation
    Rhodopsin is a pigment found in the rods of the retina that is responsible for vision in low light conditions. When rhodopsin absorbs light, it undergoes a chemical change and is converted into bathorhodopsin. This conversion is the only chemical change that occurs in response to light. The other options listed involve the breakdown or conversion of rhodopsin into different compounds, but they do not specifically occur in response to light.

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  • 8. 

    Which of the following is the correct order of ganglion cell conduction velocities from slowest to fastest

    • W < X < Y

    • Y < X < W 

    • X < Y < W

    • Y < W < X

    Correct Answer
    A. W < X < Y
    Explanation
    The correct order of ganglion cell conduction velocities from slowest to fastest is W < X < Y.

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  • 9. 

    Ganglion cell axons from ________________visual field project towards the posterior aspect of the LGN 

    • Vertical midline 

    • Inferior 

    • Macula

    • Superior 

    • Lateral 

    Correct Answer
    A. Vertical midline 
    Explanation
    Ganglion cell axons from the vertical midline of the visual field project towards the posterior aspect of the LGN. This means that the ganglion cells located in the central part of the visual field, along the vertical midline, send their axons to the back part of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The LGN is a relay station in the thalamus that receives visual information from the retina and sends it to the visual cortex for further processing.

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  • 10. 

    The central ________ degrees of the visual field projects to a very large area of the LGN, "the more machinery devoted to a particular area the better the vision"

    • 20

    • 10

    • 1

    • 60

    Correct Answer
    A. 20
    Explanation
    The central 20 degrees of the visual field projects to a very large area of the LGN. This means that there is a significant amount of neural machinery dedicated to processing information from this specific area. As a result, vision in this region is likely to be more precise and detailed compared to other areas of the visual field.

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  • 11. 

    Hypercomplex I cells are 

    • Simple cells that respond maximally to a stimulus of proper length that fills there receptive field 

    • Complex cells that respond maximally when a stimulus of proper size fills their receptive field 

    • Simple cells that respond only when the light is off

    • Complex cells that respond maximally when the light is on

    Correct Answer
    A. Simple cells that respond maximally to a stimulus of proper length that fills there receptive field 
    Explanation
    Hypercomplex I cells are simple cells that respond maximally to a stimulus of proper length that fills their receptive field. This means that these cells are specialized to detect specific features of visual stimuli, such as the length of an object, within their receptive field. They do not respond to the presence or absence of light, but rather to the specific length of the stimulus.

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  • 12. 

    In the striate cortex, most of the parvocellular neurons terminate in layer _________, most of the magnocellular neurons terminate in layer ____________

    • IVb, IVc

    • IVc, IVb

    • IVa, IVc

    • IVb, IVb

    Correct Answer
    A. IVb, IVc
    Explanation
    MOST of the parvocellular neurons terminate in layer IVb while some of parvocellular neurons terminate in IVa. all of the magnocellular neurons terminate in layer IVc

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  • 13. 

    Which of the following cell dominate in V1

    • Pyramidal cells

    • Stellate cells

    • Purkinje cells

    • Type 1 neuron

    Correct Answer
    A. Pyramidal cells
    Explanation
    Pyramidal cells are the dominant cell type in the primary visual cortex (V1). These cells are characterized by their pyramid-shaped soma and long apical dendrites that extend towards the cortical surface. Pyramidal cells play a crucial role in processing visual information, as they receive inputs from various sources and are responsible for transmitting signals to other cortical areas. They are involved in complex functions such as sensory integration, perception, and cognition. Stellate cells, purkinje cells, and type 1 neurons are found in other brain regions and have different functions, making them less likely to dominate in V1.

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  • 14. 

    Which of the following cells is most photosensitive to Red light 

    • L cones

    • M cone

    • S cone

    • Rods

    Correct Answer
    A. L cones
    Explanation
    L cones, also known as long-wavelength cones, are most photosensitive to red light. These cones are responsible for detecting and perceiving longer wavelengths of light, including red light. They play a crucial role in color vision, particularly in perceiving and distinguishing red hues. L cones are most sensitive to light in the long-wavelength range, which corresponds to the red end of the visible light spectrum. This sensitivity allows them to absorb and respond to red light more effectively than other types of photoreceptor cells, such as M cones, S cones, or rods.

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  • 15. 

