Immunology Exam 2 Questions

Babesiosis is a tick-borne infection caused by the parasite Babesia. It is characterized by symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and hemolytic anemia. Fever is a common symptom of many infections, while fatigue is often experienced due to the body's immune response to the infection. Hemolytic anemia occurs when the parasite destroys red blood cells, leading to a decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity and fatigue. Therefore, all of the above symptoms are associated with babesiosis.

West Nile virus is primarily transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on birds that carry the virus. Once infected, mosquitoes can then transmit the virus to humans, dogs, cats, and other animals through subsequent bites. Therefore, the correct answer is "Mosquitos" as they are the main vector for the transmission of West Nile virus.

Transfusion-acquired CMV infection refers to the transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) through blood transfusions. CMV infection can cause various symptoms and complications. A mono-like syndrome, characterized by fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes, can occur as a result of CMV infection. Additionally, CMV can cause hepatitis, which is inflammation of the liver. Moreover, in individuals who have undergone organ transplantation, CMV infection can lead to rejection of the transplanted organ. Therefore, all of the mentioned options, including mono-like syndrome, hepatitis, and rejection of a transplanted organ, can be caused by transfusion-acquired CMV infection.

The prevention of CMV infection can be achieved through various methods. Irradiated blood products are used to prevent CMV transmission by inactivating the virus. Leukocyte-depleted blood products remove white blood cells, which can carry CMV, reducing the risk of infection. Immune globulin with CMV antibodies provides passive immunity against CMV. However, transfusion of fresh blood does not directly prevent CMV transmission, as the blood may still contain the virus. Therefore, it is not considered a method for the prevention of CMV.

The latent phase of syphilis is the stage where the infection remains dormant and there are no visible symptoms. During this stage, the bacteria continue to multiply in the body, but there are no external signs. The only way to diagnose the latent phase of syphilis is through serologic (laboratory) methods, such as blood tests, which can detect the presence of antibodies to the bacteria. This is because there are no visible symptoms or physical manifestations that can be used for diagnosis.

Maternal CMV infections, both primary and recurrent, have the potential to be transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy. CMV (Cytomegalovirus) is a common virus that can cause serious health issues in newborns if they contract the infection in utero. Therefore, it is important for pregnant women to take necessary precautions to prevent CMV infection and seek appropriate medical care if they suspect they may have been exposed to the virus.

CMV (Cytomegalovirus) infection is typically asymptomatic or causes mild symptoms in healthy individuals. It is a common virus that can infect people of all ages, but it usually does not cause serious complications in healthy adults and children. However, CMV can be harmful to individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients. Therefore, the statement that normal adults and children usually experience CMV infection without serious complications is true.

West Nile virus is a viral infection that is primarily transmitted to humans through mosquito bites. It is known to cause inflammation of the brain, which is called encephalitis. Encephalitis can result in symptoms such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, confusion, seizures, and even coma or death in severe cases. While West Nile virus does not cause polio, measles, or arthritis, it is important to be aware of its potential to cause encephalitis and take necessary precautions to prevent mosquito bites.

The question is asking for the vector species that do not commonly transmit Lyme disease. The correct answer is D. variabilis. This is because I. pacificus, I. scapularis, and I. ricinus are all known vectors of Lyme disease, while D. variabilis is not typically associated with the transmission of this disease.

Ehrlichia spp. belong to the same family as the organism that causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. This means that they share similar characteristics, genetic makeup, and mode of transmission. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is a tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, while Ehrlichia spp. are a group of bacteria transmitted by ticks. Therefore, the correct answer is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.

The definitive host of T. gondii is the domestic cat because it is the only species in which the parasite can complete its life cycle. T. gondii reproduces sexually in the intestines of cats, and the oocysts are shed in the cat's feces. These oocysts can then infect other animals, including humans, through ingestion. Other animals may serve as intermediate hosts, but only the domestic cat can harbor the parasite and allow it to reproduce.

Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. It can affect various species including dogs, horses, cattle, and humans. Therefore, all of the above options are correct as Lyme disease is a major health hazard for all these species.

Toxoplasmosis is a serious health threat to AIDS patients because their weakened immune system makes them more susceptible to infections. Toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii, which can be found in contaminated food, soil, or cat feces. While healthy individuals may experience mild symptoms or no symptoms at all, AIDS patients are at a higher risk of developing severe complications such as brain infections or pneumonia. Therefore, AIDS patients need to take extra precautions to avoid exposure to the parasite and seek immediate medical attention if they suspect an infection.

In the past, syphilis was initially treated with heavy metals such as arsenic. Arsenic compounds were believed to have antimicrobial properties and were used as a treatment for various diseases, including syphilis. However, the use of heavy metals like arsenic as a treatment for syphilis has been discontinued due to their toxic effects on the body. Nowadays, antibiotics, particularly penicillin, are the standard treatment for syphilis as they are more effective and safer.

CMV, or Cytomegalovirus, is indeed the most common intrauterine infection. It is a common virus that can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her unborn baby. CMV infection during pregnancy can cause a range of problems for the baby, including hearing loss, vision problems, intellectual disability, and developmental delays. It is important for pregnant women to take precautions to prevent CMV infection, such as practicing good hygiene and avoiding contact with bodily fluids of young children.

The correct answer is "All of the above" because to meet FDA requirements, a vaccine must produce protective immunity with minimal side effects, be immunogenic enough to produce a strong and measurable immune response, and be stable during its shelf life. These criteria ensure that the vaccine is effective in preventing the targeted disease, does not cause significant harm to individuals receiving it, and can be stored and used reliably over a period of time.

During the first stage of Lyme disease, one of the common signs and symptoms is cutaneous manifestation, specifically erythema migrans. Erythema migrans is a characteristic skin rash that appears as a red, expanding bull's eye shape. This rash typically occurs at the site of the tick bite and gradually expands over time. It is an important diagnostic feature of Lyme disease and can help healthcare professionals identify and diagnose the infection. Other signs and symptoms may also be present in the first stage, such as neurological, rheumatoid, and cardiac symptoms, but the cutaneous manifestation is a key indicator.

The third stage of Lyme disease begins to manifest weeks to years after the initial infection. This means that there can be a significant delay between the initial infection and the onset of symptoms associated with the third stage of the disease. It is important to note that the timeline for disease progression can vary among individuals, and some individuals may progress to the third stage sooner or later than others.

Babesia organisms can be found in peripheral blood. This means that these organisms can be detected and identified by examining a sample of blood taken from a patient. It is important to test for the presence of Babesia in peripheral blood as this can help diagnose and monitor infections caused by these organisms. The other options mentioned, such as sputum, synovial fluid, and various exudates, are not typically associated with the presence of Babesia organisms.

Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks. These ticks are commonly found in North America, Europe, and Asia. However, Antarctica is the only continent where these ticks and the bacteria they carry are not present, making it the only continent without Lyme disease.

The correct answer is 3% because on average, the incidence of infection following an I. scapularis tick bite in an endemic area is relatively low. This means that out of every 100 people who are bitten by an I. scapularis tick in an endemic area, approximately 3% of them will develop an infection. It is important to note that this percentage may vary depending on various factors such as the individual's immune system and the specific region where the tick bite occurred.

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. It is recognized as a tissue coccidian, meaning it infects and reproduces in the tissues of its host. It can be transmitted through infected blood, such as through organ transplantation or blood transfusion. Additionally, it can be transmitted transplacentally, meaning from a pregnant woman to her fetus. However, domestic dogs are not a source of the disease. The primary sources of Toxoplasma gondii infection are infected cats and the consumption of undercooked meat or contaminated food or water.

