MCQs 215 Operative Dentistry 3dd Khov Sok 2018 Updated

Chlorhexidine is an antimicrobial agent that has two effects: enhancing the remineralization process and decreasing the presence of streptococcus mutans. Streptococcus mutans is a bacteria that plays a significant role in tooth decay. By enhancing the remineralization process, Chlorhexidine helps to repair and strengthen tooth enamel. Additionally, by decreasing the presence of streptococcus mutans, Chlorhexidine helps to reduce the risk of tooth decay and cavities. Therefore, the correct answer is that Chlorhexidine enhances the remineralization process and decreases streptococcus mutans presence.

The given answer states that there are two reasons why it is difficult to do restoration for Bruxism. The first reason is that there are no stable occlusal, meaning that the patient's bite is not stable and can change over time. This makes it challenging to create a restoration that will fit properly and withstand the forces of grinding and clenching. The second reason is that the height of the crown is short, which may be a result of tooth wear from Bruxism. This can make it difficult to create a restoration that will properly restore the tooth's function and aesthetics. Additionally, the answer does not mention the third reason given in the question, which is that the proximal is too big.

Extraction is not a treatment for dental caries because it involves removing the entire tooth from the mouth. Dental caries, also known as tooth decay, is typically treated by removing the decayed portion of the tooth and filling the cavity with a dental filling. In more severe cases, a root canal filling may be necessary to remove the infected pulp from the tooth. A crown may also be used to restore the shape and function of a tooth that has been extensively damaged by dental caries. However, extraction is not a treatment option for dental caries as it involves removing the entire tooth, which is usually considered a last resort when all other treatment options have failed.

The function of inverted burs is to make retention for material. This means that they are used to create a surface or shape that allows for better adhesion or attachment of a material, such as a filling or restoration, to the tooth structure. Inverted burs are commonly used in dentistry for this purpose.

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The explanation for the given answer is that controlling caries on all surfaces of the teeth can be achieved by using high fluoride toothpaste (5000 ppm), using fluoride mouthwash, and applying fluoride varnish every three months. Additionally, for individuals with reduced saliva flow, using a saliva substitute can be helpful.

Tetracycline is known to cause discoloration and staining of teeth when taken during pregnancy. This staining primarily affects the deciduous (baby) teeth rather than the permanent teeth. Therefore, the correct answer is "deciduous teeth affected."

All of the above reasons can cause dental trauma. This means that any of the mentioned factors, including strong impact or force, accidents or falls, biting on hard objects, grinding or clenching of teeth, and seizures during epilepsy, can lead to dental trauma.

The given answer states that upper and lower first molars have a 95% chance of developing cavities. This means that these teeth are more susceptible to tooth decay compared to other teeth mentioned in the options.

The answer states that all of the above methods can be used for the diagnosis and detection of dental caries. This means that detectable explorer and radiograph, fiber optic transillumination, visual, and laser caries detector are all effective techniques for identifying and diagnosing dental caries.

The carious process that reaches the dentine can lead to the onset of acute pulpitis, causing pain that radiates to the jaw, severe sensitivity to hot and cold, and throbbing pain that worsens with time.

The given answer "ទាំងអស់ខាងលើ" (All of the above) suggests that all the developmental conditions mentioned above, including Enamel Hypoplasia, Enamel Fluorosis, and Tetracycline Stain, can be considered as possible answers for the question.

A carious lesion is a cavity or decay in a tooth caused by dental plaque. Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth and produces acid, which erodes the tooth enamel and leads to the formation of a carious lesion. The other options, chlorhexidine and anesthesia, are not directly related to the development of carious lesions. Chlorhexidine is an antimicrobial agent used to control plaque and prevent gum disease, while anesthesia is used to numb the area during dental procedures and does not have a direct impact on plaque formation. Therefore, the correct answer is that carious lesions are caused by plaque that is not properly removed.