    Which of the following is true regarding the environment inside a photoreceptor disc

    • High [Na+]

    •  low [Na+]

    • High [K+]

    • Low [K+]

    Correct Answer
    A. High [Na+]
    Explanation
    The correct answer is high [Na+]. This is because photoreceptor discs are part of the retina and are responsible for converting light into electrical signals. In order for this conversion to occur, there needs to be a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+) inside the photoreceptor disc. This high concentration of sodium ions helps to generate the electrical signals that are then transmitted to the brain for visual processing.

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  • 16. 

    Which of the following glial cells spans the entire retina (through all the layers)

    • Muller's cells

    • Oligodendrocytes 

    • Type I astrocyte

    • Type II astrocyte

    • Type III astrocyte

    Correct Answer
    A. Muller's cells
    Explanation
    Muller's cells are a type of glial cells that span the entire retina, extending from the innermost to the outermost layers. They are responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of the retina, providing support to neurons, and regulating the extracellular environment. Muller's cells also play a role in the uptake and recycling of neurotransmitters, as well as in the regulation of retinal blood flow. Therefore, they are the correct answer to the question.

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  • 17. 

    Which one of the following pairs of cells CANNOT communicate within/on a given cone pedicle

    • Horizontal cell <--> midget bipolar cell

    • Horizontal cell <--> Horizontal cell

    • Cone <--> midget bipolar cell 

    • Cone<--> flate bipolar cell 

    Correct Answer
    A. Horizontal cell <--> midget bipolar cell
  • 18. 

    In felines, which 2 ganglion cells are highest in quantity

    • Alpha and Beta 

    • Alpha and Gamma

    • Beta and Gamma

    Correct Answer
    A. Alpha and Beta 
    Explanation
    In felines, the ganglion cells that are highest in quantity are Alpha and Beta.

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  • 19. 

    Which of the following is a good test for x-cell function

    • Visual acuity

    • Pupillary response

    • Cortical flicker fusion frequency 

    • Extraocular motility

    Correct Answer
    A. Visual acuity
    Explanation
    Visual acuity is a good test for x-cell function because it measures the clarity and sharpness of vision. X-cell function refers to the ability of the cells in the retina to detect and transmit visual information to the brain. Visual acuity tests assess the ability to see fine details and distinguish between different objects or letters at a given distance. Therefore, a good visual acuity indicates that the x-cell function is working properly, as the individual can perceive and interpret visual stimuli accurately.

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  • 20. 

    Which of the following intracortical connection of the striate cortex is INCORRECT

    • Layer IVa & IVb ----> layers I & II

    • Layer IVa & IVb ---> layer II & III

    • Layer IVc ---> layer II & III

    • Layer II & III ---> layer V & VI

    • Layer V ---> layer VI

    • Layer VI ---> layer IVc

    Correct Answer
    A. Layer IVa & IVb ----> layers I & II
    Explanation
    The striate cortex, also known as the primary visual cortex or V1, is responsible for processing visual information. Layer IVa and IVb of the striate cortex receive input from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus, which relays visual information from the eyes. The correct intracortical connection for layer IVa and IVb is to layer II and III, where further processing of visual information occurs. Layers I and II do not receive direct input from layer IVa and IVb, so the given connection is incorrect.

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  • 21. 

    Which of the following is the correct order for the number of variations of cells in the retina from most to least 

    • Amacrine > ganglion > bipolar > photorecepotors

    • Ganglion > amacrine > bipolar > horizontal 

    • Amacrine > ganglion > horizontal > photoreceptors

    • Amacrine > bipolar > ganglion > photoreceptors

    Correct Answer
    A. Amacrine > ganglion > bipolar > photorecepotors
    Explanation
    The correct order for the number of variations of cells in the retina from most to least is amacrine > ganglion > bipolar > photoreceptors. This means that the retina has the highest number of variations in amacrine cells, followed by ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and finally photoreceptors.

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  • 22. 

    Which of the following cells is responsible for the receptive field surround of ganglion cells 

    • Horizontal cells 

    • Ganglion cells 

    • Photoreceptors 

    • Bipolar cells 

    • Biplexiform cell s

    Correct Answer
    A. Horizontal cells 
    Explanation
    Horizontal cells are responsible for the receptive field surround of ganglion cells. Horizontal cells are specialized cells found in the retina that connect and communicate with photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and other horizontal cells. They help in the lateral inhibition process, which enhances the contrast and sharpness of visual perception. The receptive field surround refers to the area surrounding the center of the receptive field, and it is the horizontal cells that provide inhibitory signals to the ganglion cells in this surround region, helping to shape the center-surround receptive field structure.

