1.
Fetal hgb is the main O2 transport protein until 6 months of age. It binds to oxygen with a _______ affinity compared to adult Hgb.
2.
The metabolic demands of a newborn are __ mL/kg/min, which is double that of an adult.
3.
Newborns have immature contractile proteins, their cardiac output is extremely ___________ dependent.
4.
The alveoli are immature until a child is 8-10 years old. In a newborn, the ratio of alveolar surface to body surface is 1/3 of an adult's, but their minute ventilation is twice that on an adult. This is due to their increased:
5.
Due to their relying on chemical thermogenesis (brown fat breakdown) instead of shivering, newborns are at a decreased risk of hypothermia intraoperatively.
6.
Newborns have the _______ total body water compared to weight.
7.
Glomerular filtration rate in a newborn is:
8.
In a newborn, nerve myelination is incomplete so conduction is slower but the distance impulses have to travel is shorter.
9.
Newborns are at a decreased risk of brain hemorrhage compared to adults.
10.
The release of antidiuretic hormone is stimulate when plasma osmolarity ________, or blood volume ___________.
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
11.
Which of the following hormones have a POSITIVE feedback loop?
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
12.
Glucocorticoid secretion is controlled via a positive feedback loop with ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
13.
Glucocorticoids _____ glucose production while ________ inflammatory responses.
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
14.
Insulin has a circulatory half-life of 5-8 minutes due to the necessity to respond rapidly to changes in blood glucose levels.
15.
Insulin decreases the uptake of K+, mag, and phos.
16.
Over 90% of thyroid hormones released from the thyroid gland epithelial cells is T4, which is converted to the more active form, T3, at the target tissue. It's 99% protein bound when circulating.
17.
Cortisol can cause muscle wasting.
18.
The liver receives 50% of cardiac output.
19.
Positive pressure ventilation, hypoxemia, hypercarbia, sympathetic stimuli, CHF, fluid overload, cirrhosis and anesthesia all _________ hepatic blood flow.
20.
With a decrease in hepatic venous pressure due to hypovolemia/hemorrhage, blood shifts from the hepatic veins and sinusoids into the central circulation - increasing the circulating blood volume by as much as 500 mL's, close to 10% of TBV.
21.
Glucocorticoids, catecholamines, glucagon, and thyroid hormone have this effect on gluconeogenesis, the opposite of insulin's effect on the process.
22.
The SNS stimulation caused by surgical stress stimulates:
23.
Gastric barrier pressure is calculated as lower esophageal sphincter pressure minus intragastric pressure.
24.
Secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach depends on stimulation of receptors in the membrane of the parietal cells. Histamine, acetylcholine, vagal stimulation, and gastrin all _______ the secretion of hydrochloric acid.
25.
The ____________ is the functional unit of the kidney.