The particularly virulent serotypes of S. pyogenes produce proteolytic enzymes that cause necrotizing fasciitis in a wound or lesion on an extremity. Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe bacterial infection that affects the fascia, a layer of connective tissue beneath the skin. The enzymes produced by the bacteria break down the fascia, leading to tissue death and the spread of the infection. This condition is characterized by rapid progression, severe pain, swelling, and systemic symptoms such as fever and malaise. Immediate medical intervention is necessary to prevent further tissue damage and potentially life-threatening complications.

Pregnancy in Lyme disease has been associated with transplacental infection. This means that the infection can pass from the mother to the fetus through the placenta. This is significant because it can potentially lead to complications and health issues for the baby. It is important for pregnant women with Lyme disease to receive appropriate medical care and monitoring to ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby.

Congenital toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection that can be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy. It can cause various complications, including central nervous system malformation. The parasite can affect the brain and spinal cord of the developing fetus, leading to abnormalities in the structure and function of the central nervous system. These malformations can result in long-term neurological problems for the affected child.

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Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite can infect humans and animals, and it is commonly found in cat feces, contaminated soil, and undercooked meat. The infection can be transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or through contact with infected animals. Symptoms of toxoplasmosis can vary, but may include flu-like symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, muscle aches, and fatigue. In healthy individuals, the infection usually resolves on its own, but it can cause severe complications in people with weakened immune systems or in pregnant women, potentially leading to birth defects.

The correct answer is Wisconsin. Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks. The first recognized case of Lyme disease in a Native American occurred in Wisconsin. This suggests that the disease was present in that region and affecting the indigenous population before it was formally identified and named.

Babesiosis is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Babesia. In the eastern US, the most common cause of babesiosis is Babesia microti, making it the correct answer. B. canis, B. bovis, and B. equi are also species of Babesia, but they are not typically associated with babesiosis in the eastern US.

CMV, or Cytomegalovirus, is a member of the Herpes family of viruses and is a DNA virus. It is also a cell-associated virus, meaning it infects and replicates within cells. However, it is not considered an epidemic worldwide as it does not spread rapidly and widely across different populations.

CMV can persist latently in the body, meaning it remains inactive and does not cause symptoms. However, certain conditions can reactivate the virus and lead to an active infection. These conditions include pregnancy, immunosuppressive therapy, and organ or bone marrow transplantation. Transfusion of leukocyte-poor blood does not provide a condition that would reactivate CMV, therefore it is not a risk factor for developing an active infection.

Antibodies to immediate-early and early antigens can be present in both primary active infection and reactivated active infection. These antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to the presence of antigens, indicating an active immune response against the infection. Therefore, the correct answer is either a or b, as both primary active infection and reactivated active infection can elicit the production of these antibodies.

All the herpes viruses share the feature of being cell-associated viruses. This means that they have a close association with host cells and require them for replication and survival. Unlike free-floating viruses, cell-associated viruses rely on host cells to enter, replicate, and spread within the body. This characteristic is common among all herpes viruses, including herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus.

Erythema migrans is a skin rash that is commonly associated with Lyme disease. It typically occurs in patients who have been bitten by a tick infected with the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. While erythema migrans can occur at any time of the year, it is more common in the winter months. This may be due to factors such as increased outdoor activities during warmer months, leading to more tick exposure, or the behavior of ticks during different seasons. Regardless, the increased prevalence of erythema migrans in the winter months is a notable characteristic of this condition.

The correct answer is "Dispose of fecally contaminated cat litter into plastic garbage bags." This is because disposing of fecally contaminated cat litter into plastic garbage bags is actually a method for preventing congenital toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii, which can be found in cat feces. By properly disposing of cat litter in sealed plastic bags, the risk of contamination and transmission of the parasite can be minimized. Therefore, this method should be included as a specific method for preventing congenital toxoplasmosis.

The presence of IgM antibodies to T. gondii in an adult indicates an active infection. IgM antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to a recent infection. This suggests that the individual is currently infected with T. gondii and their immune system is actively fighting off the infection.