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  • 23. 

    Parvocellular ganglion cells and magnocellular ganglion cells account for ____________ % of all ganglion cells in the retina

    • 90%

    • 100%

    • 80%

    • 10%

    Correct Answer
    A. 90%
    Explanation
    Parvocellular ganglion cells and magnocellular ganglion cells are two types of ganglion cells found in the retina. These cells are responsible for transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain. The given answer, 90%, suggests that these two types of ganglion cells collectively account for 90% of all ganglion cells in the retina. This indicates that they are the major types of ganglion cells and play a significant role in visual processing.

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  • 24. 

    Regarding the two current theories of visual information processing. Hierarchical theory = x/y cells of LGN ---> simple cells --> complex cells ---> hypercomplex cells Parallel theory = x cells --> simple cells in V1 --> simple cells in V2 ---> simple cells in V3 Y cells ---> complex cells in V1 ---> complex cells in V2 ---> complex cells in V3. which of the following is the current belief 

    • The visual system is a combination of the two theories

    • The hierarchical theory is probably more correct 

    • The parallel theory is probably more correct

    • Neither theory is correct 

    Correct Answer
    A. The visual system is a combination of the two theories
    Explanation
    The correct answer is that the visual system is a combination of the two theories. This suggests that both the hierarchical theory and the parallel theory play a role in visual information processing. It is likely that different aspects of visual processing occur in a hierarchical manner, while others occur in parallel pathways. This combination allows for a more comprehensive understanding of how visual information is processed in the brain.

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  • 25. 

    What percentage of the brain has a visual function 

    • 60%

    • 20%

    • 75%

    • 45%

    Correct Answer
    A. 60%
    Explanation
    The correct answer is 60%. This means that approximately 60% of the brain is involved in visual functions. The brain is a complex organ responsible for processing and interpreting visual information, and a significant portion of its resources are dedicated to this task. Visual functions include tasks such as recognizing objects, perceiving depth and color, and interpreting visual stimuli. Therefore, it is important to understand that a large portion of the brain is dedicated to visual processing.

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  • 26. 

    Organize the following cellular functions into where in the cell they are performed for MOST OUTER to MOST INNER. 1. energy production. 2. activation of protein by light. 3. protein manufacturing. 4. contains cellular DNA. 5. transports ions and proteins 6. releases NT's  

    • 2, 5, 1, 3, 4, 6 

    • 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

    • 3, 2, 1, 4, 6, 5

    • 2, 5, 3, 1, 4, 6

    Correct Answer
    A. 2, 5, 1, 3, 4, 6 
  • 27. 

    Which of the following characteristics is true regarding photoreceptor cilium

    • Cilium consists of 9 double microtubules that aid in the transportation of ions and newly made proteins

    • Ciulium consists of 9 double microfilaments that aid in the transportation of ions and newly made proteins

    • Cilium consists of 9 double microtubules that aid in the removal of discs at the end of their life cycle 

    • The cilium is a performs motor function to aid the photoreceptor in motility

    Correct Answer
    A. Cilium consists of 9 double microtubules that aid in the transportation of ions and newly made proteins
    Explanation
    The correct answer is that the cilium consists of 9 double microtubules that aid in the transportation of ions and newly made proteins. This is true because the cilium is a hair-like structure found on the surface of cells, including photoreceptor cells in the eye. It is composed of microtubules, which are cylindrical structures made of protein. These microtubules provide structural support to the cilium and also play a role in intracellular transport, including the movement of ions and newly synthesized proteins to different parts of the cell.

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  • 28. 

    Regarding photoreceptors; as you move eccentrically from the fovea, which of the following would be true (select all that apply)

    • Cone inner segment diameter increases with increasing eccentricity

    • You would find no cones in the periphery

    • Rods increase in population eccentrically

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Cone inner segment diameter increases with increasing eccentricity
    A. Rods increase in population eccentrically
    Explanation
    As you move away from the fovea, the diameter of cone inner segments increases with increasing eccentricity. This means that the size of the inner segment of cone photoreceptors gets larger as you move towards the periphery of the retina. Additionally, rods, which are responsible for low-light vision, increase in population eccentrically. This means that there are more rods in the peripheral regions of the retina compared to the fovea. Therefore, both statements are true.

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  • 29. 

