If You Are A Neurology Student, This Exam Is For You!
Neurology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. The nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates body activities. It has two major divisions: Central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord. If you are a neurology student, this exam is for you!
- 1.
The ________________ nucleus is responsible for ipsilateral motor control of the larynx and pharynx
Explanation
i know that it was spelled ambiguous in the manual, however in nolte's and everywhere else for that matter it is spelled ambigUUS. i emailed Dr Khankan but she has yet to get back to me regarding which one is correct.Rate this question:
- 2.
The ________________________ , found in the lower medulla, is responsible for maintaining balance and posture on the right side of the body. (be specific, include laterality)
Explanation
The right medial longitudinal fasciculus, located in the lower medulla, is responsible for maintaining balance and posture specifically on the right side of the body. This structure is involved in coordinating the movement of the eyes and head, allowing for smooth visual tracking and stabilization during head movements. It also helps to maintain the alignment and stability of the body while standing or moving, particularly on the right side.Rate this question:
- 3.
The right tectospinal tract is responsible for ________________________
- A.
Left side maintenance of "unconscious" posture
- B.
Right sided maintenance of "unconscious" posture
- C.
Right side "unconscious" balance
- D.
Left side "unconscious" balance
Correct Answer
A. Left side maintenance of "unconscious" postureExplanation
The right tectospinal tract is responsible for left side maintenance of "unconscious" posture. This means that the right tectospinal tract controls the muscles on the left side of the body that are involved in maintaining posture without conscious effort.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The arrow is pointing towards a structure that receives information from the______________
- A.
Right superior colliculus
- B.
Left superior colliculus
- C.
Right medial vestibular nucleus
- D.
Right motor cortex
- E.
Left motor cortex
- F.
Left medial vestibular nucleus
Correct Answer
A. Right superior colliculusExplanation
this is pointing towards the right tectospinal tract, receives information from the right superior colliculus, sends relex motor information to the left motor nuclei of the spinal cordRate this question:
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- 5.
CN X outputs to which 2 of the following
- A.
Abdominal viscera
- B.
Thoracic viscera
- C.
Extraocular muslces
- D.
Taste buds
- E.
Facial muscles
- F.
Option 6
Correct Answer(s)
A. Abdominal viscera
B. Thoracic visceraExplanation
CN X, also known as the vagus nerve, is responsible for innervating various organs in the body. The abdominal viscera refers to the organs located in the abdominal cavity, such as the stomach, liver, and intestines. The thoracic viscera refers to the organs located in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and lungs. Therefore, CN X outputs to both the abdominal viscera and thoracic viscera, making them the correct answers.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The cochlear nuclei are ONLY visible on which of the following cross-sections
- A.
Upper medulla
- B.
Lower medulla
- C.
Middle medulla
- D.
Lower pons
- E.
Mid pons
- F.
Upper pons
- G.
Upper midbrain
- H.
Upper pons/low midbrain
Correct Answer
A. Upper medullaExplanation
The cochlear nuclei are only visible on the cross-section of the upper medulla. The cochlear nuclei are a pair of nuclei located in the brainstem that receive input from the cochlea of the inner ear. They are responsible for processing auditory information and relaying it to higher auditory centers in the brain. The other options listed are not correct because the cochlear nuclei are not visible on those particular cross-sections.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which of the following nerves is partly controlled by the reticular formation
- A.
CN VI
- B.
CNVII
- C.
CN VIII
- D.
CN II
- E.
CN I
- F.
CN III
- G.
CN X
Correct Answer
A. CN VIExplanation
CN VI, also known as the abducens nerve, is partly controlled by the reticular formation. The reticular formation is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in regulating arousal, attention, and consciousness. It also has connections with various cranial nerves, including CN VI. The reticular formation helps in coordinating eye movements, and CN VI specifically controls the lateral rectus muscle, which is responsible for moving the eye laterally. Therefore, CN VI is partly controlled by the reticular formation.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following supply information to the abducens nerve? (select all that apply)
- A.
Contra. vestibular nucleus
- B.
Ipsi. vestibular nucleus
- C.
Ipsi. reticular formation
- D.
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- E.
