Biotechnology Preliminary Exam Quiz!

Biotechnology is the correct answer because it refers to the use of biological systems and organisms to develop and create technological applications. It involves various fields such as genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. Biotechnology utilizes the knowledge of DNA and other biological processes to develop products and processes that benefit various industries. Therefore, biotechnology encompasses any technological application that utilizes biological systems.

DNA is the correct answer because it is a nucleic acid molecule that exists in the form of a twisted double strand double helix. It is the major component of chromosomes and carries genetic information. RNA is also a nucleic acid molecule, but it is usually single-stranded and has different functions compared to DNA. The nucleus is a cellular organelle that houses DNA, among other things. Heredity refers to the passing down of genetic information from one generation to the next, which is facilitated by DNA.

DNA is the correct answer because it is a nucleic acid molecule that exists in the form of a twisted double strand double helix. It is the major component of chromosomes and carries genetic information. DNA is responsible for transmitting hereditary traits from one generation to another. RNA is also a nucleic acid molecule, but it does not have the same structure as DNA and has different functions in the cell. Nucleus and heredity are not directly related to the description provided.

Root nodules are swellings on the roots of leguminous plants that contain bacteria of the genus Rhizobium. These bacteria have a symbiotic relationship with the plant, where they convert nitrogen in the soil or air into organic nitrogen compounds that can be used by the plant. This process is known as nitrogen fixation. The presence of root nodules allows leguminous plants to access a vital nutrient (nitrogen) that is often limited in the soil, making them important contributors to soil fertility.

The correct answer is DNA. DNA is a nucleic acid molecule that exists in the form of a twisted double strand double helix. It is the major component of chromosomes and carries genetic information. DNA is responsible for transmitting hereditary information from one generation to the next.

The given correct answer states that all statements are true. This means that both the first statement and the second statement are true. The first statement is true because biotechnology does make it possible to develop microorganisms that can serve as natural sources of pesticides and herbicides. The second statement is true because bacteria can indeed be mutated to produce chemicals called allelopathic agents, which can serve as biopesticides and bioherbicides. Therefore, the answer "All statement is true" is the correct explanation.

Agroforestry refers to a land-use system that involves the cultivation of woody perennials such as trees, shrubs, palms, and bamboos. It is a sustainable agricultural practice that combines the benefits of agriculture and forestry. Agroforestry helps in improving soil fertility, conserving water, enhancing biodiversity, and providing multiple products like food, fuel, timber, and medicine. It also helps in mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Therefore, Agroforestry is the correct answer as it best describes the collective name for these land-use systems and technologies.

The explanation for the answer "All statement is true" is that the major N2-fixing systems, which include symbiotic systems, can indeed have a significant impact on improving the fertility and productivity of low-N soils. This means that the first statement is true. The second statement, which claims that all statements are false, is contradicted by the fact that the first statement is true. Therefore, the second statement is false. Hence, the correct answer is that all statements are true.

Symbiosis refers to a close relationship between two organisms where one organism lives near, on, or even inside the other organism, and at least one organism benefits. This term encompasses various types of relationships, such as mutualism, where both organisms benefit, commensalism, where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected, and parasitism, where one organism benefits at the expense of the other. Symbiosis is a fundamental concept in biology, highlighting the interconnectedness and interdependence of different species in ecosystems.

The structure in vascular plants that is responsible for absorption of water and nutrients from the soil, as well as anchoring the plant in place, is called a root. Roots play a crucial role in the overall health and growth of the plant by providing support and stability, as well as facilitating the uptake of essential resources. They are typically found underground and can vary in shape and size depending on the plant species.

Rhizobium is a type of bacteria that has the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms that can be used by plants. This process, known as nitrogen fixation, is essential for plant growth as nitrogen is a vital nutrient. Rhizobium forms a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants, such as soybeans and peas, where it colonizes the roots and forms nodules. Within these nodules, Rhizobium converts nitrogen gas into ammonia, which can then be used by the plant. This ability of Rhizobium to fix nitrogen makes it an important contributor to the nitrogen cycle and plant nutrition.