    Which of the following cells would you likely NOT find in the retina but WOULD FIND in the optic nerve

    • Oligodendrocytes 

    • Astrocytes 

    • Photoreceptors

    • Muller cells 

    • Ganglion cells 

    Correct Answer
    A. Oligodendrocytes 
    Explanation
    remember what is considered the optic nerve and what is considered the optic nerve head, oligodendrocytes provide myelination posterior to the lamina cribrosa of the ON, the astrocytes are present anterior to and up to the lamina cribrosa (dont provide myelination but rather control blood flow and maintain blood-ocular barrier)

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  • 30. 

    Why do we have so many vertical rod pathways????

    • Allows rods to have an expanded range of response capabilities under different lighting conditions

    • Allows rods to have one uniform response to all light levels 

    • Allows for cones to have isolated pathways without input from rods 

    • I dont know, they just do!

    Correct Answer
    A. Allows rods to have an expanded range of response capabilities under different lighting conditions
    Explanation
    The reason we have so many vertical rod pathways is that it allows rods to have an expanded range of response capabilities under different lighting conditions. This means that the rods can effectively respond to a wider range of light levels, allowing us to see in various lighting environments. Having multiple pathways also helps to ensure that the rods can adapt and provide accurate visual information in different lighting conditions.

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  • 31. 

    Which of the following cell bodies would be located in the distal INL, nearest the photoreceptors 

    • Horizontal cell bodies

    • Photoreceptor cell bodies 

    • Amacrine cell bodies 

    • Interplexiform cell bodies 

    Correct Answer
    A. Horizontal cell bodies
    Explanation
    The correct answer is horizontal cell bodies. The distal INL (inner nuclear layer) is the layer closest to the photoreceptors in the retina. Horizontal cells are interneurons that receive input from photoreceptor cells and play a role in lateral inhibition, which enhances contrast and sharpens visual perception. Therefore, their cell bodies would be located in the distal INL, nearest the photoreceptors.

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  • 32. 

    Which of the following ganglion cells may have a direct connection to mostly rods and aids in the function of visuomotor reflexes in animals 

    • Biplexiform-GC

    • Alpha-GC

    • Beta-GC

    • Gamma-GC

    • ON - rod ganglion cell 

    Correct Answer
    A. Biplexiform-GC
    Explanation
    Biplexiform-GC is the correct answer because it is a type of ganglion cell that has a direct connection to mostly rods. This type of ganglion cell is involved in the function of visuomotor reflexes in animals, which suggests that it plays a role in coordinating visual information with motor responses. The other options, alpha-GC, beta-GC, gamma-GC, and ON-rod ganglion cell, do not specifically mention a direct connection to rods or involvement in visuomotor reflexes.

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  • 33. 

    In the fovea; of the information that reaches the ganglion cells, what percentage is from amacrine cells directly

    • 50%

    • 25%

    • 33%

    • 90%

    Correct Answer
    A. 50%
    Explanation
    The correct answer is 50%. The fovea is the central part of the retina that contains a high density of cone cells responsible for detailed vision. Ganglion cells receive visual information from other cells in the retina, including amacrine cells. The question asks for the percentage of information that reaches the ganglion cells directly from amacrine cells. Since the question does not provide any additional information, we can assume that 50% of the information reaching the ganglion cells comes directly from amacrine cells.

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  • 34. 

    What are the 2 parts of a ribbon synapse

    • Synaptic lamellae

    • Arciform density

    • Arciform lamellae

    • Synaptic density

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Synaptic lamellae
    A. Arciform density
    Explanation
    The two parts of a ribbon synapse are synaptic lamellae and arciform density. Synaptic lamellae refer to the layers of membrane that surround the synaptic ribbon, while arciform density is a specialized electron-dense structure found in the synaptic cleft. These two components play important roles in the transmission of signals between neurons at ribbon synapses.

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  • 35. 

    Which of the following is the correct membrane potential after a rod has been stimulated by light 

    • -60mV

    • +40mV

    • -20mV

    • -40mV

    Correct Answer
    A. -60mV
    Explanation
    The correct membrane potential after a rod has been stimulated by light is -60mV. This is because when a rod is stimulated by light, it hyperpolarizes, meaning the membrane potential becomes more negative. The resting membrane potential of a rod is typically around -40mV, so when it is hyperpolarized by light, it becomes even more negative, reaching -60mV.

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  • 36. 

    Which of the following ganglion cell types account for 80% of all ganglion cell types

    • P beta

    • P alpha

    • Y cells 

    • W cells 

    • Magnocellular cells 

    • Parasol cells 

    Correct Answer
    A. P beta
    Explanation
    P beta ganglion cells account for 80% of all ganglion cell types.

