A Quiz About Anatomy

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| By Catherine Halcomb
Catherine Halcomb
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1. The neuroglia that form myelin in the CNS are:

Explanation

Oligodendrocytes are the neuroglia cells that form myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). Myelin is a protective covering around nerve fibers that helps in the efficient transmission of nerve impulses. Neurolemmocytes, also known as Schwann cells, are responsible for myelinating nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Microglia are immune cells that protect the CNS from pathogens and debris. Astrocytes have various functions in the CNS, such as providing structural support and regulating the chemical environment. Therefore, the correct answer is oligodendrocytes.

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About This Quiz
A Quiz About Anatomy - Quiz

Explore the complexities of human anatomy in this engaging quiz. Test your knowledge on neural pathways, arterial structures, and sensory nerves. Perfect for students and professionals aiming to... see moredeepen their understanding of human body functions. see less

2. The two types of photoreceptor cells of the retina are:

Explanation

The correct answer is rods and cones. Rods and cones are the two types of photoreceptor cells found in the retina of the eye. Rods are responsible for vision in low light conditions and do not perceive color, while cones are responsible for color vision and work best in bright light. These cells transmit visual information to the bipolar cells and ganglion cells, which then send signals to the brain for processing. Horizontal cells and amacrine cells are also present in the retina, but they are not photoreceptor cells.

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3. Cerebrospinal fluid is NOT found circulating in the:

Explanation

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is produced in the ventricles of the brain and circulates throughout the subarachnoid space of the cranial meninges and the central canal of the spinal cord. However, it is not found circulating in the cerebellum. The cerebellum is a part of the brain responsible for motor control and coordination, but it does not have CSF circulating within it.

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4. The vascular tunic includes:

Explanation

The vascular tunic, also known as the uvea, is the middle layer of the eye that contains blood vessels. It includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. The iris controls the size of the pupil and regulates the amount of light entering the eye. The ciliary body is responsible for producing the aqueous humor and controlling the shape of the lens for focusing. The choroid provides nourishment to the retina and helps absorb excess light.

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5. The central fovea is:

Explanation

The central fovea is the area of highest visual acuity on the retina. This means that it is the part of the retina that is most sensitive to detail and is responsible for sharp, clear vision. The central fovea contains a high concentration of cone cells, which are responsible for color vision and visual acuity. The other options listed do not accurately describe the central fovea.

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6. The structure that is NOT located in the diencephalon is the: 

Explanation

The pons is a structure that is not located in the diencephalon. The diencephalon is a region of the brain that includes the thalamus and epithalamus, but the pons is part of the brainstem. The pons is responsible for relaying signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, as well as controlling various functions such as sleep, breathing, and bladder control. Therefore, the pons is not located in the diencephalon.

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7. In the autonomic nervous system all preganglionic fibres release the neurotransmitter:

Explanation

In the autonomic nervous system, the preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the ganglia, which then relay the signals to the target organs. This neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in the regulation of involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

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8. Which structure is NOT located in the region of the brain known as the mesencephalon?

Explanation

The mesencephalon, also known as the midbrain, is a region of the brain that is responsible for relaying sensory and motor information. The structures listed in the options are all located in the mesencephalon, except for the Oliva. Therefore, the Oliva is NOT located in the region of the brain known as the mesencephalon.

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9.
The function of arachnoid villi is to:

Explanation

Arachnoid villi are small projections found in the arachnoid mater, one of the layers of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord. These villi play a crucial role in the reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is constantly produced and circulated within the central nervous system. Arachnoid villi act as one-way valves, allowing the excess CSF to be absorbed back into the bloodstream, maintaining a balance of CSF volume and pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is that arachnoid villi reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid.

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10. Nucleus in brain common to IX, X and XI cranial nerves :

Explanation

The correct answer is Nucleus ambiguus. The nucleus ambiguus is a motor nucleus located in the medulla oblongata, and it is responsible for supplying motor fibers to the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and accessory (XI) cranial nerves. These cranial nerves are involved in various functions such as swallowing, speech, and movement of the head and neck. Therefore, the nucleus ambiguus is the common nucleus in the brain for these cranial nerves.

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11. The vascular tunic includes:

Explanation

The vascular tunic, also known as the uvea, is the middle layer of the eye. It includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil. The ciliary body is responsible for producing the aqueous humor and controlling the shape of the lens. The choroid is a layer of blood vessels that provides oxygen and nutrients to the retina.

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12. Nucleus in brain common to IX, X and XI cranial nerves:

Explanation

The correct answer is Nucleus ambiguus. The Nucleus ambiguus is a motor nucleus located in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. It is responsible for controlling the motor functions of the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and accessory (XI) cranial nerves. These cranial nerves are involved in various functions such as swallowing, speaking, and controlling the muscles of the throat and larynx. Therefore, the Nucleus ambiguus is the common nucleus for these cranial nerves.

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13. Which of the following nerve-plexus associations is incorrect? â€‹

Explanation

The nerve-plexus association "median/sacral" is incorrect. The median nerve is associated with the brachial plexus, not the sacral plexus. The sacral plexus is responsible for innervating the lower limbs, while the median nerve primarily innervates the forearm and hand.

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14. Which of the following is NOT a spinal nerve plexus? 

Explanation

The cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, and sacral plexus are all examples of spinal nerve plexuses. These plexuses are formed by the branching and merging of nerves from the spinal cord, allowing for the distribution of nerve fibers to different parts of the body. However, the thoracic plexus is not a spinal nerve plexus. Instead, the thoracic nerves directly innervate the muscles and skin of the chest and abdomen without forming a distinct plexus.

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15. The two anatomical divisions of the nervous system are:

Explanation

The nervous system is divided into two main anatomical divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and coordinating information. The PNS includes all the nerves outside of the CNS, which transmit signals between the CNS and the rest of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is central and peripheral.

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16. The two distinct types of cells composing neural tissue are:

Explanation

Neurons and neuroglia are the two distinct types of cells composing neural tissue. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical signals and communicate with each other, while neuroglia are supportive cells that provide structural support, insulation, and nourishment to neurons. Together, these two types of cells work in harmony to ensure proper functioning of the nervous system.

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17. Approximately 75% of all parasympathetic outflow is provided by the:

Explanation

The vagus nerve is responsible for providing approximately 75% of all parasympathetic outflow. This nerve plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration. It innervates many organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, including the heart, lungs, liver, and intestines. Through its parasympathetic fibers, the vagus nerve helps promote rest and relaxation responses in the body, counteracting the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

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18. Which of the following is the thick band of fibers located between the cerebral hemispheres of the brain? 

Explanation

The corpus callosum is the thick band of fibers located between the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. It is responsible for connecting and facilitating communication between the two hemispheres, allowing them to work together and share information. The medulla oblongata is a structure located in the brainstem that controls vital functions such as breathing and heart rate. The meninges are the protective membranes that surround and support the brain and spinal cord.

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19.
Neuroglia in the CNS that produce the myelin sheath are the:

Explanation

Oligodendrocytes are responsible for producing the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS). The myelin sheath is a protective covering that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers, allowing for faster and more efficient transmission of electrical impulses. Astrocytes are a type of neuroglia that provide support and nourishment to neurons, while microglia are involved in immune defense in the CNS. Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord, producing cerebrospinal fluid. Schwann cells, on the other hand, produce the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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20. Correct name of the structure of the brain, found deeply in the sulcus lateralis cerebri:

Explanation

The correct answer is Insula. The insula is a structure of the brain that is located deep within the lateral sulcus. It is involved in a variety of functions, including the processing of emotions, self-awareness, and the regulation of the body's homeostasis.

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21. Which of the following combinations relating plexus to nerve derivation is incorrect?

