Haad Radiology Trivia Quiz

The most likely diagnosis for a 69-year-old female with a mass in her abdomen is a ventral hernia. This is because a ventral hernia occurs when there is a weakness in the abdominal wall, allowing abdominal contents to protrude through. The presence of a mass in the abdomen suggests an abnormal bulge, which is characteristic of a ventral hernia. Adenocarcinoma of the colon and large bowel obstruction are less likely as they typically present with other symptoms such as changes in bowel habits or abdominal pain. A hemorrhagic ovarian cyst is also less likely as it usually presents with pelvic pain.

The milliampere control dial on the dental x-ray machine regulates the quantity of the radiation. This means that adjusting the dial controls the amount of radiation that is emitted during the x-ray procedure. By increasing or decreasing the milliampere setting, the operator can control the intensity of the x-ray beam, resulting in a higher or lower amount of radiation exposure for the patient. This is an important safety feature as it allows for customization of the radiation dose based on the specific needs of each patient and the type of dental imaging being performed.

This question is asking for an illustration of a specific condition. The correct answer is "pulmonary edema," which refers to the accumulation of fluid in the lungs. This condition can cause symptoms such as difficulty breathing, coughing, and chest pain. It is often caused by heart problems or lung damage. The other options, mediastinal shift, bilateral pneumonia, and metastatic lung cancer, do not specifically relate to the accumulation of fluid in the lungs.

Endoscopic US is the correct answer because it is a modality that can produce high resolution images of the bowel wall, allowing for the visualization of distinct layers such as the mediastinum, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, and mesenteric vessels. This modality is also used in fine needle aspirations, making it the most appropriate choice among the options given.

Collimator cutoff cone cutting occurs when the x-ray beam is not properly aligned with the film. In this case, the beam was not centered on the film in the patient's mouth, resulting in part of the film being exposed to the collimator, causing a cutoff appearance on the film. This can lead to a distorted or incomplete image on the film.

This patient most likely has Acute PE. Acute PE refers to a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries, usually caused by a blood clot that has traveled to the lungs from another part of the body. This condition can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing, and in severe cases, can be life-threatening. Given the limited information provided, it is difficult to determine the specific reason for this diagnosis, but the symptoms described are consistent with Acute PE.

After intracranial radiation therapy, the most common hormone deficiency seen is growth hormone deficiency. Radiation therapy to the brain can damage the pituitary gland, which is responsible for producing growth hormone. This can lead to a deficiency in growth hormone, resulting in stunted growth and other symptoms associated with growth hormone deficiency.

Areas of spiculated microcalcifications on a mammogram would suggest malignancy. Spiculated microcalcifications are tiny calcium deposits that appear as small, irregular, and linear clusters on the mammogram. These are often associated with breast cancer and indicate a higher likelihood of malignancy. The presence of spiculated microcalcifications can help in the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer, as they may indicate the presence of an underlying tumor. Therefore, it is important to further investigate and evaluate any areas of spiculated microcalcifications found on a mammogram.

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, which means they consist of photons. Photons are particles of light that have no mass or charge. When high-energy electrons interact with matter, they can produce X-ray photons. These photons have a much higher energy than visible light, allowing them to pass through soft tissues in the body but be absorbed by denser materials like bones. Therefore, the correct answer is photons.

The symptoms described in the question, including diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia, and abdominal pain, along with the malodorous and greasy stool, indicate malabsorption. The physical exam findings of a pale thin man with petechiae suggest anemia. The decreased red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit further support the presence of anemia. Pancreatic insufficiency can lead to malabsorption due to a lack of digestive enzymes, specifically lipase, which results in the malodorous and greasy stool. Therefore, pancreatic insufficiency is the most likely cause of this man's condition.

Heart failure is characterized by the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's demands. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. While the other options may also cause symptoms similar to heart failure, the given information does not provide any specific indications for hemothorax, aortic aneurysm, or pericarditis. Therefore, heart failure is the most likely diagnosis based on the given information.

Contrast examinations involve the use of a contrast medium, which can be mixed with either air or water. This allows for better visualization of certain structures or areas of the body during imaging procedures. By mixing the contrast medium with air or water, it helps to highlight and differentiate various tissues and organs, aiding in the diagnosis of certain conditions or diseases.