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  • 37. 

    Nasal ganglion cell axons from the right eye synapse on which of the following areas of the LGN

    • Left LGN areas 1, 4, & 6

    • Right LGN, areas 1,4 & 6

    • Left LGN, areas 2, 3, & 5

    • Left LGN, areas 2, 3, & 5

    Correct Answer
    A. Left LGN areas 1, 4, & 6
    Explanation
    The correct answer is left LGN areas 1, 4, & 6. This is because the question states that the nasal ganglion cell axons from the right eye synapse on the LGN. Since the nasal ganglion cells carry information from the contralateral (opposite) eye, the axons from the right eye would synapse on the left LGN. The areas 1, 4, & 6 of the left LGN receive input from the contralateral eye, making them the correct answer.

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  • 38. 

    Information organization in layers II and III of the striate cortex is

    • In blobs rather than distinct columns like layer IV

    • Distinct columns rather than blob like layer 4

    • In blobs rather than distinct rows like layer 4

    • Information doesnt go to layer II and III 

    Correct Answer
    A. In blobs rather than distinct columns like layer IV
    Explanation
    The explanation for the given correct answer is that the organization of information in layers II and III of the striate cortex is in blobs rather than distinct columns like layer IV. This means that the neurons in layers II and III are arranged in clusters or groups called blobs, whereas in layer IV, the neurons are organized into distinct columns. This difference in organization suggests that the processing of information in layers II and III may be different from that in layer IV.

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  • 39. 

    1 ganglion cell receives information in the retina, by the time that information travels through the cells in the cortex, how many cells will be carrying the information of that 1 ganglion cell

    • 100 cortical cells 

    • 10 cortical cells

    • 1 cortical cell

    • 5 cortical cells 

    Correct Answer
    A. 100 cortical cells 
    Explanation
    As the information from 1 ganglion cell travels through the cells in the cortex, it gets distributed and processed by multiple cortical cells. Therefore, the correct answer is 100 cortical cells. Each cortical cell receives and carries the information from the ganglion cell, allowing for parallel processing and integration of visual information in the brain.

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  • 40. 

    What are the 2 functions of astrocytes in the retina

    • Help hold blood vessels in place 

    • Control blood flow out of vessels

    • Form the blood brain barrier 

    • Provide myelination to RGC axons

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Help hold blood vessels in place 
    A. Control blood flow out of vessels
    Explanation
    Astrocytes in the retina have multiple functions, including helping to hold blood vessels in place and controlling blood flow out of vessels. These functions are crucial for maintaining the structure and function of the retina. Astrocytes provide structural support to blood vessels, ensuring their stability and preventing them from moving or collapsing. Additionally, they regulate blood flow by constricting or dilating blood vessels, thus controlling the amount of blood that enters or exits the retina. These functions are essential for maintaining proper blood supply and nutrient delivery to retinal cells, ultimately supporting optimal vision.

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  • 41. 

    Rhodopsin makes up ~ ___________ % of entire disc in a rod

    • 50

    • 25

    • 80

    • 75

    Correct Answer
    A. 50
    Explanation
    Rhodopsin is a protein found in the rod cells of the retina that is responsible for the initial step in the process of vision. It is a key component in the conversion of light into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. The statement suggests that rhodopsin makes up approximately 50% of the entire disc in a rod. This implies that rhodopsin plays a significant role in the functioning of rod cells and is a major component in the visual process.

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  • 42. 

    Neurons in the LGN project to which layer(s) of the visual cortex

    • I

    • II

    • III

    • IV

    • V

    • VI

    Correct Answer
    A. IV
    Explanation
    Neurons in the LGN (Lateral Geniculate Nucleus) project primarily to layer IV of the visual cortex. This is supported by anatomical studies that have shown a direct connection between the LGN and layer IV. Layer IV is known as the primary receiving layer of the visual cortex, where it receives and processes visual information from the LGN. Other layers of the visual cortex (I, II, III, V, VI) may also receive inputs from the LGN, but layer IV is the main target for these projections.

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  • 43. 