Explanation

The lumbar plexus and the median nerve is an incorrect combination because the lumbar plexus primarily supplies nerves to the lower extremities, while the median nerve is derived from the brachial plexus and supplies the upper extremity.

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22.
In what strctures of the vestibular complex are receptors for the sensations of gravity and linear acceleration located?

Explanation

The receptors for the sensations of gravity and linear acceleration are located in the saccule and utricle. These structures are part of the vestibular complex, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. The saccule and utricle contain hair cells that are sensitive to changes in head position and movement, allowing us to perceive the force of gravity and changes in linear acceleration. The semicircular canals and ampulla, on the other hand, are involved in detecting rotational movements.

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23. White matter of the CNS is composed of:

Explanation

The white matter of the CNS is composed of aggregations of myelinated axons. This refers to bundles of nerve fibers that are covered in a fatty substance called myelin, which helps to insulate and speed up the transmission of electrical signals between different parts of the central nervous system. These aggregations of myelinated axons are responsible for transmitting information between different regions of the brain and spinal cord, allowing for efficient communication and coordination of bodily functions.

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24. The cell bodies of neurones that narrow the pupil are located in the: 

Explanation

The ciliary ganglion is responsible for narrowing the pupil. It is a small parasympathetic ganglion located in the orbit, near the back of the eye. It receives input from the oculomotor nerve and sends out parasympathetic fibers to the iris sphincter muscle, which causes constriction of the pupil. The other ganglia mentioned in the options do not have a direct role in pupillary constriction.

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25. The nerves of the brachial plexus serve the: 

Explanation

The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck region and extends into the shoulder girdle and arm. It provides innervation to the muscles and sensation to the skin of the shoulder girdle and arm. Therefore, the correct answer is "shoulder girdle and arm."

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26. The hindbrain is also known as the

Explanation

The hindbrain, also known as the rhombencephalon, is the posterior part of the brain that includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. It is responsible for controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. The rhombencephalon is involved in coordinating motor movements, maintaining balance and posture, and relaying sensory information between the spinal cord and higher brain centers.

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27. Cranial nerves that innervate the extrinsic eye muscles include 

Explanation

The cranial nerves that innervate the extrinsic eye muscles are the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves. The oculomotor nerve controls the movement of most of the extrinsic eye muscles, including the superior, medial, and inferior rectus muscles, as well as the inferior oblique muscle. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle, which helps with downward and outward eye movement. The abducens nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle, which moves the eye outward. Therefore, the correct answer is oculomotor, trochlear, abducens.

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28. If the dorsal rootlets of T4 are cut (dorsal rhizotomy) there will be loss of sensation at the level of the: 

Explanation

If the dorsal rootlets of T4 are cut (dorsal rhizotomy), there will be loss of sensation at the level of the nipple. The dorsal rootlets are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the spinal cord. T4 refers to the fourth thoracic vertebra, which is located in the upper back region. The nerves originating from this level supply sensation to the area around the nipple. Therefore, cutting the dorsal rootlets of T4 would result in loss of sensation specifically at the level of the nipple.

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29. Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the spinal cord?

Explanation

The statement that there are enlargements of the spinal cord at each vertebral segment is false. The spinal cord does have enlargements, but they are only present in certain regions. The cervical enlargement is located in the neck region and supplies nerves to the upper limbs, while the lumbosacral enlargement is found in the lower back and supplies nerves to the lower limbs. The other statements are true: the spinal cord terminates at the conus medullaris, the gray matter is H-shaped and deep to the white matter, and the spinal cord ends at the level of L1.

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30. Each of the following statements concerning the internal carotid artery is correct except that it:

Explanation

The internal carotid artery is a major blood vessel that supplies the brain and orbit. It enters the carotid canal in the temporal bone and passes to the base of the skull within the carotid sheath. It is a direct continuation of the common carotid artery. However, the statement that it has only a few small branches in the neck is incorrect. The internal carotid artery actually gives off several branches in the neck, including the superior thyroid artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, and the lingual artery.

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31. The facial artery gives rise to branches that supply each of the regions listed below EXCEPT for the: 

Explanation

The facial artery is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies blood to the face. It gives rise to several branches that supply different regions of the face. The medial angle of the orbit, submandibular gland, upper lip, and lower lip are all supplied by branches of the facial artery. However, the region of the eyebrow is not directly supplied by the facial artery. Instead, it receives blood supply from branches of the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries, which are branches of the ophthalmic artery.

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32. Which structure is NOT located in the region of the brain known as the mesencephalon or midbrain? 

Explanation

The cerebellar vermis is not located in the region of the brain known as the mesencephalon or midbrain. The mesencephalon or midbrain primarily consists of the corpora quadrigemina, substantia nigra, and superior colliculus. The cerebellar vermis, on the other hand, is a structure located in the cerebellum, which is situated posterior to the brainstem and not part of the midbrain.

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33. The postganglionic (second order) parasympathetic neurons are located: 

Explanation

The correct answer is "in intramural ganglia or in ganglia adjacent to the target organs." Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are located in intramural ganglia, which are located within the walls of the target organs, or in ganglia adjacent to the target organs. This allows for the parasympathetic nervous system to have direct control and influence over the target organs, regulating their functions.

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34. Each of the following statements concerning the internal carotid artery is correct except that it

Explanation

The internal carotid artery is a direct continuation of the common carotid artery and supplies the brain and orbit. It enters the carotid canal in the temporal bone and passes to the base of the skull within the carotid sheath. Therefore, the correct answer is that it has only a few small branches in the neck.

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35. Which of the following nerves passes through the superficial inguinal ring

Explanation

The ilioinguinal nerve passes through the superficial inguinal ring. This nerve is a branch of the lumbar plexus and provides sensory innervation to the upper medial thigh, the inguinal region, and the genitalia. It also supplies motor fibers to the internal oblique muscle of the abdominal wall. The superficial inguinal ring is an opening in the external oblique aponeurosis, located just above the inguinal ligament. It allows structures such as the ilioinguinal nerve to pass from the abdominal cavity to the inguinal region.

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36. The hypothalamus:

Explanation

The hypothalamus is responsible for temperature regulation. It acts as the body's thermostat, helping to maintain a stable internal temperature. It does this by receiving information about the body's temperature from sensors throughout the body and then initiating responses to either cool down or warm up the body as needed. The hypothalamus also plays a role in other important functions such as hunger, thirst, and sleep. It is located at the base of the brain and forms part of the roof of the third ventricle. It has nerve connections with the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, which allows it to control the release of hormones that regulate various bodily functions. It does not contain the red nucleus, which is located in the midbrain.

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37. The four refracting media of eye, listed in the sequence in which they refract, are: 1) Vitreous body, 2) lens, 3) aqueous humor, 4) Cornea 

Explanation

The correct sequence of the four refracting media of the eye is 4) Cornea, 3) aqueous humor, 2) lens, and 1) vitreous body. The cornea is the outermost layer and provides the initial refraction of light entering the eye. The aqueous humor is a clear fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens, helping to maintain the shape of the eye and refracting light further. The lens is responsible for fine-tuning the focus of light onto the retina. Finally, the vitreous body, a gel-like substance, fills the space between the lens and the retina, providing support to the eye and also contributing to the refraction of light.

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38. The … is the first large branch of the aorta

Explanation

The brachiocephalic artery, also known as the innominate artery, is the first large branch of the aorta. It is responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the right arm, right side of the head, and neck. It divides into the right common carotid artery, which supplies blood to the right side of the head, and the right subclavian artery, which supplies blood to the right arm. Therefore, the brachiocephalic artery is the correct answer as it is the first major branch originating from the aorta.