The lemon sign is a radiological finding associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), a condition where the diaphragm does not fully develop, leading to abdominal organs entering the chest cavity. This herniation of organs, particularly the liver, causes a characteristic appearance on imaging resembling a lemon. Therefore, the correct answer is pseudotumor, as it refers to the herniation of abdominal organs in CDH, rather than sarcoidosis, pneumothorax, or pneumonia.

Otto Walkhoff is believed to have exposed the prototype of the first dental x-ray film.

The given answer, asbestosis, refers to a lung disease caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. This disease is characterized by the formation of scar tissue in the lungs, leading to breathing difficulties and an increased risk of developing other respiratory conditions. In the absence of any additional information or context, it is not possible to determine the specific features or findings in the image that support the diagnosis of asbestosis.

G.M. Fitzgerald is the correct answer because he is the one who designed the "long cone" specifically for use with the paralleling technique. The other options, W.D. Coolidge, W. Roentgen, and C.E. Kells, are not associated with the design of the "long cone" for the paralleling technique.

The correct answer is 2.5mm of aluminum. The total filtration required for a dental x-ray machine operating at 90kvp is determined by the energy of the x-ray beam. Higher energy x-rays require more filtration to reduce the amount of radiation that reaches the patient. In this case, the machine requires 2.5mm of aluminum filtration to ensure that the radiation emitted is within safe levels for the patient.

The correct answer is tension pneumo. Tension pneumo refers to the accumulation of air in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse and putting pressure on the mediastinum, resulting in a shift to the unaffected side. This can lead to respiratory distress and is a medical emergency. Lung cancer and right-sided mediastinal shift are not specifically mentioned in the question and are therefore not the correct answer.

The given answer, tuberculosis, is a possible explanation for the condition described. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs and can cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. It is a common cause of pneumonia and can also lead to the formation of loculated effusions, which are pockets of fluid in the lungs. While hemothorax, the accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity, can occur in tuberculosis, it is not the primary characteristic of the condition.

Myelomalacia is the most likely diagnosis for spinal cord edema on an MRI. Myelomalacia refers to the softening or degeneration of the spinal cord, which can be caused by various factors such as trauma, ischemia, or infection. This condition is often associated with edema, which is an accumulation of fluid in the tissues. The other options, myelodysplasia, myeloschisis, and cord tumors, are less likely to present with edema on an MRI. Myelodysplasia refers to abnormal development of the spinal cord, myeloschisis is a rare congenital condition characterized by an open spinal cord defect, and cord tumors may or may not present with edema depending on the specific characteristics of the tumor.

In the given options, LUL stands for Left Upper Lobe. Therefore, the atelectasis is located in the Left Upper Lobe of the picture.

Plethoric lung fields are seen in conditions which increase pulmonary blood flow. They are:
Left to right shunt – ASD, VSD, PDA, Coronary artery fistula into right heart, Aortopulmonary window
Transposition of great arteries with ASD or VSD
Truncus arteriosus
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

The image is associated with CHF (Congestive Heart Failure). CHF is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs. This can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, and chest congestion. The image may show signs of pulmonary edema or fluid in the lungs, which is a common finding in CHF.

The correct answer is "interstitial pattern in upper lobes." This means that the condition being referred to starts with the presence of an interstitial pattern in the upper lobes of the lungs. This pattern may indicate the presence of certain lung diseases, such as interstitial lung disease or pulmonary fibrosis. It is important to further investigate and diagnose the specific cause of this interstitial pattern to determine the appropriate treatment.

The correct answer is 50%; 65%. In adults, the heart should be less than 50% of the internal diameter of the thoracic rib cage. In infants, the heart should be less than 65% of the internal diameter of the thoracic rib cage. This indicates that the heart occupies a larger proportion of the thoracic rib cage in infants compared to adults.

This patient most likely has Acute PE, which stands for Acute Pulmonary Embolism. This condition occurs when a blood clot forms in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, blocking blood flow and causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing. It is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. Hemothorax refers to the accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity, Emphysema is a chronic lung condition characterized by damage to the air sacs in the lungs, and Pericardial effusion is the buildup of fluid around the heart.

Cieszynski is given credit for suggesting the bisecting technique.

The correct answer is "be concerned because of the unnecessary secondary radiation to your patients." This is because an HVL (Half-Value Layer) of 1.00mm of aluminum indicates that the x-ray beam is too penetrating. This means that it is able to pass through the patient's body too easily, potentially causing unnecessary exposure to secondary radiation. This can be harmful to the patient and should be a cause for concern.

