Quality Quiz | Round 2

The cost of quality is affected by all the factors mentioned above. Workers' performance can impact the cost of quality if they make errors or produce defective products. Field failures, such as product recalls or customer complaints, can result in additional costs for rework or replacement. Calibration of instruments is important for maintaining accurate measurements and preventing errors that could lead to quality issues. Therefore, all of these factors can contribute to the cost of quality.

A histogram is a graphical representation of data that shows the frequency distribution of a set of continuous or discrete variables. It is a useful tool for visualizing and analyzing data, especially when dealing with large datasets. Histograms provide a clear picture of the distribution of data, allowing us to identify patterns, trends, and outliers. They are commonly used in quality control, process improvement, and data analysis to understand the distribution of a variable and make informed decisions based on the data.

Flow charts are visual representations that illustrate the sequence of steps or activities involved in a process. They depict the flow of inputs through various stages of processing until they are transformed into outputs. Therefore, the correct answer is "How inputs get processed into outputs." Flow charts provide a clear and concise overview of the process, allowing individuals to understand the steps involved and identify any potential bottlenecks or areas for improvement. They are commonly used in various fields, such as manufacturing, software development, and business processes, to streamline operations and enhance efficiency.

Just in Time is the correct answer because it refers to a production strategy where materials and goods are delivered exactly when they are needed, eliminating the need for inventory. This concept aims to reduce waste, improve efficiency, and minimize costs by ensuring that production processes are synchronized with customer demand. It involves close coordination with suppliers and a focus on quality control to meet customer requirements without the need for excess inventory. Six sigma, continuous improvement, and zero defects are related concepts but do not specifically refer to the concept of zero inventory.

Root cause analysis is a problem-solving technique that aims to identify the underlying causes of a problem or issue. It involves systematically analyzing the problem, identifying contributing factors, and determining the primary cause. This technique helps in addressing the root cause rather than just treating the symptoms, leading to more effective and long-lasting solutions. It is commonly used in various fields such as engineering, quality management, and healthcare to prevent the recurrence of problems and improve overall performance.

Quality is defined as the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. This includes both conformance to requirements and the absence of defects. Therefore, the correct answer is b and c.

The concept of "80% of the problems are found in 20% of the work" is known as the Pareto Principle or the 80/20 rule. This principle suggests that a small number of causes or factors are responsible for a large majority of the problems or outcomes. It was named after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who observed that 80% of the wealth in Italy was owned by 20% of the population. This principle has been widely applied in various fields, including business, economics, and quality management, to identify and prioritize the most significant factors or issues.

ISO 9000 is a set of standards that focuses on quality management systems. It determines if a company practices its written procedures, ensuring that the company follows its established processes and guidelines. This helps to ensure consistency and quality in the company's operations. ISO 9000 does not directly determine if vendors are performing well or the process capability, but it does provide a framework for evaluating and improving these aspects of the company's operations. The kind of control chart to be used is determined by statistical analysis and process requirements, not by ISO 9000.

The tools and techniques used during the Quality Planning process include benefit/cost analysis and benchmarking. Benefit/cost analysis helps to evaluate the potential benefits and costs of different quality improvement options, allowing organizations to make informed decisions. Benchmarking involves comparing the organization's processes and performance with those of industry leaders or competitors, in order to identify best practices and areas for improvement. Both benefit/cost analysis and benchmarking are important tools for ensuring quality planning and continuous improvement.

The correct answer is "a and c" because both the cause and effect diagram and the Ishikawa diagram are tools that are used to analyze the input to a process and identify the causes of errors. These diagrams help to visually represent the various factors that can contribute to a problem or error, allowing for a systematic approach to identifying and addressing the root causes.

DIFTR stands for "Do it right the first time." This concept emphasizes the importance of performing tasks correctly and accurately from the beginning, rather than having to correct mistakes later on. It promotes efficiency, reduces costs associated with rework or fixing errors, and ensures customer satisfaction.

The zero defects concept is a performance standard for management and is used by management to communicate to all employees that everyone should do things right the first time. This concept emphasizes the importance of quality and encourages employees to strive for perfection in their work. It sets a high standard for performance and aims to eliminate any errors or defects in the products or services provided by the organization. By implementing this concept, management aims to improve efficiency, customer satisfaction, and overall organizational performance.

CIP, or Continuous Improvement Process, refers to a systematic approach of making sustained, gradual changes in order to improve processes, products, or services. It involves a constancy of purpose and a commitment to quality, ensuring that the focus remains on enhancing and refining various aspects of the organization. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above," as it encompasses the continuous improvement process, sustained, gradual change, and the inclusion of constancy of purpose and commitment to quality.

Quality attributes are specific quality characteristics for which a product is designed, built, and tested. They can be objective or subjective in nature. By considering these attributes, an organization can determine how effectively it is accomplishing its goals. Therefore, the correct answer is B and C.

Cpk = 2.0 is the correct answer because Cpk is a statistical measure used in Six Sigma methodology to assess the capability of a process to meet customer requirements. A Cpk value of 2.0 indicates that the process is highly capable and has a very low defect rate. It signifies that the process is performing well within the defined specifications and is able to consistently produce high-quality output.

