Mini 3 - Martin Questions:
- 1.
All of the following are true concerning development of the bronchi except:
- A.
Lung buds first form at the caudal end of the laryngotracheal tube
- B.
During the 5th week of development, the lung buds grow laterally into the primitive pleural cavities (pericardioperitoneal canals)
- C.
Third generation bronchi (3° bronchi) supply bronchopulmonary segments
- D.
The pulmonary cartilage, smooth muscle, and connective tissue are derived from lung bud endoderm
- E.
By 24 weeks of development, respiratory bronchioles are present
Correct Answer
D. The pulmonary cartilage, smooth muscle, and connective tissue are derived from lung bud endodermExplanation
The pulmonary cartilage, smooth muscle, and connective tissue are not derived from lung bud endoderm. Instead, they are derived from the surrounding mesoderm.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Coarctation (congenital narrowing) of the aorta most often occurs near the:
- A.
Bifurcation into common iliac arteries
- B.
Branching of the renal arteries
- C.
Ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum)
- D.
Brachiocephalic artery
Correct Answer
C. Ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum)Explanation
Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital narrowing of the aorta, and it most often occurs near the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum). The ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in fetal circulation, allowing blood to bypass the lungs. After birth, the ductus arteriosus normally closes and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. If the ductus arteriosus does not close properly, it can lead to coarctation of the aorta. Therefore, the correct answer is ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum).Rate this question:
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- 3.
Correct pairings of fetal structures and adult derivatives associated with fetal circulation include all of the following except:
- A.
Ductus venous/ligamentum venosum
- B.
Umbilical artery/common iliac artery
- C.
Ductus arteriosus/ligamentum arteriosum
- D.
Umbilical vein/ligamentum teres hepatis
Correct Answer
B. Umbilical artery/common iliac arteryExplanation
The correct pairings of fetal structures and adult derivatives associated with fetal circulation include the ductus venous/ligamentum venosum, the ductus arteriosus/ligamentum arteriosum, and the umbilical vein/ligamentum teres hepatis. The umbilical artery does not become the common iliac artery in adulthood. Instead, it becomes the medial umbilical ligament.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which of the following “shunts” normally closes before birth?
- A.
Interventricular foramen
- B.
Ductus arteriosus
- C.
Ductus venous
- D.
Foramen ovale
- E.
All of the above (A-D)
Correct Answer
E. All of the above (A-D)Explanation
All of the mentioned structures (interventricular foramen, ductus arteriosus, ductus venous, and foramen ovale) are shunts that are present in the fetal circulation. These shunts allow blood to bypass certain areas of the developing fetus's circulatory system. Before birth, these shunts normally close or undergo structural changes to redirect blood flow once the baby starts breathing on its own and the lungs become functional. Therefore, all of the mentioned shunts normally close before birth.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Regarding the skeleton of the thorax:
- A.
The floating ribs are ribs 8-12
- B.
A typical rib consists of all of the following: head, a neck, and a shaft with its costal groove
- C.
The most typical rib is rib 1
- D.
The sternal angle marks the articulation of rib 3
- E.
A horizontal line through the sternal angle bisects the disc between vertebrae T2 and T3
Correct Answer
B. A typical rib consists of all of the following: head, a neck, and a shaft with its costal grooveExplanation
A typical rib consists of all of the following: head, a neck, and a shaft with its costal groove. This means that a typical rib has a rounded head that articulates with the vertebrae, a narrow neck, and a long, curved shaft with a groove along its bottom surface where the intercostal blood vessels and nerves run. This description does not apply to the floating ribs (ribs 8-12) as they do not have a neck or costal groove.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The conducting system of the heart comprises:
- A.
The sinuatrial node, bundle of His, right and left branches
- B.
The sinuatrial node, atrioventricular node, His and her bundle, superior and inferior crura
- C.
The atrioventricular and trial nodes, His bundle, right and left crura
- D.
The sinuatrial node, the atrioventricular node, and bundle, the right and left branches, and Purkinje fibers network
- E.
SA and AV node, his and her bundle, anterior and posterior crura, Purkinje’s fibers and network
Correct Answer
D. The sinuatrial node, the atrioventricular node, and bundle, the right and left branches, and Purkinje fibers networkExplanation
The correct answer includes all the components of the conducting system of the heart, which are the sinuatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, right and left branches, and Purkinje fibers network. These components work together to coordinate the electrical signals that regulate the heartbeat. The sinuatrial node initiates the electrical impulse, which is then conducted through the atrioventricular node and bundle of His. The right and left branches further divide the impulse, and the Purkinje fibers distribute it throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Each of the following is considered a group within the axillary lymph node chain except:
- A.
Lateral nodes
- B.
Deep cervical nodes
- C.
Apical nodes
- D.
Central nodes
- E.