The stem is the correct answer because it is a structure in vascular plants that carries materials between the roots and leaves. It also provides support to the plant.

Lichens are a type of plant that can grow without stems or leaves and can be found growing on the bark of trees, rocks, and other surfaces. They are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium. The fungus provides a protective structure and absorbs nutrients, while the alga or cyanobacterium photosynthesizes and provides food for the partnership. This unique adaptation allows lichens to thrive in harsh environments where other plants may struggle to survive.

The explanation for the correct answer "All statement is true" is that leguminous plants do indeed produce their own usable nitrogen fertilizer through the process of nitrogen fixation. This process is made possible by the presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in symbiosis with the roots of these plants. Therefore, both statements in the question are true.

A rhizobium strain that can invade the root but does not form a nodule is considered non-infective. This means that although the bacteria can enter the root, it is unable to establish a symbiotic relationship with the host plant and form nodules, which are specialized structures where nitrogen fixation occurs. Without the ability to form nodules, the rhizobium strain is unable to provide the plant with fixed nitrogen, making it non-infective.

Biopesticides are a type of pesticide derived from natural materials such as plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. They are used to control or eliminate insect pests that can damage crops. Unlike conventional chemical pesticides, biopesticides have minimal impact on the environment and non-target organisms. They are considered a more sustainable and eco-friendly alternative for crop protection. Therefore, the use of biopesticides can help protect crops from insect pests while also reducing the negative effects of chemical pesticides on the environment, contributing to the overall goal of guarding against further environmental deterioration.

Biotechnology refers to any biology-based technology that utilizes living organisms or their components. It involves the application of scientific and engineering principles to develop products and processes that improve human life and the environment. This field encompasses various areas such as genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and environmental science. Therefore, biotechnology is the most appropriate answer as it specifically relates to the use of living organisms or their parts in technological applications.

The term "effective" refers to the ability of the rhizobium strain to fix atmospheric nitrogen. In this context, an effective rhizobium strain is capable of forming a symbiotic relationship with legume plants and converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form that the plants can utilize for their growth and development. This ability is crucial for the nitrogen cycle and the overall health of the plants. Therefore, an infective rhizobium strain that can fix atmospheric nitrogen would be considered effective.

Allelopathic agents are substances produced by plants that can inhibit the growth or development of other plants or organisms. They can serve as biopesticides and bioherbicides, meaning they have the potential to be used as natural alternatives to chemical pesticides and herbicides. These agents can help control pests and weeds in agricultural and horticultural settings while minimizing the negative environmental impacts associated with synthetic chemicals. By harnessing the allelopathic properties of certain plants, farmers and gardeners can promote sustainable and eco-friendly pest and weed management practices.

The given correct answer states that all the statements are true. This means that both the statements mentioned in the question are accurate. The first statement correctly describes lichens as a composite organism consisting of a fungus and a photosynthetic partner growing together in a symbiotic relationship. The second statement accurately describes lichens as a plant without stem and leaves. Therefore, both statements are true, making the answer "All statement is true."

The explanation for the correct answer "All statement is false" is that the first statement contradicts the known fact that a rhizobium strain which can invade the root and forms nodule is actually infective, not non-infective. Similarly, the second statement contradicts the known fact that a rhizobium strain which can invade the root but does not form a nodule is actually non-infective, not infective. Therefore, both statements are false.

Károly Ereky is considered the Father of Biotechnology because he coined the term "biotechnology" in 1919. He was a Hungarian engineer and economist who recognized the potential of using biological processes to create new products and improve existing ones. Ereky's work laid the foundation for the development of modern biotechnology, which involves the application of biological systems and organisms to create useful products and solve various problems. His contribution to the field earned him the title of the Father of Biotechnology.

The nitrogen cycle refers to the cyclical series of processes in which nitrogen moves through the living and non-living parts of the environment. This includes processes such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and assimilation. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is converted into a form that can be used by living organisms, while nitrification is the process by which ammonia is converted into nitrites and then nitrates. The nitrogen cycle is essential for the availability of nitrogen to plants and other organisms, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nitrogen in ecosystems.