Ipsi. abducens nucleus
- F.
Ipsi. cochlear nucleus
- G.
Contra. abducens nucleus
- H.
Contra. cochlear nucleus
Correct Answer(s)
A. Contra. vestibular nucleus
C. Ipsi. reticular formation
E. Ipsi. abducens nucleusExplanation
The abducens nerve receives information from the contralateral vestibular nucleus, ipsilateral reticular formation, and ipsilateral abducens nucleus. The contralateral vestibular nucleus is responsible for relaying information about balance and spatial orientation. The ipsilateral reticular formation plays a role in regulating arousal and attention. The ipsilateral abducens nucleus is the origin of the abducens nerve and controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. These structures work together to provide sensory and motor input to the abducens nerve.Rate this question:
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- 9.
The superior olivary nucleus sends information to both inferior colliculi via which of the following tracts
- A.
Lateral lemniscus
- B.
Medial lemniscus
- C.
Superior olivocolliculi tract
- D.
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- E.
Tectospinal tract
Correct Answer
A. Lateral lemniscusExplanation
The superior olivary nucleus sends information to both inferior colliculi via the lateral lemniscus. The lateral lemniscus is a bundle of nerve fibers that carries auditory information from the cochlear nucleus to the inferior colliculus. This pathway is important for sound localization and processing in the brain.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The left lateral lemniscus
- A.
Option 1
- B.
Option 2
- C.
Option 3
- D.
Option 4
Correct Answer
A. Option 1Explanation
The left lateral lemniscus is a pathway in the brainstem that carries sensory information related to hearing from the cochlear nucleus to the inferior colliculus. It is responsible for transmitting auditory signals from the left ear to the brain for further processing and interpretation. This pathway helps in the localization and discrimination of sound.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which of the following helps to visually coordinate saccadic eye movements with other eye movements
- A.
Superior colliculus
- B.
Inferior colliculus
- C.
Vestibular nucleus
- D.
Trochlear nucleus
- E.
Abducens nucleus
Correct Answer
A. Superior colliculusExplanation
The superior colliculus helps to visually coordinate saccadic eye movements with other eye movements. Saccadic eye movements are rapid, jerky movements that shift the gaze from one point to another. The superior colliculus is a structure located in the midbrain that plays a crucial role in the control of eye movements. It receives visual input from the retina and integrates this information with other sensory inputs to generate appropriate eye movements. By coordinating saccades with other eye movements, the superior colliculus ensures that the eyes move smoothly and accurately to focus on objects of interest in the visual field.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following is involved in the pupillary light reflex
- A.
Edinger-westphal nucleus
- B.
Oculomotor nucleus
- C.
Superior colliculus
- D.
Inferior colliculus
Correct Answer
A. Edinger-westphal nucleusExplanation
The pupillary light reflex involves the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. This nucleus is a part of the oculomotor nerve pathway and is responsible for controlling the constriction of the pupil in response to light. When light is detected by the retina, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus sends signals to the muscles of the iris, causing the pupil to constrict. This reflex helps regulate the amount of light entering the eye and protects the retina from excessive light exposure.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which of the following sections does NOT contain the ambiguus nucleus (select all that apply)
- A.
Lowest medulla
- B.
Middle medulla
- C.
Upper medulla
- D.
Lowest pons
- E.
Low/mid pons
- F.
Upper pons
- G.
Upper midbrain
Correct Answer(s)
D. Lowest pons
E. Low/mid pons
F. Upper pons
G. Upper midbrainExplanation
nucleus ambiguus (ambiguous) is only found in the medullar sectionsRate this question:
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- 14.
The 3 main trigeminal nuclei are primarily found in which of the following sections
- A.
Middle pons
- B.
Upper pons
- C.
Lower pons
- D.
Lowest pons
- E.
Upper midbrain
- F.
Lower medulla
- G.
Middle medulla
- H.
Upper medulla
Correct Answer
A. Middle ponsExplanation
The 3 main trigeminal nuclei are primarily found in the middle pons.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Which 2 tracts might you find in the general area that is indicated by the red arrow (select 2)
- A.
Medial lemniscus
- B.