The correct answer states that caries-infected dentine should be removed before restoration. This is because caries-infected dentine is decayed and can lead to further decay and infection if not removed. Removing the infected dentine ensures that only healthy tooth structure remains before the restoration is placed, reducing the risk of future complications.

Toothwear can occur from both physiological factors, which are natural wear and tear on the teeth that happens over time as a person ages, and pathological factors, which can cause rapid and excessive wear on the tooth surface. Bacteria can also contribute to toothwear by producing acids that erode the enamel. Therefore, toothwear can be caused by both physiological and pathological factors.

The given answer states that all of the indications of operative dentistry mentioned in the question are correct. This means that caries, malformed, discolored, non-esthetic, or fractured teeth, as well as restoration replacement or repair, are all valid reasons for undergoing operative dentistry procedures.

Dental caries refers to the process of tooth decay. In the early stages, dental caries may not cause any pain or discomfort, hence being painless at first. As the decay progresses and reaches the deeper layers of the tooth, it can cause sensitivity and pain. Therefore, the fact that dental caries is initially painless is a characteristic sign of this condition.

The correct answer is "Proximal surfaces of posterior teeth." This is because carious lesions are most commonly found on the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth. These surfaces are more susceptible to decay due to their close proximity to adjacent teeth, making it harder to clean and remove plaque and food debris. Additionally, the anatomy of posterior teeth, with their grooves and pits, provides a favorable environment for the accumulation of bacteria and the formation of caries.

Fluoride toothpaste is typically recommended to contain a concentration of 1000-1500 ppm (parts per million) of fluoride. This concentration range is considered effective in preventing tooth decay and promoting oral health. Higher concentrations, such as 2800-5000 ppm or 5000-8000 ppm, may be prescribed by a dentist for individuals with a higher risk of tooth decay or certain dental conditions. However, using toothpaste with excessively high fluoride concentrations can lead to dental fluorosis, a cosmetic condition that affects the appearance of tooth enamel. Therefore, the recommended concentration range of 1000-1500 ppm is considered safe and effective for most individuals.

The correct answer is 2800-5000 ppm. This range of fluoride concentration is recommended for individuals who are at high risk of developing dental problems such as multiple lesions and dry mouth. Fluoride helps to strengthen the teeth and prevent tooth decay. Using a toothpaste with a high fluoride concentration within this range can provide additional protection for individuals with these risk factors.

Toothwear refers to the wearing away of the surface of teeth, which cannot be regrown. Once the tooth surface is worn away, it cannot regenerate or grow back. This process may occur over a short period of time or gradually over a longer period, but once the tooth surface is lost, it cannot be replaced naturally. Therefore, the answer "ដែលមិនអាចដុះមកវិញបាន" (which cannot be regrown) is the correct explanation.

All of the above factors contribute to the easy accumulation of plaque and food debris, leading to the development of dental caries. Pits and fissures provide a favorable environment for bacteria to thrive and cause decay. Proximal surfaces, which are difficult to clean, are prone to decay if proper oral hygiene is not maintained. The area between teeth and gums, known as the cervical region, is susceptible to decay if oral hygiene practices are inadequate. Additionally, crowded teeth can make it challenging to clean between the teeth, increasing the risk of decay. Lastly, overhanging margins of restorations can create areas where plaque and bacteria can accumulate, leading to decay.

The given answer states that all of the above mentioned factors are present in caries-affected dentine. This implies that caries-affected dentine undergoes demineralization, has a lower concentration of minerals compared to healthy dentine, has a lower pH due to the presence of bacteria, and has an altered tubular structure.

This question is asking for the type of dental caries that can be detected using fiber optic transillumination. The correct answer is "Proximal." Fiber optic transillumination is a diagnostic technique that uses a light source to detect cavities in the teeth. Proximal caries refers to cavities that occur between the teeth, which can be difficult to detect visually. Using fiber optic transillumination, dentists can shine a light through the teeth to identify any hidden cavities in the proximal surfaces.