Nitrogen fixation is the correct answer because it refers to the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates. This process is carried out by certain bacteria and cyanobacteria, which have the ability to convert nitrogen gas into a form that can be used by plants and other organisms. Nitrogen fixation is an essential part of the nitrogen cycle, which involves the movement and transformation of nitrogen in various forms through the environment. Symbiosis, on the other hand, refers to a close and mutually beneficial relationship between different organisms and is not directly related to the conversion of nitrogen.

Leghemoglobin is the correct answer because it helps protect the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme from extreme conditions. Nitrogenase is an enzyme found in certain bacteria and plants that is responsible for converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by organisms. However, nitrogenase is highly sensitive to oxygen and can be inactivated by its presence. Leghemoglobin, found in the root nodules of legume plants, acts as an oxygen scavenger, binding to and sequestering oxygen to prevent its harmful effects on nitrogenase. This allows nitrogenase to function properly and carry out nitrogen fixation efficiently.

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The first statement is true because legumes do have symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in structures called root nodules. This is a unique characteristic of legumes that allows them to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants. The second statement is false because Mahogany, Gmelina, and Manga are not legumes. They are actually types of trees.

Biofertilizers are genetically modified microorganisms that are grown symbiotically with crops. These microorganisms help in enhancing the nutrient availability and uptake of plants, thereby improving their growth and productivity. They fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, and produce growth-promoting substances, which contribute to the overall health of the plants. By using biofertilizers, farmers can reduce their dependence on chemical fertilizers, leading to sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture practices.

The first statement is false because roots in vascular plants do have absorption and anchorage as their main functions. The second statement is true because root nodules on leguminous plants do contain bacteria of the genus Rhizobium that convert nitrogen.

The term "infective" refers to the ability of a rhizobium strain to invade the root and form nodules. This means that the strain is capable of establishing a symbiotic relationship with the plant, where it can fix atmospheric nitrogen and provide it to the plant in exchange for nutrients. Therefore, the correct answer is "Infective".

Agroforestry is the correct answer because it refers to a collective name for land-use systems and technologies that involve the cultivation of woody perennials such as trees, shrubs, palms, and bamboos. This practice combines agricultural crops and/or livestock with trees in order to create a sustainable and productive land-use system. Agroforestry is an important approach for promoting biodiversity, soil conservation, and climate change mitigation while also providing economic benefits to farmers and communities.

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In the 1970s, the first genetically engineered bacteria were reported. This marked a significant milestone in the field of genetic engineering, as it demonstrated the ability to manipulate and modify the genetic material of organisms. This breakthrough opened up new possibilities for research and applications in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, and industry. The development of genetically engineered bacteria has since played a crucial role in the advancement of biotechnology and has paved the way for further advancements in genetic engineering.

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Biological nitrogen fixation is the correct answer because it refers to the natural process by which leguminous plants, such as those mentioned in the question, are able to obtain nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into a form that can be used by the plants for growth. This process is facilitated by symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium, which live in the root nodules of the plants. These bacteria have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form, thus allowing leguminous plants to thrive in nitrogen-deficient soils.

Root nodule symbiosis is a mutualistic relationship between leguminous plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Rhizobium. The bacteria reside in the root nodules of the plants and have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be directly used by the plants for growth. This process is known as nitrogen fixation. The plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and a suitable environment, while the bacteria supply the plants with nitrogen compounds. This symbiotic relationship benefits both parties involved, as the plants receive a vital nutrient and the bacteria have a source of energy.

Pittosporum pentandrum is the correct answer because it is not a legume. Legumes are a type of plant that belong to the family Fabaceae and typically have seeds in pods. Cassia fistula, Afzelia rhomboidea, and Arachis hypogea (also known as peanut) are all legumes, while Pittosporum pentandrum does not belong to this family and therefore is not a legume.