Pectoral nodes
Correct Answer
B. Deep cervical nodesExplanation
The axillary lymph node chain is a group of lymph nodes located in the armpit area. It is responsible for draining lymph fluid from the upper limb, breast, and chest wall. The lateral nodes, apical nodes, central nodes, and pectoral nodes are all considered groups within the axillary lymph node chain. However, the deep cervical nodes are not part of the axillary lymph node chain. They are located in the neck region and drain lymph fluid from the head and neck area.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which one of the following does not lie in the superior mediastinum?
- A.
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
- B.
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
- C.
Superior vena cava
- D.
Trachea
- E.
Esophagus
Correct Answer
B. Right recurrent laryngeal nerveExplanation
The superior mediastinum is located in the upper part of the thoracic cavity, between the thoracic inlet and the transverse thoracic plane. It contains various structures including the superior vena cava, trachea, esophagus, and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve, however, does not lie in the superior mediastinum. It descends into the thorax on the right side, looping around the subclavian artery before ascending back up to innervate the larynx. Therefore, the right recurrent laryngeal nerve is not found in the superior mediastinum.Rate this question:
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- 9.
A knife wound in the heart, at the level of the fifth left interspace, near the sternum, would penetrate all of the following except:
- A.
Fibrous pericardium
- B.
Serous visceral pericardium
- C.
Serous parietal pericardium
- D.
Visceral and parietal pleura
- E.
Pericardial cavity
Correct Answer
D. Visceral and parietal pleuraExplanation
A knife wound in the heart, at the level of the fifth left interspace, near the sternum, would penetrate the fibrous pericardium, serous visceral pericardium, serous parietal pericardium, and the pericardial cavity. However, it would not penetrate the visceral and parietal pleura, which are the membranes that surround the lungs.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The septomarginal trabecula (moderate band) is associated with the:
- A.
Right atrium
- B.
Right ventricle
- C.
Left atrium
- D.
Left ventricle
- E.
Base of heart
Correct Answer
B. Right ventricleExplanation
The septomarginal trabecula, also known as the moderator band, is a muscular band that is found in the right ventricle of the heart. It extends from the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle. The primary function of the septomarginal trabecula is to provide additional support to the right ventricle and help facilitate the conduction of electrical signals during the contraction of the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is the right ventricle.Rate this question:
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- 11.
A bullet shot into the lateral chest wall through an intercostals space would perforate which of the following after passing through the parietal pleura:
- A.
Innermost intercostals muscle
- B.
Potential pleural cavity
- C.
Internal intercostals muscle
- D.
Endothoracic fascia
- E.
Pericardial cavity
Correct Answer
B. Potential pleural cavityExplanation
When a bullet passes through the parietal pleura, it would enter the potential pleural cavity. The potential pleural cavity is the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, which normally contains a small amount of fluid to reduce friction during breathing. The bullet would perforate this cavity before reaching any of the other structures listed.Rate this question:
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- 12.
A 60-year-old construction worker was admitted to the hospital with severe shortness of breath (dyspnea) and great difficult in swallowing (dysphagia). The patient states he has suffered increased difficulty and pain in swallowing for over six months has substituted on a liquid diet and lost thirty pound. His sputum is blood-tinged and for the last few weeks he has become hoarse. X-ray examination of the chest reveals a widening of the mediastinum and fluoroscopy shows obstruction of esophagus at level of tracheal bifurcation. Diagnosis: cancer of esophagus with obstruction and metastatic involvement of surrounding posterior mediastinal structures. The hoarseness was most likely due to involvement of:
- A.
Right vagus nerve
- B.
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
- C.
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
- D.
Left phrenic nerve
- E.
Greater splanchnic nerve
Correct Answer
C. Left recurrent laryngeal nerveExplanation
The hoarseness in this patient is likely due to the involvement of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates the muscles of the larynx, including the vocal cords. In this case, the cancer of the esophagus with obstruction and metastatic involvement of surrounding structures is causing compression or infiltration of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, leading to hoarseness. The other options listed do not innervate the larynx and are not likely to cause hoarseness in this patient.Rate this question:
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- 13.
The pericardial sac is filled with a straw-colored fluid. This fluid can be removed safely by introducing a needle in an area bounded by the:
- A.
Left mid-clavicular line and 3rd intercostals space
- B.
Right mid-axillary line and 4th or 5th intercostals space
- C.
Suprasternal notch
- D.
Left parasternal border and 3rd intercostals space
- E.
Caudal part of the body of sternum and medial ends of left 5th and 6th costal cartilages
Correct Answer
E. Caudal part of the body of sternum and medial ends of left 5th and 6th costal cartilagesExplanation
The correct answer is the caudal part of the body of sternum and medial ends of left 5th and 6th costal cartilages. This is the location where the pericardial sac can be safely accessed to remove the straw-colored fluid.Rate this question:
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Current Version
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Mar 20, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Nov 25, 2011Quiz Created by
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