The most preferable sitting position for a dentist is the right rear position (11 o'clock) because it allows the dentist to have a clear view of the patient's oral cavity and provides easy access for treatment. This position also allows the dentist to maintain good posture and reduces the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Additionally, it enables effective communication with the dental assistant and provides a comfortable working environment.

Streptococcus mutans has a high affinity for attaching to plaque biofilm. Plaque biofilm is a sticky film that forms on the teeth and is composed of bacteria, saliva, and food particles. S. mutans is known for its ability to adhere to the biofilm and contribute to the development of dental caries or tooth decay. This is because S. mutans produces acid as a byproduct of metabolizing sugars, which can demineralize the tooth enamel and lead to cavities. Therefore, the correct answer is "Plaque biofilm."

The pH can be used to neutralize acidity in the mouth and restore it to a normal level. Saliva has a buffering capacity, which means it can resist changes in pH. When the pH drops below 6.0, the buffering capacity of saliva helps to bring it back to a neutral level. This is important because acidic conditions in the mouth can lead to tooth decay and other dental problems. Therefore, the buffering capacity of saliva is necessary to maintain oral health.

The correct answer is "ទាំងពីរខាងលើ" (Both sides). This means that dental trauma can affect both the dental tissue and the pulp, not just one or the other. Dental trauma refers to any injury or damage to the teeth and surrounding structures, which can include fractures, dislocations, or injuries to the dental pulp. Therefore, it is important to consider both the dental tissue and pulp when assessing and treating dental trauma.

Cavity liners are placed to a thickness of typically 0.5 mm. This thin layer is sufficient to provide a protective barrier between the dental restoration material and the underlying tooth structure. It helps to prevent sensitivity and irritation caused by the restoration materials, while also promoting proper adhesion and sealing of the restoration. A thicker liner may not be necessary and could potentially interfere with the fit and longevity of the restoration.

The main prevention of dental caries is oral hygiene. This includes practices such as brushing and regular cleansing of the teeth. These actions help to remove plaque and food particles from the teeth, reducing the risk of tooth decay. Fluoride is also an important component of oral hygiene as it helps to strengthen the tooth enamel and protect against cavities.

Cylindrical burs are used to make the four walls of a cavity proper. This means that they are used to shape and smooth the walls of a cavity, ensuring that they are even and free from any irregularities. This is an important step in dental procedures, as it helps to create a stable and well-fitting restoration or filling. By using cylindrical burs, dentists can ensure that the walls of the cavity are prepared correctly, allowing for better retention of dental materials and a more successful outcome for the patient.

The answer provided states that all positions mentioned above are correct for dental treatment.

Fluoride mouthwash can cause fluorosis on developing teeth, which is a condition that causes white spots or discoloration on the teeth. However, it does not cause fluorosis on teeth that have already erupted. Using fluoride mouthwash can still be beneficial for overall oral health.

Every day, individuals aged 8 years and above should use a fluoride mouthwash. The recommended routine consists of using 0.05% NaF mouthwash daily and 0.2% NaF mouthwash once a week. This routine should be followed consistently.

The correct answer is "Translucent" because the question is asking about the color of the carious process lesion within the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ). The given options describe different colors that can be observed in carious lesions, and "Translucent" is one of those colors.

An access cavity is not used for the diagnosis and detection of dental caries. It is a procedure done during a dental treatment to gain access to the pulp chamber and root canals of a tooth. It is typically done to remove infected or damaged tissue and to facilitate the cleaning and filling of the root canals. In the context of diagnosing and detecting dental caries, other methods such as using detectable explorers, fiber optic transillumination, and radiographs are more commonly used.

Fiber optic transillumination is a diagnostic technique used to detect carious lesions in teeth. When a carious lesion is present, it causes the tooth structure to become demineralized and weakened. When light is shone onto the tooth using fiber optic transillumination, the carious lesion absorbs the light, resulting in a darken shadow. This darken shadow indicates the presence of a carious lesion. Therefore, the correct answer is "Darken shadow".