Spinothalamic tract
- C.
Trigeminothalamic tract
- D.
Brachium of inferior colliculi
- E.
Posterior commissure
Correct Answer(s)
A. Medial lemniscus
B. Spinothalamic tractExplanation
The red arrow indicates a general area in the brain where two tracts might be found. The medial lemniscus is a pathway that carries sensory information related to touch, vibration, and proprioception from the spinal cord to the thalamus. The spinothalamic tract is another pathway that carries sensory information related to pain, temperature, and crude touch from the spinal cord to the thalamus. Therefore, it is possible to find the medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tract in the general area indicated by the red arrow.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following do NOT play a role in vision
- A.
Medial geniculate nucleus
- B.
Nucleus of Darkschewitsch
- C.
Interstitial nucleus of cajal
- D.
Lateral geniculate nucleus
- E.
Pulvinar
- F.
Pretectal area
Correct Answer
A. Medial geniculate nucleusExplanation
The medial geniculate nucleus does not play a role in vision. It is a part of the auditory pathway and is involved in processing auditory information. Vision, on the other hand, primarily involves structures such as the lateral geniculate nucleus, which is responsible for relaying visual information from the retina to the visual cortex. The other options listed, such as the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, interstitial nucleus of cajal, pulvinar, and pretectal area, are also involved in visual processing.Rate this question:
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- 17.
The nucleus of Darkschewitsch receives information from the superior colliculus via which of the following tracts
- A.
Tectospinal tract
- B.
Medial lemniscus
- C.
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- D.
Spinothalamic tract
- E.
Lateral lemniscus
- F.
Brachium of superior colliculus
Correct Answer
A. Tectospinal tractExplanation
The correct answer is the tectospinal tract. The tectospinal tract is responsible for transmitting visual information from the superior colliculus to the nucleus of Darkschewitsch. This pathway plays a role in coordinating head and eye movements in response to visual stimuli. The other options listed are not directly involved in this specific pathway.Rate this question:
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- 18.
The nucleus of Darkschewitsch sends information to the respective eye muscle nuclei via ________
- A.
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- B.
Tectospinal tract
- C.
Trigeminothalamic tract
- D.
Posterior commissure
- E.
Medial lemniscus
Correct Answer
A. Medial longitudinal fasciculusExplanation
The nucleus of Darkschewitsch sends information to the respective eye muscle nuclei via the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The medial longitudinal fasciculus is a pathway in the brainstem that connects the oculomotor nuclei, trochlear nuclei, and abducens nuclei, which control eye movements. This pathway allows for coordinated movements of the eyes by transmitting signals between these nuclei.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The pretectal area receives input from__________
- A.
Only the contra. retina
- B.
Only the ipsi. retina
- C.
Ipsi & Contra. retina
- D.
Only the ipsi. edinger-westphal nucleus
- E.
Only the contra. edinger-westphal nucleus
- F.
Ipsi. and contra. edinger-westphal nuclei
Correct Answer
C. Ipsi & Contra. retinaExplanation
The pretectal area receives input from both the ipsilateral and contralateral retina. This means that it receives visual information from both eyes, allowing for integration and processing of visual stimuli from both sides of the visual field.Rate this question:
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- 20.
The pretectal area sends information to _________
- A.
Only the contra. retina
- B.
Only the ipsi. retina
- C.
Ipsi & Contra. retina
- D.
Only the ipsi. edinger-westphal nucleus
- E.
Only the contra. edinger-westphal nucleus
- F.
Ipsi. and contra. edinger-westphal nuclei
Correct Answer
F. Ipsi. and contra. edinger-westphal nucleiExplanation
The pretectal area sends information to both the ipsilateral and contralateral Edinger-Westphal nuclei.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of auditory information
- A.
Spiral ganglia --> cochlear nucleus --> lateral lemniscus---> superior olivary nuclei & inferior colliculus ---> brachium of inferior colliculi ---> MGN ---> auditory cortex
- B.
Spiral ganglia --> cochlear nucleus --> brachium of inferior colliculi---> superior olivary nuclei & inferior colliculus ---> lateral geniculate nucleus ---> MGN ---> auditory cortex
- C.
