Test 1 - Specialised Radiographic Procedure II

The Tam-em board is a specialized device used for positioning patients during X-ray imaging. It is designed to provide stability and support for the patient's body while allowing for precise positioning. The board is typically used for imaging the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, as these areas require a stable and comfortable position for accurate imaging. However, the foot does not require the same level of stability and support provided by the Tam-em board, making it unnecessary for AP Foot imaging.

The correct answer is A. Early in the morning. Scheduling the contrast examination early in the morning is beneficial for geriatric patients because they are typically more alert and have less fatigue at that time. This can help ensure better cooperation during the procedure and reduce the risk of complications. Additionally, scheduling the appointment early allows for any necessary follow-up or further testing to be done during regular office hours if needed.

Communicating with pediatric patients at the same eye level is the most appropriate approach because it helps to establish a sense of trust and respect. By physically lowering oneself to the child's level, it creates a more comfortable and equal communication environment. This approach also allows the healthcare provider to better connect with the child and effectively address their needs and concerns. It promotes effective communication and helps to build a positive rapport between the healthcare provider and the pediatric patient.

Paediatric patients require special care and attention because their physical and mental development is not yet fully matured. This means that they may have specific medical needs that differ from adults, and they may not be able to fully understand or communicate their symptoms or discomfort. Therefore, healthcare providers must take extra precautions and tailor their care to meet the unique needs of paediatric patients.

Elderly individuals with osteoarthritis at the knee joint commonly experience physical problems such as difficulty standing for extended periods of time, inability to walk at a fast pace, and inability to bend the knee. However, there is no direct correlation between osteoarthritis and the ability to stay in a cold room condition. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it does not align with the common physical problems faced by elderly individuals with osteoarthritis at the knee joint.

Reducing the exposure factor in an AP pelvis projection of an osteoporosis patient is necessary because osteoporosis causes a decrease in bone density, making the bones more transparent on the X-ray image. By reducing the exposure factor, the image will have less overall brightness, allowing for better visualization of the bones and potential fractures. This adjustment helps to compensate for the decreased bone density and improve the diagnostic quality of the X-ray.

Most children start to walk unaided around 10 months old. At this age, they have typically developed the necessary muscle strength and coordination to support their body weight and take their first steps. While some children may start walking a little earlier or later, 10 months is a common milestone for independent walking.

Arthroplasty surgery is commonly performed on geriatric patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and loss of function. Arthroplasty, also known as joint replacement surgery, can help alleviate these symptoms by replacing the damaged joint with an artificial one. This surgery is often recommended for patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis who have not responded well to other treatments.

A good full inspiration chest x-ray radiograph for children age 0-3 years old should show 6 anterior ribs and 8 posterior ribs. This is because the number of ribs visible on the x-ray can indicate if the child has taken a full breath in, as a full inspiration would cause the diaphragm to move downward and increase the space in the chest cavity, allowing more ribs to be visible. Therefore, the correct answer is B. 6 anterior ribs, 8 posterior ribs.

The correct answer is A. AP Abdomen erect and supine. When suspecting bowel obstruction, it is important to obtain both an AP Abdomen erect and supine projection. The erect projection helps to identify any air-fluid levels or free air, while the supine projection allows for visualization of any dilated loops of bowel or other signs of obstruction. By obtaining both projections, a more comprehensive evaluation can be made to rule out the pathology of bowel obstruction.

The main purpose of using the 15° foam pad in paediatric Anteroposterior (AP) Chest X-ray examination is to prevent hyperextension and lordosis of the spine. The foam pad helps to support the child's back and maintain proper alignment during the X-ray procedure, ensuring that the spine remains in a neutral position. This is important to obtain accurate X-ray images and to prevent any potential discomfort or injury to the child.

As individuals age, their breathing muscles and rib cage become stiffer. This stiffness can lead to a decreased ability to take deep breaths and fully expand the lungs. As a result, elderly individuals may experience shortness of breath, as they are unable to take in enough oxygen to meet their body's needs. This can make simple activities, such as walking or climbing stairs, more difficult and exhausting for them.

The correct approach in effective explanation when dealing with a 5-year-old pediatric patient is to maintain eye contact with the child and always repeat instructions to gain their cooperation. This helps to ensure that the child understands the procedure and feels involved in their own healthcare. Removing unnecessary distractions during the explanation is also important as it allows the child to focus and comprehend the information better. Providing the child with choices on how to assist them during the procedure empowers them and gives them a sense of control. However, explaining the procedure to the guardian only and clarifying their role during the procedure is not the correct approach as it excludes the child from the explanation process and may make them feel left out.

When dealing with geriatric patients, it is important to provide trust and reassurance, but it is also important to maintain close supervision during the radiographic procedure to ensure their safety and compliance. This option suggests limiting close supervision, which may not be appropriate for this patient population.

As individuals age, changes in muscle and bones can lead to a decrease in strength and balance, increasing the risk of falls (option A). Aging can also result in a reduction in the ability to hold urine, leading to urinary incontinence (option B). Additionally, the elasticity of the lungs tends to decrease with age, reducing lung function and causing a decrease in lung capacity (option C). However, aging does not directly lead to presbyopia, which is a condition characterized by the loss of ability to focus on near objects due to the hardening of the lens of the eye (option D).

Osteoporosis is the most common indication for hip x-ray examination among the elderly. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakened and brittle bones, which increases the risk of fractures. The hip is a common site for osteoporotic fractures, and an x-ray can help in diagnosing and assessing the severity of the condition. Emphysema is a lung disease, not directly related to hip x-ray examination. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that commonly affects the hip, but it is not the most common indication for hip x-ray examination among the elderly. Gout is a form of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, but it is not typically associated with hip x-ray examination.

The role of a caregiver during a radiographic procedure involving a pediatric patient includes involving with the procedure if necessary, giving consent if requested by the healthcare personnel, and assisting the radiographer to explain the procedure to their children. However, the caregiver should not always be protective and prioritize their children during the procedure. This is because the radiographic procedure may require certain positions or movements that are necessary for obtaining accurate images, and prioritizing the child's comfort or protection may hinder the procedure.

The best centring point for an AP Abdomen x-ray for an infant is 1 inch above the umbilicus. This is because the umbilicus is an anatomical landmark that is easily identifiable and helps to ensure that the x-ray captures the entire abdomen area of the infant. Centring the x-ray 1 inch above the umbilicus ensures that important structures such as the liver, kidneys, and intestines are included in the image.

Cloth/towel is not commonly used as an immobilization aid for upper limb X-ray examination of a newborn patient. This is because cloth/towel does not provide sufficient stability and support to keep the limb in the desired position during the X-ray procedure. Radiolucent sponges, sandbags, and masking tape/straps are commonly used immobilization aids as they can effectively immobilize the limb and ensure accurate imaging without obstructing the X-ray beam.

The correct answer is C because collimating from the mastoid to slightly above the iliac crest ensures that the entire chest area is captured in the x-ray. This range includes the area from the top of the chest to just above the hip bones, allowing for a comprehensive view of the pediatric chest. Collimating 1 inch above the apex or xiphoid process, as mentioned in options A and B, would not capture the entire chest area. Collimating from 1 inch above the apex to slightly above the iliac crest, as mentioned in option D, would include unnecessary areas outside of the chest.