The correct answer is "Almost supine + Recline 45 degree" because this position provides a balance between the patient's comfort and the dentist's access to the oral cavity. The almost supine position allows the patient to lie almost flat on their back, while the 45-degree recline provides a slight tilt to improve visibility and access to the mouth. This position is commonly used in dental procedures to ensure both patient comfort and effective treatment.

Plaque bacteria have the ability to metabolize dietary carbohydrates, specifically sucrose and glucose. These carbohydrates serve as a food source for the bacteria, allowing them to grow and produce acids that can damage tooth enamel. Lipids and other carbohydrates mentioned in the options do not have the same impact on plaque bacteria.

Plaque bacteria have the ability to metabolize dietary carbohydrates, specifically sucrose and glucose, and convert them into organic acids. This process is significant because organic acids contribute to the demineralization of tooth enamel, leading to tooth decay. Therefore, the presence of organic acids produced by plaque bacteria is a crucial factor in dental health.

Plaque bacteria produce organic acids when they metabolize dietary carbohydrates, specifically sucrose and glucose. These organic acids lower the pH of the plaque, causing it to drop to 5.5 or below. This drop in pH leads to demineralization, which is the process of minerals being stripped away from the tooth enamel. Therefore, demineralization is the starting point or the initial consequence of plaque bacteria's activity.

The correct answer states that caries-infected dentine should be removed before restoration in order to prevent further damage to the tooth structure. Caries-infected dentine is decayed and weakened, and leaving it in place can lead to recurrent decay and compromise the success of the restoration. Removing the infected dentine allows for a clean and stable foundation for the restoration to be placed.

The purpose of the Soft Tissue Examination component of the dental exam is to detect any abnormalities in the head and neck area of a patient. This includes checking for any signs of inflammation, infection, or lesions in the soft tissues such as the gums, tongue, and cheeks. By conducting this examination, dentists can identify any potential issues or diseases that may require further evaluation or treatment. It is an important part of the overall dental examination to ensure the patient's oral health and overall well-being.

GV Black classified carious lesions into 5 types. This classification system is widely used in dentistry to categorize and diagnose different stages of tooth decay. The five types include pit and fissure caries, proximal caries, smooth surface caries, root caries, and recurrent caries. Each type has specific characteristics and requires different treatment approaches. This classification system helps dentists in accurately identifying and treating carious lesions based on their type and severity.

This answer is correct because it accurately describes the location of the carious lesions. It specifies that the lesions are on the proximal surfaces, which are the surfaces that are adjacent to another tooth. It also includes the incisal edges of the anterior teeth, which are the biting edges of the front teeth. This answer is more specific than the other options, which either exclude the incisal edges or include posterior teeth as well.

Class II cavity preparation is done in 2 stages. The first stage involves the removal of decayed tooth structure and the preparation of the cavity walls. This is followed by the second stage, which involves the placement of a restorative material, such as a dental filling or a dental crown, to restore the shape, function, and aesthetics of the tooth. This two-stage process ensures that the cavity is properly cleaned and sealed, preventing further decay and promoting long-term oral health.

The given answer suggests that all of the above conditions should be present in order to indicate direct pulp capping. This means that the tooth should still be alive and there should be no history of pain. Additionally, the exposure should be recent and less than 24 hours, with a size of less than 1mm. The area should not be hemorrhagic or difficult to control, and there should be no pulp infection with granuloma or abscess.

During indirect pulp capping, "aseptic" means not introducing any new bacteria or micro-organisms into the area. This is important because the goal of indirect pulp capping is to protect the pulp from further damage and promote healing. Introducing new bacteria or micro-organisms could lead to infection and compromise the success of the procedure. Therefore, maintaining an aseptic environment is crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Vital pulp therapy aims to treat reversible pulpal injury, maintain pulp vitality, and restore function.