The patient's RUL (right upper lobe) is likely filled by a tumor or granuloma. This can cause obstruction or blockage in the lung, leading to the filling of the lobe. This explanation is based on the given options, where tumor or granuloma is the most plausible cause for the patient's condition.

COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is a lung condition characterized by airflow limitation. In COPD, the lungs become hyperinflated, causing the diaphragm to flatten and push the heart downwards. This can give the appearance of heart enlargement on imaging studies, hence the term "masked enlargement." This is a correct pairing because COPD can indeed lead to a misleading appearance of heart enlargement.

When a pleural effusion is present, the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space causes compression and displacement of nearby structures. In this case, both the heart and the trachea shift away from the pleural effusion. The fluid accumulation pushes the heart and trachea in the opposite direction, creating a displacement away from the area of fluid accumulation. This can be observed on imaging studies such as chest X-rays or CT scans.

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Nuchal translucency is the most sensitive sonological indicator for aneuploidy. It refers to the measurement of fluid accumulation behind the fetal neck during the first trimester of pregnancy. Increased nuchal translucency is associated with a higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome. This measurement is commonly used in combination with other screening tests to assess the risk of fetal abnormalities.

Based on the given options, the most likely diagnosis for the patient is heart failure. Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardium, the membrane surrounding the heart, which may cause chest pain but is not typically associated with heart failure symptoms. Pneumothorax is the accumulation of air in the pleural space, causing lung collapse, and does not directly relate to heart failure. Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve, leading to reduced blood flow from the heart, but it does not encompass the broader symptoms of heart failure. Therefore, heart failure is the most appropriate choice based on the information provided.

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is the most chemoresistant tumor among the given options. Chemoresistance refers to the tumor's ability to resist the effects of chemotherapy drugs. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is known to be resistant to various chemotherapy agents, making it difficult to treat. This resistance can be attributed to various factors such as the tumor's genetic makeup, the presence of drug efflux pumps, and its ability to repair DNA damage caused by chemotherapy. Therefore, compared to synovial sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma is the most challenging to treat with chemotherapy.

W. Rollins is considered to be the first advocate for the science of radiation protection.

The half value layer is the best way to describe the penetration of an x-ray beam because it measures the thickness of a material required to reduce the intensity of the beam by half. This measurement is important in radiology as it helps determine the effectiveness of shielding materials and the dosage of radiation received by patients. Kilovoltage, milliamperage, rad output, and roentgen output are all related to the generation and measurement of x-rays, but they do not specifically describe the penetration of the beam.

The bone scan of a patient with Multiple Myeloma shows cold spots. Cold spots on a bone scan indicate areas of decreased uptake of the radiotracer, suggesting reduced blood flow or decreased metabolic activity in those areas. In the context of Multiple Myeloma, cold spots may indicate areas of bone destruction or osteolytic lesions caused by the cancer. These cold spots can help in identifying the extent and location of bone involvement in Multiple Myeloma and guide treatment decisions.

Proper collimation of the x-ray beam, fog film size, and focal film distance will reduce primary radiation. Collimation refers to the process of restricting the size and shape of the x-ray beam to only the area of interest, reducing scatter radiation. Fog film size refers to the size of the film used to capture the x-ray image, and a smaller film size reduces the amount of scatter radiation reaching the film. Focal film distance refers to the distance between the x-ray tube and the film, and a longer distance reduces scatter radiation. Therefore, by properly collimating the x-ray beam, using a smaller film size, and increasing the focal film distance, the amount of primary radiation reaching the patient is reduced.

This question is asking which condition is illustrated by the given information. The term "pulmonary edema" refers to the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, which can cause difficulty in breathing. The question does not provide any specific information about mediastinal shift, bilateral pneumonia, or metastatic lung cancer, so these options can be ruled out. Therefore, the correct answer is pulmonary edema.

With right-sided atelectasis, the lung on the right side collapses or is partially blocked, causing the heart to shift towards the affected side. This is because the collapsed lung takes up less space, allowing the heart to move towards the right side of the chest cavity.

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) is a condition that affects individuals with renal insufficiency. It is known to be triggered by the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents during MRI scans. Gadolinium is a heavy metal that can accumulate in the body of patients with impaired kidney function, leading to the development of NSF. Therefore, MRI with gadolinium-based contrast is the imaging modality that can potentially cause NSF in patients with renal insufficiency.