Spiral ganglia --> lateral lemniscus---> superior olivary nuclei & inferior colliculus ---> brachium of inferior colliculi ---> MGN ---> auditory cortex
- D.
Spiral ganglia --> cochlear nucleus --> lateral lemniscus---> superior olivary nuclei & inferior colliculus ---> brachium of inferior colliculi ---> auditory cortex
Correct Answer
A. Spiral ganglia --> cochlear nucleus --> lateral lemniscus---> superior olivary nuclei & inferior colliculus ---> brachium of inferior colliculi ---> MGN ---> auditory cortexExplanation
The correct sequence of auditory information starts with the spiral ganglia, which receive auditory signals from the cochlea. These signals are then transmitted to the cochlear nucleus, where they are processed further. From the cochlear nucleus, the signals travel to the lateral lemniscus, which is a pathway in the brainstem that carries auditory information. The lateral lemniscus then projects to the superior olivary nuclei and inferior colliculus, which are involved in sound localization and processing. The signals continue to the brachium of the inferior colliculi, which is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the inferior colliculus to other parts of the brain. From there, the signals are relayed to the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), which acts as a gateway to the auditory cortex, where sound perception occurs.Rate this question:
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- 22.
What is the output for the pretectal area?
- A.
Edinger-westphall nucleus
- B.
Oculomotor nucleus
- C.
Superior colliculus
- D.
Optic tract
Correct Answer
A. Edinger-westphall nucleusExplanation
The correct answer is the edinger-westphall nucleus. The pretectal area is a region in the midbrain that is involved in processing visual information, particularly in controlling pupillary reflexes. The edinger-westphall nucleus is located in the pretectal area and is responsible for controlling the constriction of the pupil in response to light. Therefore, the output for the pretectal area is the edinger-westphall nucleus.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which of the following is NOT an input to the pulvinar
- A.
Retina
- B.
Striate cortex
- C.
Superior colliculus
- D.
Inferior colliculus
Correct Answer
D. Inferior colliculusExplanation
The pulvinar is a nucleus in the thalamus involved in visual processing. It receives inputs from various structures, such as the retina, striate cortex, and superior colliculus. However, the inferior colliculus is not involved in visual processing but rather in auditory processing. Therefore, the correct answer is the inferior colliculus.Rate this question:
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- 24.
The pulvinar sends information to the striate and ____________________ cortices
Correct Answer
extrastriateExplanation
The pulvinar is a nucleus located in the thalamus that plays a role in visual processing. It receives information from the retina and sends it to various areas of the brain, including the striate cortex (also known as the primary visual cortex or V1). In addition to the striate cortex, the pulvinar also sends information to the extrastriate cortices. The extrastriate cortices are higher-order visual areas that process more complex visual information, such as object recognition and perception of motion. Therefore, the correct answer is "extrastriate."Rate this question:
- 25.
Information from the pretectal area, passes through the ______________________ to the contralateral edinger-westphal nucleus?
Correct Answer
posterior commissureExplanation
The information from the pretectal area is transmitted to the contralateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus through the posterior commissure. The posterior commissure is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right sides of the brain. It plays a crucial role in the coordination and integration of visual information, including the pupillary light reflex.Rate this question:
- 26.
Which of the following systems is the hypothalamus NOT involved in
- A.
Motor system
- B.
Limbic system
- C.
Endocrine system
- D.
Autonomic nervous system
Correct Answer
A. Motor systemExplanation
The hypothalamus is involved in regulating various bodily functions and behaviors through its control over the endocrine system, limbic system, and autonomic nervous system. However, it is not directly involved in the motor system, which is responsible for voluntary movement of muscles. The hypothalamus primarily focuses on regulating basic survival functions such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep, rather than controlling voluntary movements.Rate this question:
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- 27.
What is the input to the structure outlined in red (full spelling)
Correct Answer
cerebral spinal fluidExplanation
The input to the structure outlined in red is "cerebral spinal fluid."Rate this question:
- 28.
Which of the following is not involved with the limbic system
- A.
Fornix
- B.
Anterior nuclear group of the thalamus
- C.
Posterior hypothalamus
- D.