Prognosis refers to the prediction of what will happen in the future, particularly in terms of a person's health or the course of a disease. It involves determining the likelihood of recovery, the progression of symptoms, and the overall outcome. In the given context, prognosis is being described as something that occurs during the early stages of an illness or when there is uncertainty about the outcome.

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The correct answer is "no active lesions and no history of recurrent restorations in the past two to three years." This answer indicates that the individual does not currently have any active tooth decay and has not had any fillings or restorations in the past two to three years. This suggests that their risk for developing new cavities is low or inactive.

The given answer states that erosion affects all surfaces above.

Dental caries is a condition that causes the demineralization of the tooth surface. This means that the minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, are lost from the tooth, making it weaker and more susceptible to decay. Remineralization, on the other hand, refers to the process of restoring these lost minerals to the tooth surface. Neutralization is not relevant to dental caries as it does not involve the balance of acids and bases. Restoration refers to the process of repairing a damaged tooth, which may be necessary after dental caries has occurred. Therefore, the correct answer is demineralization because it accurately describes the effect of dental caries on the tooth surface.

The correct answer is Streptococcus + Lactobacillus + Actinomyces. This combination of bacteria is known to be associated with dental caries. Streptococcus is commonly found in dental plaque and is involved in the initial formation of dental caries. Lactobacillus is acid-producing bacteria that thrive in acidic environments and contribute to the progression of dental caries. Actinomyces is another type of bacteria that can colonize dental plaque and contribute to the development of dental caries. Therefore, the presence of all three bacteria in the oral cavity can increase the risk of dental caries.

The correct answer is Erosion + Abrasion + Attrition. Pathological tooth wear refers to the loss of tooth structure due to factors other than normal chewing and biting. Erosion occurs when the tooth structure is dissolved by acids, such as those found in acidic foods and drinks. Abrasion is the wearing away of tooth structure due to friction, often caused by aggressive tooth brushing or using abrasive toothpaste. Attrition is the natural wearing down of tooth structure that occurs over time through normal chewing and biting. Therefore, the combination of erosion, abrasion, and attrition can lead to pathological tooth wear.

Erosion is a loss of dental hard tissue, and it can occur due to a chemical process that does not involve bacteria. This means that certain substances or acids, such as those found in acidic foods or drinks, can directly erode the teeth without the involvement of bacteria. These chemicals can wear away the enamel and cause dental erosion.

The rubber dam should be placed for infection control. This is because the rubber dam acts as a barrier, isolating the tooth or teeth being treated from the rest of the oral cavity. By isolating the treatment area, the rubber dam helps to prevent the spread of bacteria and saliva, reducing the risk of contamination and infection.

The main function of a rubber dam is to isolate the operation site. This is achieved by placing the rubber dam around the tooth or teeth being worked on, creating a barrier between the operative field and the rest of the mouth. This isolation helps to prevent contamination from saliva, blood, or other oral fluids, ensuring a clean and dry working area for the dental procedure. Additionally, the rubber dam improves vision for the dentist by retracting soft tissues and providing a clear view of the tooth being treated. It also reduces patient communication by covering the mouth, minimizing distractions and improving focus during the procedure.

The correct answer is all of the above. This means that all of the materials listed above, including Calcium Hydroxide + GIC, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), and ZOE, can be used in direct pulp capping.

In indirect pulp capping, all infected dentin should be removed using large round burs and excavators, while being careful not to expose the pulp. Additionally, a rubber dam should be placed to control infection.

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The spots and stains left by fluorosis are permanent and may brown or darken over time. Fluorosis is a condition that occurs due to excessive intake of fluoride during tooth development. It causes white or brown discoloration and spots on the teeth. These stains are not temporary and cannot be easily removed. They may become more pronounced and darken over time, making them a permanent feature on the affected teeth.