Mycorrhiza is the correct answer because it refers to the symbiotic association between a green plant and a fungus. This association is beneficial for both organisms involved, as the fungus helps the plant absorb nutrients from the soil while the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates. Mycorrhiza is a common occurrence in nature and plays a crucial role in enhancing plant growth and survival.

Fabaceae is the correct answer because it is the only family mentioned in the given list that consists of leguminous species. Leguminous plants are known for their ability to fix nitrogen in the soil through a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules. This family includes many economically important plants such as beans, peas, lentils, and soybeans. Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, and Malvaceae are not leguminous families and do not have the same characteristics as Fabaceae.

The explanation for the correct answer "All statement is true" is that both statements are supported by the given information. The first statement states that Casuarina struggles in a lot of ecological zones like beaches, seashores up to the highest elevation, which is true as Casuarina is known for its ability to tolerate various ecological zones. The second statement states that Trema orientales is widely planted for land reclamation and valued for its tolerance of poor soils due to its ability to fix nitrogen, which is also true as Trema orientales is commonly used for these purposes. Therefore, both statements are true.

Nitrification is the correct answer because it refers to the process in which bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates. This process is an essential part of the nitrogen cycle, where nitrogen is converted into different forms to be used by plants and other organisms. Nitrification plays a crucial role in soil fertility and nutrient availability for plants.

The correct answer is "All statement is false." This means that both the first and second statements are incorrect. Root nodule symbiosis actually enables nitrogen-fixing bacteria to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that is directly available for plant growth, rather than disabling them. Additionally, biological nitrogen fixation does have a built-in supply of nitrogen fertilizer for many leguminous species.

Azobacter is not the correct answer. The given information states that the correct answer is a genus of seven species of aquatic ferns in the family Salviniaceae. Azobacter is a genus of free-living soil bacteria that is not related to ferns or the Salviniaceae family. Therefore, Azobacter does not fit the given description and cannot be the correct answer.

The given list consists of fast-growing tree legumes. These tree species have a rapid growth rate and are known for their ability to fix nitrogen in the soil. A. auriculiformis, Falcataria moluccana, Glericedia sepium, and Caesalpinia pulcherrima are all examples of fast-growing tree legumes. These trees are commonly used in reforestation and agroforestry projects due to their ability to quickly establish and provide various benefits such as soil improvement, erosion control, and biomass production.

The given correct answer is "Non-effective". This suggests that the infective strain mentioned in the question is not effective in fixing nitrogen. This implies that the strain is unable to perform the important biological process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants. This could be a problem when considering the strain's ability to enhance plant growth and productivity through nitrogen fixation.

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Legumes are known for their ability to form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. This relationship occurs in structures called root nodules, where the bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by the plant. This process is known as nitrogen fixation and is crucial for the plant's growth and development. Therefore, the correct answer is "Symbiosis," as it encompasses the mutualistic relationship between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules.

Sesbania rostrata is a plant species that commonly develops nodules on its stems. Nodules are small, round structures that form on the roots or stems of certain plants. These nodules contain bacteria called rhizobia, which have a symbiotic relationship with the plant. The rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form that the plant can use, providing it with a nutrient source. Therefore, the presence of nodules on the stems of Sesbania rostrata indicates its ability to fix nitrogen and obtain nutrients in a unique way compared to other plants listed in the options.

Iron is responsible for the initial attachment of N2 gas to the active site of the enzyme. This is because iron is a key component of nitrogenase enzymes, which are responsible for the conversion of nitrogen gas (N2) into a usable form for organisms. Iron plays a crucial role in the binding and activation of N2 gas, allowing it to be converted into other forms such as ammonia. Without iron, the enzyme would not be able to effectively bind and activate N2 gas, hindering the nitrogen fixation process.

Molybdenum is responsible for softening the triple bonds of N2. This means that molybdenum plays a role in breaking the strong triple bonds between nitrogen atoms in N2 molecules, making it easier for nitrogen to react with other elements or compounds. Molybdenum is known to be a cofactor in certain enzymes, such as nitrogenase, which are responsible for converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by living organisms. Therefore, molybdenum is the correct answer in this context.