The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) is responsible for regulating vaccine products. This means that CBER oversees the safety, efficacy, and quality of vaccines to ensure that they meet the necessary standards for public health. CBER plays a crucial role in the approval and monitoring of vaccines, ensuring that they are safe and effective for use in preventing and treating various diseases. By regulating vaccine products, CBER helps to protect the health and well-being of the public.

The correct answer is 1, 2, 4. Smallpox, Bacillus anthracis (which causes anthrax), and Q fever are all pathogens that have the potential to be used as biological weapons. Chickenpox, on the other hand, is not typically considered a pathogen adapted for biological warfare.

S. pyogenes is a bacterium that produces various substances. Hyaluronidase, DNAses (A, B, C, D), and erythrogenic toxin are all substances produced by S. pyogenes. However, interferon is not produced by this bacterium. Interferon is a protein that is typically produced by host cells in response to viral infections, and it helps to inhibit viral replication. Since S. pyogenes is a bacterium and not a virus, it does not produce interferon.

The long-term complications of S. pyogenes infection can include both acute rheumatic fever and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Acute rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can affect the heart, joints, skin, and brain. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is a kidney disease that occurs after a streptococcal infection. Rheumatoid arthritis, on the other hand, is a chronic autoimmune disease that is not directly caused by S. pyogenes infection. Therefore, the correct answer is both a and b.

The M protein is a virulence factor found in certain strains of bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pyogenes. It is known to have several functions, including inhibiting phagocytosis, which allows the bacteria to evade the immune system. Additionally, M protein is found in association with hyaluronic acid, which helps the bacteria to adhere to host cells. Antibodies against M protein can provide type-specific immunity, meaning they can target and neutralize specific strains of bacteria. Therefore, the statement that M protein has no known biological role is incorrect.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most useful test for distinguishing between true-positive and false-positive serologic test results in Lyme disease. This is because PCR can directly detect the presence of the Lyme disease-causing bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi, in a patient's blood or tissue sample. Serologic tests, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA), detect antibodies produced by the immune system in response to the infection. However, these tests can sometimes yield false-positive results due to cross-reactivity with other infections or non-specific antibody production. PCR, on the other hand, directly detects the bacteria itself, providing a more accurate diagnosis.

A false-positive reaction in the RPR procedure can occur due to various factors, such as infectious mononucleosis, leprosy, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, streptococcal pharyngitis is not known to cause a false-positive reaction in the RPR procedure.

Darkfield microscopy is the most common method used for the direct examination of treponemes. This technique involves illuminating the specimen with a hollow cone of light, which allows the treponemes to appear as bright objects against a dark background. This method is particularly useful for visualizing the motility and morphology of treponemes, as they are too thin to be seen with conventional light microscopy. VDRL and RPR testing, on the other hand, are serological tests that detect antibodies produced in response to Treponema pallidum infection, but they do not directly visualize the bacteria.

The statement suggests that only a few newborns infected with CMV are asymptomatic. In other words, most newborns infected with CMV show symptoms. Therefore, the correct answer is False, as it contradicts the statement.

The correct answer is "Both a and b" because vaccines can be divided into two categories: live, attenuated vaccines and nonreplicating vaccines. Live, attenuated vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus or bacteria, which can still replicate but cause only mild or no symptoms. Nonreplicating vaccines, on the other hand, contain either inactivated forms of the virus or bacteria or specific components of the pathogen. Both types of vaccines are used to stimulate the immune system and provide protection against diseases.

The earliest host response to vaccination is the innate immune response. The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens and is activated immediately upon vaccination. It includes physical barriers, such as the skin, as well as cellular and molecular components that recognize and eliminate foreign substances. The memory response and anamnestic response are part of the adaptive immune system, which takes longer to develop after vaccination. Therefore, the correct answer is the innate immune response.

The first stage of Lyme disease typically lasts for about 4 weeks. During this stage, individuals may experience symptoms such as a rash, flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and muscle aches. If left untreated, Lyme disease can progress to later stages and cause more severe symptoms. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you may have Lyme disease to receive appropriate treatment.