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39. In the parasympathetic divison of the ANS, the preganglionic (first-order) neurons are located in the:

Explanation

The correct answer is brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord. In the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the preganglionic neurons originate from two main locations: the brain stem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord. These preganglionic neurons then synapse with postganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia, which are located near or within the target organs. Therefore, the preganglionic neurons themselves are not located in the peripheral ganglia, but rather in the brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord.

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40. The pyramidal pathway is also called the

Explanation

The pyramidal pathway is also known as the corticospinal pathway. This pathway is responsible for voluntary motor control and is involved in the direct connection between the motor cortex in the brain and the spinal cord. It carries signals from the motor cortex down to the spinal cord, which then controls the movement of muscles throughout the body. The other options mentioned (reticulospinal, rubrospinal, and vestibulospinal) are also pathways involved in motor control, but they are not specifically referred to as the pyramidal pathway.

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41. Oculomotor nerve leaves the skull through which of the following

Explanation

The oculomotor nerve leaves the skull through the superior orbital fissure. This is a narrow opening located in the sphenoid bone, between the greater and lesser wings of the bone. It allows the oculomotor nerve, along with other cranial nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue, to pass from the cranial cavity into the orbit. The oculomotor nerve is responsible for controlling the movement of most of the muscles that move the eye, as well as the constriction of the pupil and the accommodation of the lens for near vision.

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42. Taste from the posterior one third of tongue is provided by which of the following nerve?

Explanation

The taste from the posterior one third of the tongue is provided by the Glossoopharyngeal nerve. This nerve is responsible for carrying sensory information from the posterior part of the tongue, as well as from the tonsils and the pharynx. The Facial nerve is responsible for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, while the Vagus nerve is responsible for taste from the epiglottis and the lower pharynx. The Hypoglossal nerve is responsible for motor control of the muscles of the tongue.

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43. The facial artery gives rise to branches that supply each of the regions listed below except for the:

Explanation

The facial artery is a major blood vessel that supplies blood to the face. It gives rise to several branches that supply different regions of the face. The medial angle of the orbit, submandibular gland, upper lip, and lower lip are all supplied by branches of the facial artery. However, the region of the eyebrow is not directly supplied by the facial artery. Instead, it is primarily supplied by branches of the ophthalmic artery, which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

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44. Which of the following landmarks inficates the level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

Explanation

The superior border of the thyroid cartilage is the correct landmark that indicates the level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. The common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage. This landmark is commonly used in clinical practice to locate and assess the carotid artery during procedures such as carotid endarterectomy.

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45. Which of the following cranialnerves does not contain parasympathetic fibers? 

Explanation

The accessory nerve does not contain parasympathetic fibers. The accessory nerve, also known as cranial nerve XI, is responsible for controlling the muscles of the neck and shoulders. It primarily carries motor fibers and does not have parasympathetic functions. Parasympathetic fibers are responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions such as digestion, heart rate, and pupil constriction, which are carried by other cranial nerves such as the oculomotor nerve, the vagus nerve, and the facial nerve.

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46. In what structures of the vestibular complex are receptors for the sensations of gravity and linear acceleration located?

Explanation

The receptors for the sensations of gravity and linear acceleration are located in the saccule and utricle structures of the vestibular complex. These structures contain specialized cells called hair cells that are responsible for detecting changes in head position and movement. The saccule is sensitive to vertical acceleration and the utricle is sensitive to horizontal acceleration. Together, they provide information to the brain about the body's orientation in space and help maintain balance and equilibrium.

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47. Superior to the hypothalamus and between the halves of the thalamus is the:

Explanation

The third ventricle is located superior to the hypothalamus and between the halves of the thalamus. It is one of the fluid-filled cavities in the brain that plays a crucial role in the circulation and production of cerebrospinal fluid. The subthalamus, midbrain, superior sagittal sinus, and fourth ventricle are not positioned in this specific location.

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48. Fiber tracts that connect one cerebral lobe to another within the same hemisphere are known as:

Explanation

Association fibers are fiber tracts that connect one cerebral lobe to another within the same hemisphere. They allow for communication and coordination between different regions of the brain within the same hemisphere. These fibers play a crucial role in integrating and processing information within specific brain regions, enabling complex cognitive functions and higher-level processing.

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49. Afferent nerves conduct nerve impulses from: 

Explanation

Afferent nerves conduct nerve impulses from receptors to the CNS. Receptors are specialized structures that detect stimuli, such as touch, temperature, and pain, and convert them into nerve impulses. These impulses are then transmitted through afferent nerves to the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. This allows the CNS to receive and process information from the body's external and internal environments.

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50. The chief artery of the face is the: 

Explanation

The correct answer is the Facial artery. This artery is the main blood vessel that supplies blood to the face. It branches off from the external carotid artery and runs a course along the side of the face, supplying blood to various structures such as the muscles, skin, and other tissues of the face. It is responsible for providing oxygen and nutrients to these structures, allowing them to function properly.

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51. Which of the nerves is not a branch of the lumbar plexus?

Explanation

The thoracoabdominals nerve is not a branch of the lumbar plexus. The lumbar plexus is a network of nerves that arise from the lower thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves. The femoral, obturator, genitofemoral, and ilioinguinal nerves are all branches of the lumbar plexus, but the thoracoabdominals nerve is not.

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52.
All of the following are true about the dural venous sinuses except:

Explanation

The dural venous sinuses are a network of veins located between the layers of the dura mater in the brain. They do not have valves, unlike most veins in the body. Valves are structures that prevent the backflow of blood in veins, ensuring that blood flows in one direction. However, the dural venous sinuses lack valves, allowing for bidirectional blood flow and facilitating the drainage of blood from the brain.

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53. Each of the following arteries supply blood to the scalp except the:

Explanation

The facial artery does not supply blood to the scalp. It primarily supplies blood to the structures of the face, such as the muscles, skin, and glands. The other arteries listed, including the occipital, supraorbital, zygomaticotemporal, and superficial temporal arteries, all contribute to the blood supply of the scalp.

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54. Each of the following arteries supplies blood to the scalp except the

Explanation

The facial artery does not supply blood to the scalp. It is responsible for supplying blood to the muscles of the face, including the buccinator, orbicularis oris, and levator labii superioris. The other arteries listed, such as the occipital, supraorbital, zygomaticotemporal, and superficial temporal arteries, all supply blood to various areas of the scalp.

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55. The pterygopalatine, ciliary, submandibular, and otic ganglia are

Explanation

The pterygopalatine, ciliary, submandibular, and otic ganglia are parasympathetic ganglia that receive neurons from the third, seventh, and ninth cranial nerves. These ganglia are part of the parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for rest and digest functions in the body. The third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve) supplies the ciliary ganglion, which controls the muscles of the eye. The seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve) supplies the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia, which control the lacrimal gland and salivary glands respectively. The ninth cranial nerve (glossopharyngeal nerve) supplies the otic ganglion, which controls the parotid salivary gland.

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56. White fibres that transmit impulses between opposite cerebral hemispheres are called:

Explanation

Commissural fibers are white fibers that transmit impulses between opposite cerebral hemispheres. These fibers allow communication and coordination between the two hemispheres, enabling them to work together and share information. Association fibers, on the other hand, transmit impulses within the same hemisphere, while projection fibers transmit impulses between the cerebral cortex and other parts of the brain or spinal cord. Lamniscus medialis and Fornix are not related to the transmission of impulses between cerebral hemispheres.

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57. The precentral gyrus is an important motor area located within the:

Explanation

The precentral gyrus is an important motor area located within the frontal lobe. This area is responsible for the initiation and coordination of voluntary movements in the body. It is specifically involved in the control of fine motor movements, such as those required for precise hand and finger movements. The frontal lobe is responsible for various higher cognitive functions, including decision-making, problem-solving, and planning.