In Dental Trauma, crown fracture can occur in all the layers above the pulp. This includes Enamel Fracture, Enamel-Dentin Fracture, and Enamel-Dentin-Pulp Fracture. Therefore, the answer "ទាំងអស់ខាងលើ" (all of the above) is correct.

The correct answer is that the pH can be used to return to normal levels by the buffering capacity of saliva and the presence of fluoride in mouthwash. Saliva acts as a natural buffer, helping to maintain the pH balance in the mouth. Fluoride, found in mouthwash, can also help to neutralize acids and restore the pH level. Bacteria in the mouth can produce acids that lower the pH, so the buffering capacity of saliva and the presence of fluoride can counteract this and bring the pH back to normal.

The correct answer is "Remineralization". Remineralization refers to the process of restoring minerals to the teeth, which helps to strengthen and repair tooth enamel. In this context, the pH of saliva plays a role in buffering capacity, which helps to maintain a neutral pH level and prevent demineralization of the teeth. The presence of fluoride in saliva also aids in remineralization by promoting the uptake of minerals into the tooth structure. Therefore, the correct answer is remineralization, as it accurately describes the process of restoring minerals to the teeth.

The answer "ទាំងពីរខាងលើ" means "Both above" in English. This means that both statements mentioned above in the question are correct. The first statement "Not tender" indicates that there is no pain or tenderness observed during the percussion test. The second statement suggests that if tenderness is observed, it could be indicative of a possible luxation or root fracture injury. Therefore, the correct answer states that both of these statements are true.

Poor oral hygiene is the main cause of dental caries because when oral hygiene is not maintained properly, it leads to the accumulation of bacteria and plaque on the teeth. Bacteria in the mouth feed on the sugars present in food and produce acids as a byproduct. These acids then attack the tooth enamel, leading to the formation of cavities or dental caries. Therefore, poor oral hygiene provides an environment conducive for the growth of bacteria and the development of dental caries.

Glass ionomer has several roles in dentistry. One of its main advantages is its biocompatibility, meaning it is well-tolerated by the body and does not cause any adverse reactions. Additionally, glass ionomer releases fluoride, which helps prevent tooth decay and strengthens the surrounding teeth. However, it is contraindicated for permanent fillings in Class I and Class II restorations due to its lower strength compared to other restorative materials.

Zinc Oxide Eugenol is used as an antimicrobial agent in temporary fillings, helping to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. It also has good sealing capabilities, making it an effective intermediate base for temporary fillings. Additionally, it provides protection to the pulp against thermal shock, which can occur during dental procedures. Overall, Zinc Oxide Eugenol plays a crucial role in ensuring the success and longevity of temporary fillings.

The given answer "ទាំងអស់ខាងលើ" means "all of the above" in English. This suggests that all three techniques mentioned in the question (indirect pulp capping, direct pulp capping, and coronal pulpotomy) are considered vital in deep caries management.

Direct restorations refer to fillings that are placed immediately into a prepared cavity in a single visit. This means that the dentist prepares the cavity by removing the decayed or damaged tooth structure and then fills it with a dental material, such as composite resin or amalgam, in the same appointment. This type of restoration is convenient for patients as it saves time and eliminates the need for multiple visits.

The correct answer is direct restorations + indirect restorations. This means that permanent fillings can be achieved through both direct restorations, where the filling material is placed directly into the cavity, and indirect restorations, where the filling material is fabricated outside of the mouth and then placed into the cavity. This answer encompasses all the other options listed, such as onlays, inlays, crowns, and amalgam, as these are all examples of either direct or indirect restorations used for permanent fillings.

The answer states that both esthetic restorative materials (composite resin, glass-ionomer cements) and metallic restorations (amalgam) are included in direct restorative materials. It also mentions that inlay and onlay restorations can be made from materials such as gold, composite resin, and porcelain.

The correct answer states that restoration does not allow for overloading of the tooth structure. This means that the restoration should not put excessive pressure or stress on the tooth, which could lead to damage or failure. It is important for a restoration to distribute forces evenly and not cause any harm to the tooth structure.