Acceptance sampling is a statistical technique used when it is impractical or costly to test the entire product. It involves inspecting a sample from a lot and deciding whether to accept or reject the entire lot based on the number of defects found in the sample. The number of allowable defects before the lot is rejected is predetermined, and if the number of defects found exceeds this predetermined amount, the entire lot is rejected. Therefore, all of the above statements are true.

Juran is generally credited with the phrase "Important few and trivial many." This phrase refers to the concept of focusing on the vital few factors that have a significant impact, rather than getting overwhelmed by the trivial many factors that have minimal importance. Juran, a renowned management consultant and quality guru, emphasized the importance of identifying and prioritizing the key factors that drive results and quality improvement. His philosophy has been widely influential in the field of quality management.

A quality policy is a formal expression of an organization's intentions and direction with regard to quality. It outlines the organization's commitment to meeting customer requirements, continuous improvement, and adherence to relevant quality standards. It provides a framework for establishing quality objectives and serves as a guide for decision-making and resource allocation to achieve those objectives. A quality policy helps align the entire organization towards a common quality goal and provides a basis for developing and implementing quality plans and strategies.

ISO 9001 does not specify the exact number of records required. Instead, it emphasizes the need for an organization to maintain documented information necessary for the effectiveness of the quality management system. The number of records will vary depending on the size and complexity of the organization, as well as the industry it operates in. Therefore, the answer "21 to 30" suggests a range of records that could be required, but it is not a definitive number set by ISO 9001.

A run up on the range chart indicates that the process spread is deteriorating. This means that the variation or dispersion of the data points in the process is increasing, leading to a wider range between the minimum and maximum values. This can be a sign of instability or inconsistency in the process, which may need to be addressed to ensure quality and efficiency.

Quality Assurance is the process of evaluating overall project performance on a regular basis to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards. It involves assessing the project activities, deliverables, and processes to ensure that they meet the defined quality criteria. Quality Assurance focuses on preventing defects and ensuring that the project follows established quality processes and standards. It includes activities such as quality audits, reviews, and process improvements. Quality Control, on the other hand, is the process of monitoring and inspecting project deliverables to identify defects or deviations from quality standards. Quality Planning involves developing a plan to meet the quality requirements of the project. Quality Review is a general term that can refer to various types of reviews conducted to assess the quality of project deliverables.

Process control is not considered a cost of non-conformance to quality because it is actually a proactive measure taken to ensure that products or services meet the required quality standards. Process control involves monitoring and adjusting production processes to minimize defects and deviations from quality requirements. It helps to prevent defects and non-conformance from occurring in the first place, thus reducing the need for rework, scrap, or expediting. Therefore, process control is not considered a cost but rather an investment in maintaining quality and preventing non-conformance.

Quality Control is the correct answer because it refers to the process of monitoring specific project results to determine if they comply with relevant quality standards. This involves inspecting and testing the deliverables to ensure that they meet the required specifications and quality criteria. Quality Control activities are performed throughout the project lifecycle to identify and address any deviations or defects in the project deliverables, ultimately ensuring that the final product or service meets the desired level of quality.

The statement "The organization shall establish and maintain a procedure to identify and have access to legal requirements that are applicable to quality aspects of its products and/or services" is not a requirement of ISO 9001. While it is important for organizations to comply with legal requirements, this specific requirement is not stated in ISO 9001. ISO 9001 focuses on quality management systems and processes, including determining necessary competence for personnel, establishing a quality policy, and defining requirements for determining potential nonconformities and their causes.

Quality planning is a preventive action technique because it involves identifying and establishing the necessary processes and resources to meet quality objectives. It focuses on proactively identifying potential issues or risks that could affect the quality of a product or service and taking steps to prevent them from occurring. By planning ahead and implementing preventive measures, organizations can avoid quality problems and ensure that their products or services meet the desired standards.

A Pareto Diagram is a type of histogram that shows the frequency of occurrence of different causes in descending order. It helps to identify and prioritize the most significant causes contributing to a problem or issue. By visually representing the data, it allows for easy identification of the vital few causes that account for the majority of the problems, enabling focused efforts on addressing these causes for maximum impact.

In any quality improvement initiative, the first stage is management commitment. This means that the management of an organization must be fully dedicated and supportive of the initiative in order for it to be successful. Without management commitment, it is unlikely that the necessary resources, time, and effort will be allocated to the initiative, making it difficult to achieve the desired quality improvement goals.

Theory X management is based on the assumption that employees are inherently lazy and need to be motivated primarily through financial compensation. This theory believes that employees have little ambition and do not enjoy work, therefore, they need to be closely supervised and given strict guidelines. Financial incentives are used to motivate employees to meet their targets and perform well. This theory contrasts with Theory Y management, which believes that employees are self-motivated and enjoy work.

The correct answer is "is an auditing function that provides feedback to the project team and client about the quality of output being produced." Quality assurance is a process that ensures that the desired level of quality is achieved in a product or service. It involves evaluating the quality of output and providing feedback to the project team and client to identify any defects or areas for improvement. This helps in maintaining and improving the overall quality of the output being produced.