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58. The most common site for taking blood samples is the:

Explanation

The correct answer is the median cubital fossa. This is the most common site for taking blood samples because it is easily accessible and contains a large vein that is close to the surface of the skin. The median cubital fossa is located in the bend of the elbow, making it a convenient and comfortable location for both the patient and the healthcare provider.

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59.  optic nerve: 

Explanation

The optic nerve enters the middle cranial fossa through the same foramen as the ophthalmic artery. This means that both the optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery pass through the same opening in the skull. This close proximity suggests a potential anatomical relationship between the two structures.

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60. Which of the following meningeal structures are located between the cerebral hemispheres 

Explanation

The falx cerebri is a meningeal structure that is located between the cerebral hemispheres. It is a sickle-shaped fold of dura mater that extends vertically in the longitudinal fissure, separating the two cerebral hemispheres. It attaches to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone anteriorly and to the internal occipital protuberance posteriorly. The falx cerebri helps to provide support and protection to the brain by preventing excessive movement and displacement of the cerebral hemispheres.

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61. Hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized by the:

Explanation

The correct answer is the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is responsible for producing and releasing hormones that are stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. The hormones produced by the hypothalamus include oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which are then released into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis.

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62. The thalamus:

Explanation

The thalamus acts as a relay and processing center for sensory information. It receives sensory signals from various parts of the body and relays them to the appropriate areas of the brain for further processing. Additionally, the thalamus filters and prioritizes sensory information, allowing us to focus on relevant stimuli and ignore irrelevant ones. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in our perception and awareness of the external world.

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63. Structures going through foramina

Explanation

The given answer is correct because the opthalmic artery does indeed run through the optic canal. The optic canal is a small opening in the sphenoid bone located in the back of the orbit. It allows the passage of the optic nerve and the opthalmic artery. The opthalmic artery supplies blood to the structures of the eye, including the retina, and is an important component of the ophthalmic vascular system.

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64. The following statements concerning the maxillary nerve is correct except it is

Explanation

The correct answer is "The inferior division of the trigeminal nerve." The maxillary nerve is not the inferior division of the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nerve has three divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The maxillary nerve is the second division and is sensory in nature. It is responsible for providing sensory innervation to parts of the face, and it continues as the infraorbital nerve through the infraorbital canal. It is often referred to as CN V2.

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65. The pterygopalatine ganglion: 

Explanation

The pterygopalatine ganglion receives the greater petrosal nerve that contains parasympathetic nerve fibers for the lacrimal gland. This means that the ganglion plays a role in regulating tear production.

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66.
Structures going through foramina:

Explanation

The ophthalmic artery runs through the optic canal. This is because the optic canal is a small opening in the sphenoid bone that allows the optic nerve to pass through from the eye to the brain. The ophthalmic artery, which supplies blood to the structures of the eye, also passes through this canal.

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67. All of the following ganglia are involved in parasympathetic supply of the head except:

Explanation

The superior cervical ganglion is not involved in the parasympathetic supply of the head. It is part of the sympathetic nervous system and is responsible for innervating structures such as blood vessels and sweat glands. The other ganglia listed (otic, ciliary, submandibular, pterygopalatine) are all involved in the parasympathetic supply of the head, controlling functions such as salivation, lacrimation, and pupillary constriction.

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68. At which vertebral level the abdominal aorta passes through the diaphragm

Explanation

The correct answer is T12 because the abdominal aorta passes through the diaphragm at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The aorta, the largest artery in the body, passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the aortic hiatus. The aortic hiatus is located at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra, which corresponds to the T12 vertebral level.

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69. During a sinus attack, painful sensation from the ethmoid cells is carried in which nerve?

Explanation

During a sinus attack, the painful sensation from the ethmoid cells is carried in the nasociliary nerve. The ethmoid cells are located in the ethmoid bone, which is part of the nasal cavity. The nasociliary nerve is a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, which is responsible for providing sensory innervation to the forehead, upper eyelid, and the anterior part of the scalp. Therefore, when the ethmoid cells are inflamed or infected during a sinus attack, the pain is transmitted through the nasociliary nerve, leading to a painful sensation in the affected areas.

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70. The filum terminale is a continuation of the: 

Explanation

The filum terminale is a slender strand of fibrous tissue that extends from the conus medullaris (the end of the spinal cord) to the coccyx (tailbone). It is a continuation of the pia mater, which is the innermost layer of the meninges that covers and protects the spinal cord. The pia mater is a delicate and highly vascular membrane that provides support and nourishment to the spinal cord. Therefore, the correct answer is Pia matter.

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71. The nerve most likely to be traumatized with a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus is the:

Explanation

A fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus is most likely to traumatize the axillary nerve. The axillary nerve runs through the surgical neck of the humerus and is vulnerable to injury in this area. Damage to the axillary nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the deltoid muscle and loss of sensation over the lateral shoulder. This can lead to difficulty with shoulder abduction and decreased sensation in the shoulder region.

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72. The role of the stapedius muscle is to:

Explanation

The stapedius muscle plays a crucial role in limiting the vibration of the stapes. The stapes is one of the three tiny bones in the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear. Excessive vibration of the stapes can lead to damage or distortion of sound perception. The stapedius muscle contracts in response to loud sounds, reducing the movement of the stapes and therefore protecting the delicate structures of the inner ear from potential harm.

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73. When taking the blood pressure, the stethoscope is usually paced on which artery

Explanation

The correct answer is Brachial. When taking blood pressure, the stethoscope is usually placed on the brachial artery. This artery is located in the upper arm and is commonly used to measure blood pressure because it is easily accessible and provides accurate readings.

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74. The vertebral artery enters the cranial cavity through:

Explanation

The vertebral artery enters the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum. The foramen magnum is a large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes. The vertebral artery is one of the major blood vessels that supplies blood to the brain, and it enters the cranial cavity through this opening to reach its destination. The other options listed are incorrect because they do not serve as entry points for the vertebral artery into the cranial cavity.

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75. Wrong about medulla oblongata: 

Explanation

The correct answer is "Olives are situated medial to the pyramid." This statement is incorrect because the olives are actually situated lateral to the pyramid in the medulla oblongata.

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76. Which of the following muscles is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Explanation

The glossopharyngeal nerve is responsible for innervating the stylopharyngeus muscle. This muscle is located in the pharynx and plays a role in swallowing and speech. It helps to elevate and widen the pharynx during swallowing. The other muscles listed, such as the tensor tympani, superior constrictor of the pharynx, tensor veli palatine, and palatopharyngeus, are innervated by different cranial nerves.

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77.
Which of the following landmarks indicates the level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?

Explanation

The superior border of the thyroid cartilage indicates the level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. This landmark is used to locate the carotid artery during surgical procedures or when performing a physical examination. The thyroid cartilage is a prominent structure in the neck, and its superior border is easily palpable. By identifying this landmark, healthcare professionals can accurately locate the common carotid artery and assess its pulsations or perform interventions if necessary.

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78. The parasympathetic fibres from the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate

Explanation

The correct answer is the lacrimal gland. The parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate the lacrimal gland, which is responsible for producing tears. These fibers stimulate the gland to produce tears, helping to keep the eyes lubricated and protected.

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79. Which nerve is probably damaged if a patient cannot abduct the arm beyond 25 degrees? 

Explanation

If a patient cannot abduct the arm beyond 25 degrees, it suggests damage to the axillary nerve. The axillary nerve innervates the deltoid muscle, which is responsible for arm abduction. Damage to this nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the deltoid muscle, leading to limited range of motion in arm abduction.