    A child is born with a severe persistent pupillary membrane effectively blocking 90% of the light from entering the eye. if this is not taken care of immediately, which area in the visual pathway could be deprived and ultimately lead to the development of amblyopia 

    • Cortical cells 

    • Ganglion cells

    • Magnocellular neurons

    • Parvocellular neurons

    Correct Answer
    A. Cortical cells 
    Explanation
    If a child is born with a severe persistent pupillary membrane that blocks 90% of the light from entering the eye, it can lead to the development of amblyopia. Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, occurs when there is a lack of visual stimulation during the critical period of visual development in early childhood. The visual pathway includes various stages, starting from the retina and ending in the cortex. The correct answer, cortical cells, refers to the neurons in the visual cortex of the brain. If the pupillary membrane blocks a significant amount of light, it can result in reduced visual input to the cortex, leading to the deprivation of cortical cells and potentially causing amblyopia.

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  • 44. 

    Which of the following was discovered to be primarily involved with the changes that occur in the receptive fields of ganglion cells with dark adaptation?

    • Interplexiform neurons 

    • Ganglion cells 

    • Amacrine cells 

    • Horizontal cells 

    Correct Answer
    A. Interplexiform neurons 
    Explanation
    Interplexiform neurons are primarily involved with the changes that occur in the receptive fields of ganglion cells with dark adaptation. These neurons connect different layers of the retina and play a role in transmitting signals between different types of retinal cells. During dark adaptation, interplexiform neurons help to adjust the sensitivity of ganglion cells to light by modulating the signals received from photoreceptor cells. This allows the ganglion cells to adapt to low light conditions and enhance their ability to detect and transmit visual information.

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  • 45. 

    Which of the following would NOT be an expected number of invaginations of a cone pedicle in which horizontal cells and bipolar cells can synapse

    • 29

    • 14

    • 20

    • 24

    • 19

    Correct Answer
    A. 29
    Explanation
    cone pedicles have ~ 12-25 invaginations

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  • 46. 

    Which of the following groups of cells would most commonly be found synapsing together in the IPL

    • 1 ganglion cell, 1 amacrine cell, 1 bipolar cell

    • 2 amacrine cells,  1 bipolar cell 

    • 2 bipolar cells, 1 ganglion cell 

    • 1 horizontal cell, 1 bipolar cell, 1 ganglion cell.

    Correct Answer
    A. 1 ganglion cell, 1 amacrine cell, 1 bipolar cell
    Explanation
    In the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina, the most common group of cells that would be found synapsing together is 1 ganglion cell, 1 amacrine cell, and 1 bipolar cell. Ganglion cells receive input from bipolar cells and amacrine cells provide lateral inhibition and modulate the signal transmission between bipolar and ganglion cells. Therefore, this group of cells is commonly found synapsing together in the IPL.

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  • 47. 

    What is the first cell in the visual pathway to produce an action potential 

    • Amacrine cell 

    • Ganglion cells

    • Phtoreceptor

    • Bipolar cells 

    Correct Answer
    A. Amacrine cell 
    Explanation
    The amacrine cell is the first cell in the visual pathway to produce an action potential. It is a type of retinal neuron that receives signals from bipolar cells and sends them to ganglion cells. The ganglion cells then transmit the visual information to the brain via the optic nerve. The action potential generated by the amacrine cell allows for the transmission of visual signals from the retina to the brain for further processing and interpretation.

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  • 48. 

    Which of the following is the correct membrane resting potential of a rod

    • -20mV

    • -60mV

    • +20mV

    • -70mV

    Correct Answer
    A. -20mV
    Explanation
    The correct membrane resting potential of a rod is -20mV. The resting potential refers to the electrical charge across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest. In the case of a rod, the resting potential is -20mV, indicating that the inside of the cell is more negative compared to the outside. This potential is maintained by the balance of ion concentrations and the activity of ion channels in the cell membrane.

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  • 49. 

    "a given optic nerve fiber responds to light only of a particular region of the retina receives illumination. this region is termed the receptive field of that fiber." the above definition does NOT apply to which of the following cells

    • Biplexiform cell 

    • Amacrine cell 

    • Ganglion cell 

    • Horizontal cell 

    • Photoreceptor cell 

    • Bipolar cell 

    • It applies to all cells in the retina

    Correct Answer
    A. Biplexiform cell 
    Explanation
    the above receptive field definition can be summed up as... "the area on the retina from which the neural discharge of a neuron can be influenced by light stimulation"
    "this definition is applicable to any visual neuron"
    the biplexiform neuron is NOT AN IMAGE FORMING NEURON. therefore this definition does not apply

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 21, 2023 +

Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.

  • Current Version
  • Mar 21, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • May 17, 2021
    Quiz Created by
    Alfredhook3
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