Biotechnology And Its Applications

Bt cotton stands for Bacillus thuringiensis cotton. Bacillus thuringiensis is a type of bacteria that produces proteins toxic to certain insects. Bt cotton is genetically modified to express these proteins, making it resistant to insect pests. This allows farmers to reduce the use of chemical pesticides and improve crop yield.

Transgenic plants are plants that are generated by introducing foreign DNA into a cell. This foreign DNA can come from a different species or even a different kingdom. Once the foreign DNA is introduced, the cell is able to incorporate it into its own genetic material and generate a plant from that cell. This process allows scientists to create plants with desired traits, such as resistance to pests or tolerance to herbicides. Transgenic plants have been used in agriculture to improve crop yields and reduce the need for chemical pesticides.

Transgenic plants are plants that have genes from another organism. This means that the plants have been genetically modified to contain genes that are not naturally found in their species. These genes can come from a variety of sources, such as bacteria, animals, or even other plants. The purpose of introducing these genes is to give the plant new traits or characteristics, such as resistance to pests or tolerance to herbicides. By incorporating genes from another organism, scientists can manipulate the genetic makeup of plants to improve their qualities and adaptability.

Golden rice is a transgenic food crop that has been genetically modified to contain beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A. Night blindness is often caused by a deficiency in vitamin A, so by consuming golden rice, individuals in developing countries can increase their vitamin A intake and potentially alleviate night blindness. The other options, Flavr Savr Tomatoes, Stralink maize, and Bt Soyabean, do not have the same properties as golden rice and are not specifically designed to solve the problem of night blindness.

The DNA used to produce insect resistance transgenic cotton is from a bacterium. This is because scientists have inserted a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) into the cotton plant. This gene produces a protein that is toxic to certain insect pests, providing the cotton plant with natural resistance against them. By incorporating this bacterium's DNA into the cotton plant, farmers can reduce the need for chemical insecticides and protect their crops from damage caused by insects.

Human insulin was the first biochemical to be produced commercially by microbial cloning and genetic engineering. This breakthrough allowed for the mass production of insulin, which is crucial for individuals with diabetes. Prior to this development, insulin was extracted from animal sources, which was time-consuming and limited in supply. The use of microbial cloning and genetic engineering techniques enabled the production of insulin in large quantities, making it more accessible and affordable for patients in need.

Escherichia coli is the correct answer because it is a commonly used bacterium in biotechnology for the production of recombinant proteins, including human insulin. E. coli has been genetically modified to produce human insulin by inserting the gene coding for insulin into its DNA. This genetically engineered E. coli can then produce large quantities of human insulin, which is harvested and used for medical purposes.

Antisense technology refers to the use of a complementary RNA sequence to inhibit the expression of a specific gene. This involves introducing a piece of RNA that is complementary in sequence to the target gene's mRNA, which then binds to the mRNA and prevents its translation into protein. By blocking gene expression, antisense technology can be used to study gene function, develop therapeutic interventions, or modify gene expression in various applications.

The endotoxins obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are effective against boll worms. Boll worms are a common pest that infests cotton plants and causes significant damage to the cotton bolls. Bt endotoxins are toxic to boll worms when ingested, leading to their death. This makes Bt endotoxins a valuable tool in controlling boll worm populations and reducing crop damage in cotton fields.

Bacillus thuringiensis is the correct answer because it is a bacteria that is commonly used as a pesticide. It produces a toxin that is harmful to certain insects, making it an effective natural pesticide. This bacteria has been used commercially for many years in agriculture to control pests and reduce crop damage.

Trichoderma harzianum has been found to be effective in the biological control of soil borne plant pathogens. This means that it can help to suppress or eliminate harmful pathogens that can cause diseases in plants. This is beneficial for agriculture as it reduces the need for chemical pesticides and promotes sustainable farming practices. Trichoderma harzianum has been extensively studied and has shown promising results in controlling various plant pathogens, making it a useful microorganism for this purpose.

Hirudin is a protein produced from transgenic Brassica napus, which prevents blood clotting. This means that hirudin is a substance derived from a genetically modified version of the Brassica napus plant. It has the ability to inhibit blood clotting, making it useful in medical applications such as preventing thrombosis or treating cardiovascular diseases.

The permanent cure for the genetic defect adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is typically done by:

Introducing bone marrow cells producing ADA into cells at early embryonic stages

This approach involves a bone marrow transplant or gene therapy to introduce functional ADA genes into the patient's cells, ideally at an early embryonic stage. This can potentially provide a long-term or permanent solution for ADA deficiency by enabling the body to produce functional ADA enzyme on its own.