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80.
Which of the following arteries does not participate in the formation of the circulus arteriosus cerebri (Circle of Willis)?

Explanation

The vertebral arteries do not participate in the formation of the Circle of Willis. The Circle of Willis is a ring-like structure located at the base of the brain that connects the major arteries supplying blood to the brain. It consists of the anterior communicating arteries, posterior communicating arteries, posterior cerebral arteries, and internal carotid arteries. The vertebral arteries, on the other hand, supply blood to the posterior part of the brain and do not directly contribute to the formation of the Circle of Willis.

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81.
The Chorda tympani nerve:

Explanation

The Chorda tympani nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion. This means that it is responsible for transmitting signals from the brain to the submandibular ganglion, which is a collection of nerve cell bodies that control the function of the submandibular salivary gland. These parasympathetic fibers help stimulate the production and secretion of saliva in the submandibular gland.

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82. Stapedius muscle is supplied by which of the following nerves :

Explanation

The stapedius muscle is supplied by the facial nerve. The facial nerve controls the movement of the muscles in the face, including the stapedius muscle. The stapedius muscle is located in the middle ear and plays a role in dampening the sound vibrations that enter the ear, helping to protect the inner ear from loud noises.

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83. The conductive tissue of the heart known as the cardiac pacemaker is the:

Explanation

The correct answer is the sinoatrial node. The sinoatrial node, also known as the SA node, is the natural pacemaker of the heart. It is located in the right atrium and generates electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm. These impulses cause the atria to contract and initiate the electrical conduction system of the heart, leading to the coordinated contraction of the ventricles. The SA node plays a crucial role in maintaining the heart's regular rhythm and is often referred to as the "natural pacemaker" because it sets the pace for the rest of the heart.

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84. Chordae tendinae are present in:

Explanation

Chordae tendinae are fibrous cords that connect the papillary muscles to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves in the heart. These cords help to anchor the valves and prevent them from inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction. Since the right and left ventricles both have atrioventricular valves (the tricuspid valve in the right ventricle and the mitral valve in the left ventricle), chordae tendinae are present in both ventricles to ensure proper valve function and prevent regurgitation of blood back into the atria.

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85. Parasympathetic ganglia are located

Explanation

Parasympathetic ganglia are located next to or within the organs they innervate. This is because parasympathetic ganglia are part of the parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the rest and digest response. By being located close to or within the organs, the parasympathetic ganglia can more efficiently regulate the functions of these organs, such as digestion, salivation, and urination.

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86. The submandibular ganglion contains preganglionic parasympathetic axons from which cranial nerve?

Explanation

The submandibular ganglion contains preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). This ganglion is responsible for innervating the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, as well as the lacrimal gland.

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87. Which of the following is NOT true of neurons?

Explanation

Neurons are specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses, so it is incorrect to say that they all conduct nerve impulses. While neurons are important cells in the nervous tissue, they are not the most abundant cells. The correct answer is that neurons do not release chemical regulators.

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88. False concerning the trigeminal nerve is:

Explanation

The trigeminal nerve does not emerge from the brain stem between the pons and the medulla. It actually emerges from the brain stem as separate sensory and motor roots.

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89. The 4th cranial nerve innervates:

Explanation

The 4th cranial nerve, also known as the trochlear nerve, innervates a muscle that turns the eyeball inferiorly and laterally. This muscle is called the superior oblique muscle. When this muscle contracts, it causes the eyeball to move downward and outward. The other options listed do not correspond to the innervation of the 4th cranial nerve.

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90.
The motor innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue is supplied by which nerve?

Explanation

The hypoglossal nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. This nerve controls the movement and coordination of the tongue during speech, swallowing, and other oral functions. The other nerves listed, such as the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves, have different functions and do not specifically innervate the intrinsic muscles of the tongue.

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91. What nerve carries the sensory part of the cough reflex?

Explanation

The internal laryngeal nerve carries the sensory part of the cough reflex. This nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the larynx, including the sensation of irritation or foreign objects in the throat, which triggers the cough reflex. The other nerves listed are not directly involved in the sensory aspect of the cough reflex.

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92. The parasympathetic nerve supply to the lacrimal gland travels  through the following structure:

Explanation

The correct answer is Pterygopalatine ganglion. The parasympathetic nerve supply to the lacrimal gland travels through the pterygopalatine ganglion. This ganglion is located in the pterygopalatine fossa, which is a small space in the skull. From the ganglion, the parasympathetic fibers continue on to innervate the lacrimal gland, which is responsible for producing tears.

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93. Somatosensory cortical area is located in:

Explanation

The somatosensory cortical area is responsible for processing sensory information from the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain. It is located in the gyrus postcentralis, which is the primary somatosensory cortex. This area is located behind the central sulcus in the parietal lobe of the brain. It receives input from the thalamus and sends signals to other areas of the brain for further processing and interpretation of sensory information.

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94. The tickling sensation felt in the nasal cavity, just prior to a sneeze is probably carried in which of the following nerves? 

Explanation

The tickling sensation felt in the nasal cavity is likely carried by the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensory information from the face, including the nasal cavity. The maxillary division specifically innervates the upper part of the face, including the nasal cavity. Therefore, it is the most likely nerve responsible for carrying the tickling sensation before a sneeze.

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95.
Firstorder sensory neurons of the cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve terminate in the

Explanation

The correct answer is Medulla oblongata. The first-order sensory neurons of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve terminate in the medulla oblongata. This is where the auditory information from the cochlea is relayed and processed before being sent to higher auditory centers in the brain. The medulla oblongata is an important part of the brainstem that controls various vital functions, including auditory processing.

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96. Which of the following nerves sends branches to the muscles of the arm

Explanation

The musculocutaneous nerve sends branches to the muscles of the arm. This nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus and innervates the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles. It also provides sensory innervation to the lateral aspect of the forearm.

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97. The type of sensory neurons that monitor the position of the skeletal muscles and joints is the:

Explanation

Proprioceptors are sensory neurons that monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints. They provide information about limb position, muscle tension, and joint angle to the central nervous system, allowing for coordination and control of movement. Interoceptors are sensory neurons that monitor internal body conditions, such as temperature and blood pressure. Exteroceptors are sensory neurons that detect stimuli from the external environment, such as touch and sound. Mechanoceptors are sensory neurons that detect mechanical stimuli, such as pressure and vibration. Therefore, proprioceptors are the correct answer as they specifically monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints.

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98. The basilar artery terminates by dividing into which arteries

Explanation

The basilar artery terminates by dividing into the posterior cerebral arteries.

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99. All of the following are true except:

Explanation

The statement "Foramen ovale transmits the maxillary nerve" is incorrect. The maxillary nerve actually passes through the foramen rotundum, not the foramen ovale. The foramen ovale transmits the mandibular nerve, which is a branch of the trigeminal nerve.

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100. Components of the osseus labyrinth include all of the following except:

Explanation

The osseous labyrinth is the bony structure of the inner ear that contains the sensory organs responsible for hearing and balance. It consists of the semicircular canals, cochlea, and vestibule. The semicircular canals detect rotational movements, the cochlea is responsible for hearing, and the vestibule helps with balance and orientation. The ampulla ossea is a part of the semicircular canals, while the scala tympani is a part of the cochlea. Therefore, the component of the osseous labyrinth that is not included in the given options is the scala tympani.

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101. The optic nerve is made up of the

Explanation

The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain. It is made up of the axons of the ganglion cells, which are the final output neurons in the retina. These ganglion cells receive input from the bipolar cells, which in turn receive input from the rods and cones. Therefore, the axons of the ganglion cells are the correct answer as they form the optic nerve and carry visual information to the brain.