Diffuse axonal injuries (DAI) is the correct diagnosis for the given scenario. DAI is a type of traumatic brain injury that occurs due to rotational or shearing forces applied to the brain, resulting in widespread damage to the axons. The presence of multiple small hemorrhages and compression of the basal cisterns on CT brain is characteristic of DAI. This injury typically occurs in high-energy trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents, and can lead to long-term neurological deficits. Cortical contusion, cerebral laceration, and multiple infarcts are not consistent with the findings described.

The statement suggests that a protocol should be followed for most patients when choosing imaging studies in clinical practice. However, the correct answer is False, indicating that this statement is not true. This implies that there may be situations where a protocol is not necessary or applicable, and other factors need to be considered when selecting imaging studies for certain patients in clinical practice.

Pyloric stenosis is the most likely cause of the infant's persistent projectile vomiting and regurgitation. Pyloric stenosis is a condition in which the muscle between the stomach and small intestine (pylorus) becomes thickened, leading to a narrowing of the passage. This narrowing can cause food to be forcefully expelled from the stomach, resulting in projectile vomiting. The age of the infant (two-and-a-half weeks old) is also consistent with pyloric stenosis, as it typically presents within the first few weeks of life.

Atelectasis refers to the collapse or closure of a part or whole of the lung, resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange. It can occur due to various reasons such as blockage of the airway, compression of the lung, or inadequate surfactant production. Atelectasis can cause symptoms like shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain. In contrast, mediastinal shift refers to the displacement of the mediastinum, the central area of the chest that contains the heart and other structures. Emphysema is a chronic lung condition characterized by the destruction of the lung tissue, leading to air trapping and difficulty in exhaling. Pneumonia is an infection in the lung tissue.

this is atelectasis

The milliamperage controls the heating of the cathode. When the milliamperage is increased, more current flows through the cathode, causing it to heat up. The cathode is responsible for emitting electrons, and by heating it, the speed of the electrons moving from the cathode to the anode can be controlled. Therefore, the correct answer is heating of the cathode.

The film is being described as respiratory distress syndrome. This suggests that the film likely shows characteristic signs of respiratory distress, such as difficulty in breathing, rapid breathing, and low oxygen levels. The other options, bilateral pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and metastatic lung cancer, do not specifically describe the film's characteristics as respiratory distress syndrome does.

A CT scan with IV contrast is contraindicated when the patient's creatinine level (CR) is greater than 1.8. This is because a high creatinine level indicates impaired kidney function, and the contrast dye used in the CT scan can further damage the kidneys. Therefore, it is important to avoid using IV contrast in patients with high creatinine levels to prevent further complications.

This condition can be best described as being of neoplastic origin and also causing massive effusion.

Denser materials cause less blackening in X-rays because they are more effective at absorbing the X-ray photons. When X-rays pass through less dense materials, such as air or tissues, they are more likely to be absorbed and cause blackening on the X-ray film. However, when X-rays pass through denser materials, such as bones or metal, they are less likely to be absorbed and therefore cause less blackening on the film. This property of X-rays is utilized in medical imaging to differentiate between different types of tissues and structures in the body.

The spongy appearance with central sunburst calcification is a characteristic finding in serous cystadenoma. Serous cystadenomas are benign cystic neoplasms of the pancreas that typically have a central scar or calcification, giving it a sunburst appearance. This is in contrast to other pancreatic tumors such as adenocarcinoma or mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, which typically do not show this specific radiographic feature. Somatostatinomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas and are not associated with the described radiographic findings.

Hemothorax refers to the accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity, the space between the lungs and the chest wall. This can occur due to trauma or injury, such as a puncture wound or a fractured rib, causing blood vessels to rupture and bleed into the pleural space. Symptoms may include chest pain, difficulty breathing, and decreased lung sounds on one side. Given the options provided, hemothorax is the most likely explanation for the presence of blood in the pleural cavity.

The most reliable sign of this condition is decreased vascularity. This means that there is a decrease in the blood flow to a particular area or organ. It can indicate a restricted blood supply due to various reasons such as blockage or narrowing of blood vessels. This can be detected through medical imaging techniques like ultrasound or angiography. Decreased vascularity can be a significant indicator of an underlying health issue and may require further investigation and treatment.

Atelectasis refers to the collapse or incomplete expansion of the lung, leading to reduced lung volume and impaired gas exchange. It can occur due to various reasons such as blockage of the air passages, compression of the lung tissue, or weak breathing. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain. Unlike the other options, cardiomegaly, pneumonia, and heart failure, atelectasis specifically describes the condition of lung collapse, making it the correct answer.