Before cavitation is detected through clinical examination, the carious process can affect the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ). This means that the caries can progress and cause damage to the EDJ before it becomes visible as a cavity. The answer suggests that the carious process can affect the EDJ before cavitation is detected.

The carious process can lead to dentine decay in cases of severe or frequent acid exposure. It can also occur in areas that are difficult to clean. It can affect all surfaces of the tooth.

The correct answer is acute inflammatory response (sharp pain on hot, cold, or sweet). When carious lesions reach the dentine-pulp junction and toxins from bacteria enter the pulpal tissue, it triggers an acute inflammatory response. This response leads to sharp pain when exposed to hot, cold, or sweet stimuli.

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A detectable explorer is a dental instrument used to detect cavities or other dental issues. However, if the explorer is too sharp, it can cause damage to the tooth structure, leading to fractures and cavitations. This is why a sharp explorer is contraindicated and not recommended for use.

The correct answer is "Toothpaste, fluoride drops, tablets, dentifrice, mouth rinses, varnish." This answer includes all the possible options for the use of fluoride in standard care for low-risk caries.

The correct answer is "Proximal surfaces but not including incisal edges of anterior teeth". This means that the carious lesions are present on the sides of the teeth (proximal surfaces) but do not extend to the biting edges (incisal edges) of the front teeth (anterior teeth).

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The correct answer is $4. This is because the question asks for the number of angles that can be formed on the surface of a cube. A cube has 6 faces, and each face has 4 angles. Therefore, the total number of angles on the surface of a cube is 6 x 4 = 24.

Occlusal tooth-tooth contact refers to the contact between the biting surfaces of the teeth. This can lead to attrition, which is the wearing down of the tooth structure due to friction and grinding during chewing and biting. As the teeth come into contact with each other, the constant friction can cause the enamel to wear away, leading to attrition.

The correct answer is "Enamel + Dentin". In dental trauma, a fracture involving both the enamel and dentin layers of the tooth is possible. This means that both the outer protective layer (enamel) and the underlying layer (dentin) are affected by the fracture. Loss of tooth structure and exposure of the pulp may or may not occur in this type of fracture, as they are separate issues that can happen in addition to the enamel-dentin fracture.

The correct answer is "Usually positive". In dental trauma, the sensibility test is usually positive, meaning that there is a response from the tooth when it is stimulated. This is important in assessing the risk of future healing complications. If there is a lack of response at the initial examination, it indicates an increased risk of later pulpal necrosis, which is the death of the dental pulp.

The given answer states that the agents are effective by reducing the diameter of the dentinal tubule and limiting fluid movement. This implies that these agents help in sealing the dentinal tubules, which are tiny channels in the dentin of the tooth. By reducing the diameter of these tubules and limiting fluid movement, these agents can prevent sensitivity and reduce the risk of dental caries.

The most popular currently used cavity liners are calcium hydroxide, glass-ionomer cements, and zinc oxide eugenol.

Periodontal disease refers to inflammation and infection of the gums and supporting structures of the teeth. Occlusal disharmonies, on the other hand, refer to an improper alignment of the teeth when the jaws are closed. The correct answer suggests that the combination of periodontal disease and occlusal disharmonies is not appropriate or suitable. This means that having both conditions together can lead to further complications or worsen the existing problems.

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Decontamination procedures and remineralization procedures are both needed for active care in high-risk caries cases. Decontamination procedures involve removing or reducing the bacteria and biofilm that cause tooth decay, such as through professional cleanings and the use of antimicrobial agents. Remineralization procedures help to strengthen and repair the tooth enamel, which is important in preventing further decay. These procedures may include the use of fluoride treatments, calcium phosphate products, or other remineralizing agents. By combining decontamination and remineralization procedures, dental professionals can effectively manage and treat high-risk caries cases.