Mammillary bodies
- E.
Hippocampus
- F.
Parahippocampal gyrus
- G.
Cingulate gyrus
- H.
Septal nuclei
- I.
Anterior commissure
- J.
Pulvinar
Correct Answer
J. PulvinarExplanation
The pulvinar is not involved with the limbic system. The limbic system is responsible for emotions, memory, and motivation. The structures listed in the answer choices are all part of the limbic system, except for the pulvinar. The pulvinar is a nucleus located in the thalamus and is primarily involved in visual processing and attention. It is not directly involved in the limbic system's functions.Rate this question:
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- 29.
The basal ganglia provides information to several nuclei. which of the receiving nuclei does not send information back to the basal ganglia? (please provide the full name)
Correct Answer
ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamusExplanation
the basal ganglia receives information from the motor cortex. it sends information to the subthalamic nuclei, centromedian nucleus, substantia nigra, ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus. all except for the VL send information back to the basal ganglia. the VL sends information back to the motor cortex.Rate this question:
- 30.
Which of the following is/are the correct input(s) to the VPL
- A.
Ipsi medial lemniscus & ipsi spinothalamic tract
- B.
Contra. medial lemniscus & ipsi spinothalamic tract
- C.
Contra. medial lemniscus & contra spinothalamic tract
- D.
Ipsi medial lemniscus & contra spinothalamic tract
Correct Answer
A. Ipsi medial lemniscus & ipsi spinothalamic tractExplanation
The correct inputs to the VPL are ipsi medial lemniscus and ipsi spinothalamic tract.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Which of the following outputs to a descending tract and is responsible for the coordination of movements
- A.
Red nucleus
- B.
VPL
- C.
Vl
- D.
Motor cortex
- E.
Pyramidal tract
- F.
Cerebral peduncle
Correct Answer
A. Red nucleusExplanation
The red nucleus is responsible for the coordination of movements and outputs to a descending tract. It is located in the midbrain and plays a crucial role in motor control. The red nucleus receives input from the cerebellum and the motor cortex, and it sends signals to the spinal cord to coordinate voluntary movements. This makes it the correct answer for the question.Rate this question:
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- 32.
What is the output of the area highlighted in green? (be specific include laterality)
Correct Answer
left striate cortexExplanation
The output of the area highlighted in green is the left striate cortex.Rate this question:
- 33.
What is the function of the area highlighted in green (select all that apply)
- A.
Memory
- B.
Emotion
- C.
Motor
- D.
Contra. motor
- E.
Sensory
- F.
Vision
- G.
Olfaction
Correct Answer(s)
A. Memory
B. EmotionExplanation
The area highlighted in green serves the functions of memory and emotion. Memory refers to the ability to encode, store, and retrieve information, while emotion refers to the experience of feelings and the regulation of emotional responses. These functions are often associated with specific brain regions, and the area highlighted in green is likely involved in these cognitive and emotional processes.Rate this question:
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- 34.
True or false? the area highlighted in red receives information from and sends information to the same place
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
subthalamic nucleus has a motor control function, input: ipsi basal ganglia, output: ipsi basal gangliaRate this question:
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- 35.
Through which structure does the area highlighted in red receive information
Correct Answer
internal capusleExplanation
The area highlighted in red receives information through the internal capsule. The internal capsule is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the cerebral cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord. It serves as a major pathway for transmitting sensory and motor information between different regions of the brain.Rate this question:
- 36.
Which of the following are outputs of the dorsal efferent nuclei of vagus (select all that apply)
- A.
Thoracic viscera
- B.
Abdominal viscera
- C.
Hypothalamus
- D.
Reticular formation
Correct Answer(s)
A. Thoracic viscera
B. Abdominal visceraExplanation
The dorsal efferent nuclei of the vagus nerve are responsible for carrying motor signals from the brain to various organs. The thoracic viscera and abdominal viscera are both innervated by the vagus nerve, so they are outputs of the dorsal efferent nuclei. The hypothalamus and reticular formation, on the other hand, are not directly innervated by the vagus nerve and therefore are not outputs of the dorsal efferent nuclei.Rate this question:
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