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102. All of the following are components of a reflex arc EXCEPT 

Explanation

The sympathetic trunk is not a component of a reflex arc. A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls an involuntary response to a stimulus. It typically consists of a sensory neuron, which detects the stimulus and sends a signal to the central nervous system, an interneuron, which relays the signal within the central nervous system, and a motor neuron, which carries the response signal from the central nervous system to the effector, which is the muscle or gland that carries out the response. The sympathetic trunk, on the other hand, is part of the autonomic nervous system and is responsible for regulating the body's involuntary functions, such as heart rate and digestion.

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103. Nasociliary nerve: 

Explanation

The nasociliary nerve supplies the lateral wall of the nose.

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104. Pulsations felt just above the zygomatic arch and in front of the ear are from which vessel:

Explanation

The pulsations felt just above the zygomatic arch and in front of the ear are from the superficial temporal artery. The superficial temporal artery is a branch of the external carotid artery and runs in front of the ear and above the zygomatic arch. It supplies blood to the scalp and face, and its pulsations can be felt in this area. The other options, such as the facial artery, internal jugular vein, retromandibular vein, and maxillary artery, do not run in this specific location and therefore would not be responsible for the pulsations felt in this area.

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105. The facial nerve:

Explanation

The facial nerve supplies motor fibers to the stapedius muscle.

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106. Which of the following glands is NOT endocrine?

Explanation

The parotid glands are not endocrine glands because they do not secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Instead, they are exocrine glands that produce saliva and release it into the mouth through ducts. The adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, and pineal glands are all endocrine glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions.

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107. A body structure or body region that is NOT innervated by nerves arising from the sacral plexus is the:

Explanation

The abdominal wall is not innervated by nerves arising from the sacral plexus. The sacral plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the sacral region of the spine and supplies innervation to various structures in the lower body. However, the abdominal wall is primarily innervated by nerves from the thoracic region of the spine, specifically the intercostal nerves. Therefore, it is not innervated by nerves arising from the sacral plexus.

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108. All of the following would be supplied by sciatic nerve except the

Explanation

The sciatic nerve is the longest and thickest nerve in the human body, supplying sensation and motor function to the lower limb. It is formed by the combination of several nerves, including the tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve. The tibialis anterior, soleus, peroneus brevis, and popliteus muscles are all innervated by branches of the sciatic nerve. However, the gracilis muscle is not supplied by the sciatic nerve. Instead, it receives its nerve supply from the obturator nerve, which is a branch of the lumbar plexus.

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109. Each of the following statements concerning the vertebral artery is correct except:

Explanation

The vertebral artery does not ascend through the foramina transversaria of the C7 to C3 vertebrae. Instead, it ascends through the foramina transversaria of the C6 to C1 vertebrae.

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110. Which of the following accompanies the optic nerve through the optic canal?

Explanation

The optic nerve passes through the optic canal along with the meninges, which are the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, and the ophthalmic artery, which supplies blood to the structures of the eye.

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111. The superior sagittal sinus:

Explanation

The superior sagittal sinus receives emissary veins from the scalp. Emissary veins are veins that connect the extracranial venous system with the intracranial venous system. They allow blood to flow between the scalp and the brain. The superior sagittal sinus is located in the midline of the brain, running along the superior border of the falx cerebri. It drains blood from the cerebral hemispheres and receives blood from the scalp through these emissary veins.

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112. The chorda tympani carries:

Explanation

The chorda tympani carries parasympathetic fibers from the submandibular gland.

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113. The superficial vein that runs up the ulnar side od the upper limb is the

Explanation

The correct answer is Basilic. The basilic vein is a superficial vein that runs up the ulnar side of the upper limb. It is located in the inner part of the arm, close to the brachial artery. The basilic vein is commonly used for venipuncture and for creating arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis. It is an important vein in the upper limb's venous system.

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114. Which of the following structures is component of the auditory pathway:

Explanation

The auditory pathway is responsible for processing sound information. The lateral lemniscus is a structure that is part of this pathway. It receives auditory signals from the cochlear nucleus and carries them to the inferior colliculus in the midbrain. From there, the information is further processed and sent to the thalamus and auditory cortex for interpretation. The other structures listed are not specifically involved in the auditory pathway.

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115. Correct statement about the left atrioventricular valve include each of the following except: 

Explanation

The left atrioventricular valve, also known as the mitral valve or bicuspid valve, is located posterior to the sternum and has cups which are shaped like a bishop's mitre. However, it is not guarded by three more or less triangular cusps.

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116. The facial nerve or one of its brances pass through all of the following except:

Explanation

The facial nerve or one of its branches does not pass through the Foramen rotundum. The facial nerve passes through various openings in the skull, including the Pterygoid canal, Petrotympanic fissure, Foramen lacerum, and Internal acoustic meatus. However, it does not pass through the Foramen rotundum.

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117. Destruction of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion would affect all of the following except: 

Explanation

The superior cervical sympathetic ganglion is responsible for regulating various functions in the head and neck region. It innervates the blood vessels of the face, the sweat glands in the skin over the face and anterior aspect of the neck, and the dilator muscle of the iris. However, it does not have any direct effect on the contraction of the thoracic diaphragm. This is controlled by the phrenic nerve, which arises from the cervical spinal nerves and does not pass through the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. Therefore, destruction of the ganglion would not affect the contraction of the thoracic diaphragm.

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118. The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate in

Explanation

The correct answer is the first thoracic (T1) to the second lumbar (L2) vertebrae. This is because the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord, which is located in the T1 to L2 region. These neurons then synapse with postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic ganglia located outside the spinal cord.

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119. The sensory supply to the skin over the lower eyelid comes from the

Explanation

The sensory supply to the skin over the lower eyelid comes from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for providing sensation to the face, and it has three main divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The maxillary division specifically supplies sensation to the middle and lower parts of the face, including the lower eyelid. Therefore, it is the correct answer for this question.

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120. The median and lateral apertures are the connection between the:

Explanation

The median and lateral apertures are openings in the fourth ventricle that allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to flow from the ventricles into the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is a fluid-filled space that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. CSF plays a crucial role in protecting and nourishing the central nervous system, and its flow through the apertures ensures proper circulation and distribution of this fluid. Therefore, the correct answer is that the median and lateral apertures connect the fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid space.

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121. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the otic ganglion come from:

Explanation

The correct answer is Nucleus salivatorius inferior. The otic ganglion receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the Nucleus salivatorius inferior. This nucleus is located in the medulla oblongata and is responsible for controlling the parasympathetic innervation of the salivary glands, including the parotid gland. These fibers synapse in the otic ganglion and then postganglionic fibers innervate the parotid gland, stimulating salivary secretion.

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122. The muscles of mastication, their nerves and their vessels are located primarily in which part of the head?

Explanation

The muscles of mastication, their nerves, and their vessels are primarily located in the infratemporal fossa. This fossa is a space located below the temporal bone and lateral to the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone. It contains important structures such as the temporalis muscle, masseter muscle, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, as well as the mandibular nerve (V3) and its branches. The infratemporal fossa is responsible for the movements involved in chewing and biting.

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123.
The trochlear nerve:

Explanation

The trochlear nerve exits the midbrain below the inferior colliculus. This is the correct answer because the trochlear nerve, also known as cranial nerve IV, is the only cranial nerve to exit the brainstem dorsally. It emerges from the posterior aspect of the midbrain and then wraps around the brainstem to enter the orbit. The inferior colliculus is a structure located in the midbrain, and the trochlear nerve exits below it. This positioning allows the trochlear nerve to innervate the superior oblique muscle, which is responsible for downward and outward eye movement.

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124.
Which of the following venous sinuses of the dura mater drains the cavernous sinuses directly into the internal jugular vein:
 

Explanation

The inferior petrosal sinus is the correct answer because it directly drains the cavernous sinuses into the internal jugular vein. The sigmoid sinus drains into the internal jugular vein but does not directly drain the cavernous sinuses. The straight sinus drains into the confluence of sinuses and does not directly drain the cavernous sinuses. The occipital sinus drains into the confluence of sinuses and does not directly drain the cavernous sinuses. The inferior sagittal sinus drains into the straight sinus and does not directly drain the cavernous sinuses.

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125. The function of the chordae tendinesea is to

Explanation

The chordae tendineae are fibrous cords that connect the papillary muscles to the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid valves) in the heart. Their main function is to prevent the eversion or flipping inside out of the AV valves during ventricular systole (contraction). This is important because if the AV valves were to flip inside out, blood would flow back into the atria instead of being pumped out to the rest of the body. Therefore, the chordae tendineae play a crucial role in maintaining the proper direction of blood flow within the heart.

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126. All of the following structures are involved in the accommodation reflex except:

Explanation

The accommodation reflex is responsible for adjusting the focus of the eye when looking at objects at different distances. The structures involved in this reflex include the ciliary ganglion, short ciliary nerves, and the visual cortex. The lateral geniculate bodies are involved in processing visual information, but not specifically in the accommodation reflex. The inferior colliculi are involved in auditory processing and have no direct role in accommodation.

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127. The following are true about the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) except:

Explanation

The ventricular system communicates with the subarachnoid space through the roof of the third ventricle.

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128. The trapezoid body in the pons is:

Explanation

The trapezoid body in the pons is composed of fibres coming from auditory nuclei and crossing the rhomboid fossa transversally. This structure is responsible for relaying auditory information from the cochlea to the superior olivary complex, which is involved in sound localization and processing. The crossing of the fibres in the trapezoid body allows for the integration of information from both ears, contributing to our ability to perceive sound in space.

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129. Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic nerve stimulation?

Explanation

Parasympathetic nerve stimulation typically leads to relaxation and increased activity of the body's internal organs, known as the rest and digest response. It promotes increased movement of the GI tract, which aids in digestion and absorption of nutrients. It also stimulates increased mucus secretion to protect and lubricate the digestive tract. Additionally, it causes constriction of the pupils, known as miosis. However, constriction of visceral blood vessels is not a result of parasympathetic nerve stimulation.

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130. Which completion is inaccurate? The heart is

Explanation

The completion "Situated so that most of its anterior surface consists of the left ventricle" is inaccurate. The correct completion should be "Situated so that most of its anterior surface consists of the right ventricle."

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131. The following statements concerning the basal nuclei are correct except:

Explanation

The tegmentum of the midbrain is not part of the basal nuclei. The basal nuclei, also known as the basal ganglia, are a collection of gray matter structures located deep within the cerebral hemispheres. They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra. The tegmentum of the midbrain, on the other hand, is a region located in the midbrain that is involved in various functions such as motor control, sensory processing, and arousal. Therefore, the statement "The tegmentum of the midbrain forms part of the basal nuclei" is incorrect.

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132. False concerning the autonomic ganglia in the head and neck:

Explanation

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133. Which of these forearm muscles has a double innervation? 

Explanation

The correct answer is Flexor digitorum profundus. This muscle has a double innervation because it is innervated by both the median nerve and the ulnar nerve. The median nerve innervates the lateral half of the muscle, while the ulnar nerve innervates the medial half. This double innervation allows for more precise control and coordination of finger movements.

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134. Which pair of valves is open during the ventricular systole?

Explanation

During ventricular systole, the ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart. The pulmonic valve, located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, opens to allow blood to be pumped into the pulmonary artery and then to the lungs for oxygenation. Simultaneously, the aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, opens to allow blood to be pumped into the aorta and then to the rest of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is "Pulmonic and aortic."

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135. Each of the following statements concerning the axillary artery is correct except:

Explanation

The axillary artery does not begin at the inferior border of the teres major muscle. It actually begins at the lateral border of the first rib, where it continues as a continuation of the subclavian artery.

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136. The following important nuclei lie beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle except:

Explanation

The fourth ventricle is a fluid-filled cavity in the brainstem that is responsible for cerebrospinal fluid production and circulation. It is surrounded by important nuclei that control various functions. The vestibular nuclei, vagal nuclei, hypoglossal nucleus, and abducent nucleus are all located beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle. However, the trochlear nucleus is not found in this location. The trochlear nucleus is actually located in the midbrain, specifically in the tegmentum. It is responsible for controlling the superior oblique muscle of the eye, which helps with downward and outward eye movement.

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137. Loss of lacrimation (dry eye) can be due to an injury to which nerve?

Explanation

The greater petrosal nerve is responsible for lacrimation, or tear production. Therefore, if there is a loss of lacrimation, it can be due to an injury to the greater petrosal nerve.

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138. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel in all of the following nerves except the:

Explanation

The inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3) and primarily carries sensory information from the lower teeth and gums. It does not contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, which are responsible for carrying motor signals to the parasympathetic ganglia. The other nerves listed (facial, chorda tympani, lingual, and petrosus major) all contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

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139. At the junction of the falx cerebri with tentorium cerebelli lies the: 

Explanation

The junction of the falx cerebri with the tentorium cerebelli is where the straight sinus is located. The straight sinus is an important venous channel that drains blood from the deep structures of the brain, including the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli. It runs along the midline of the brain and eventually joins with the great cerebral vein to form the superior sagittal sinus. Therefore, the straight sinus is the correct answer in this case.

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140. Which structure is most closely follows the esophagus through the posterior mediastinum? 

Explanation

The vagus nerve is the structure that most closely follows the esophagus through the posterior mediastinum. The vagus nerve runs alongside the esophagus and provides innervation to the esophagus, as well as other organs in the thorax and abdomen. It plays a crucial role in controlling the movement and function of the esophagus, including peristalsis and sphincter control. Therefore, the vagus nerve is the most closely related structure to the esophagus in the posterior mediastinum.

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141.
The highest center of autonomic nervous system coordination is the:

Explanation

The hypothalamus and limbic brain are considered the highest centers of autonomic nervous system coordination. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating various autonomic functions such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep. It also controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which further influences the autonomic nervous system. The limbic brain, which includes structures like the amygdala and hippocampus, is involved in emotional and behavioral responses, which can also impact autonomic functions. Together, these regions play a key role in coordinating and regulating the autonomic nervous system.

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142. The facial nerve:

Explanation

The facial nerve is a mixed nerve that contains both motor and sensory fibers. It is responsible for innervating the muscles of facial expression, including the orbicularis oculi which controls blinking reflexes. After emerging from the parotid gland, the facial nerve divides into five branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical. These branches supply motor innervation to different regions of the face, allowing for various facial expressions and movements. Therefore, the correct answer is that the facial nerve divides into five branches after emerging from the parotid gland.

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143. Select the neurons that may be adrenergic:

Explanation

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons may be adrenergic because they release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which is classified as an adrenergic neurotransmitter. These neurons are part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and are responsible for activating the body's "fight or flight" response.

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144. The fourth ventricle is contained within

Explanation

The fourth ventricle is contained within the metencephalon. The metencephalon is a part of the brainstem, specifically the hindbrain, which is responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and posture. The fourth ventricle is a fluid-filled cavity within the brain that helps with the circulation and production of cerebrospinal fluid. It is located in the metencephalon, along with other structures such as the pons and the cerebellum.

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145. Most autonomic sensory neurons are associated with: 

Explanation

Interoreceptors are sensory neurons that detect stimuli from within the body, such as changes in blood pressure, pH levels, or organ distension. They provide information about the internal environment and help regulate bodily functions. Autonomic sensory neurons are responsible for transmitting these signals to the central nervous system for processing and response. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that most autonomic sensory neurons are associated with interoreceptors.

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146. What is white matter band between the head of caudate nucleus and putamen in sections of hemisphere: 

Explanation

The white matter band between the head of the caudate nucleus and putamen in sections of the hemisphere is called the anterior crus of the internal capsule.

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147. Which of the following lies superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis at the front of the elbow?

Explanation

The correct answer is the Median cubital vein. The bicipital aponeurosis is a fibrous band of tissue located at the front of the elbow. The median cubital vein is a superficial vein that lies over the bicipital aponeurosis. It is commonly used for venipuncture or drawing blood because of its accessibility and low risk of damage to underlying structures. The brachial artery, median nerve, ulnar nerve, and cephalic vein are all located deeper than the bicipital aponeurosis.

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148. Which of these muscles is not supplied by branches of the brachial plexus

Explanation

The trapezius muscle is not supplied by branches of the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus primarily supplies the upper limb, while the trapezius muscle is located in the back and is innervated by the accessory nerve (CN XI). The teres minor, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, and levator scapulae muscles are all supplied by branches of the brachial plexus.

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149. A lesion in the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve resilts in all of the following except:

Explanation

A lesion in the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve can cause various symptoms, including a dilated pupil, problems with accommodation, diplopia (double vision), and lateral deviation of the globe. However, ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) is not typically associated with a lesion in this specific division of the oculomotor nerve.

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150.
Correct answer about the processes of the eyeball ciliary body ring:

Explanation

The ciliary body ring is responsible for changing the geometric shape of the lens in the eyeball. This is important for the process of accommodation, which allows the eye to focus on objects at different distances. By changing the shape of the lens, the ciliary body ring helps to adjust the focal length of the eye, allowing for clear vision at different distances.

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151. The fossa ovalis is a prominent depression seen in the

Explanation

The fossa ovalis is a prominent depression seen in the interatrial septum. The interatrial septum is the wall that separates the left and right atria of the heart. During fetal development, there is a small opening in the interatrial septum called the foramen ovale, which allows blood to bypass the non-functioning lungs. After birth, this opening usually closes and forms the fossa ovalis. Therefore, the fossa ovalis is a characteristic feature of the interatrial septum.

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152.
Arteries and veins pass through all of the following in the skull except:

Explanation

Arteries and veins pass through various openings in the skull to supply blood to different parts of the head. The internal acoustic meatus, foramen jugulare, canalis opticus, and foramen spinosum are all examples of these openings. However, the foramen rotundum is not a passage through which arteries and veins pass. Therefore, the correct answer is Foramen rotundum.

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153. Each of the following statements concerning the carotid body and carotid sinus is correct except: 

Explanation

The carotid sinus is not a dilation of the proximal part of the external carotid artery.

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154. Wrong about the thoracic duct:

Explanation

The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body and is responsible for draining lymph from most of the body. It originates from the cisterna chyli, which is a dilated sac located in the abdomen, not the thorax. It passes upward through the aortic opening in the diaphragm, but it does not receive drainage from the right cervical lymph nodes. Instead, it receives drainage from the left cervical lymph nodes. The thoracic duct drains into the junction of the left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein, not the right side. Therefore, the statement that the thoracic duct receives drainage from the right cervical lymph nodes is incorrect.

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155. White rami communicantes contain

Explanation

White rami communicantes contain preganglionic efferent and visceral afferent fibers only. The white rami communicantes are part of the autonomic nervous system and are responsible for connecting the spinal nerves to the sympathetic ganglia. Preganglionic efferent fibers carry signals from the spinal cord to the ganglia, while visceral afferent fibers carry sensory information from the organs to the spinal cord. Therefore, the white rami communicantes do not contain postganglionic efferent fibers.

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156. Herniation of the intervertebral disc between the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae willcompress the

Explanation

Herniation of the intervertebral disc between the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae will compress the 7th and 8th cervical nerve roots. The compression of these nerve roots can lead to symptoms such as pain, numbness, and weakness in the corresponding areas of the body that are innervated by these nerves.

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157. The sensory neurones that convey pain from the eyeball are located in the:

Explanation

The ciliary ganglion is responsible for conveying pain from the eyeball. This ganglion is located behind the eye, near the optic nerve. It receives sensory information from the eye and sends it to the brain. The other ganglia mentioned in the options are not directly involved in transmitting pain signals from the eyeball.

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158. False concerning the pterygopalatine ganglion:

Explanation

The pterygopalatine ganglion supplies parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland, not the iris. The ganglion is suspended from the maxillary nerve and sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion pass through it. It also supplies motor fibers to the glands of the nose.

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159. Each of the following structures is in the popliteal fossa except the

Explanation

The popliteus muscle is not located in the popliteal fossa. The popliteal fossa is a diamond-shaped space located at the back of the knee joint. It contains the popliteal artery, popliteal lymph nodes, tibial nerve, and common peroneal nerve. The popliteus muscle, on the other hand, is located on the posterior aspect of the leg, but it is not within the boundaries of the popliteal fossa.

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160. The somatic nervous system and autonomic (visceral) nervous systems comprise which functional division of the peripheral nervous system?

Explanation

The somatic nervous system and autonomic (visceral) nervous systems are both part of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system. The efferent division is responsible for carrying signals from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands, allowing for voluntary and involuntary movements and bodily functions.

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161. The sphenoid bone transmits all of the following structures except:

Explanation

The sphenoid bone is a complex bone located at the base of the skull. It contains several foramina (holes) through which various structures pass. The middle meningeal artery, mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, optic nerve, and ophthalmic artery all pass through different foramina in the sphenoid bone. However, the internal carotid artery does not pass through the sphenoid bone. Instead, it enters the skull through the carotid canal in the temporal bone. Therefore, the correct answer is the internal carotid artery.

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162. True statement about the sympathetic trunk

Explanation

The sympathetic trunk is a long chain of ganglia that extends from the base of the skull to the coccyx. It runs parallel to the vertebral column in the thorax. Throughout its length, it receives white rami, which are nerve fibers that connect the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerves. The sympathetic trunk supplies postganglionic processes to not only thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves but also to other regions of the body.

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163. There is semilunar valve between the

Explanation

The correct answer is "Right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk." The pulmonary trunk is a major blood vessel that carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk, which then branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries, leading to the lungs for oxygenation. This process is essential for the oxygenation of blood and the removal of carbon dioxide in the lungs.

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164. The posterior tibial artery pulse is taken: 

Explanation

The posterior tibial artery pulse is taken posterior to the medial malleolus because this is the location where the artery can be easily palpated. The posterior tibial artery runs behind the medial malleolus, which is the bony prominence on the inner side of the ankle. By palpating this area, healthcare professionals can assess the strength and regularity of the pulse in the posterior tibial artery.

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165. Each of the following structures is in the cubital fossa except the: 

Explanation

The cubital fossa is a triangular depression in the anterior aspect of the elbow. It is bounded by the brachioradialis muscle laterally, the pronator teres muscle medially, and the brachialis muscle superiorly. The structures that are typically found in the cubital fossa include the brachial artery, biceps tendon, radial artery, and median nerve. However, the ulnar nerve is not found in the cubital fossa. Instead, it passes posteriorly to the medial epicondyle of the humerus and runs along the ulnar side of the forearm.

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166. Wrong about the greater petrosal nerve:

Explanation

The greater petrosal nerve does not supply the ciliary muscle. It is a branch of the facial nerve that carries parasympathetic fibers for the lacrimal gland. It also carries taste fibers from the palate and enters the foramen lacerum. Therefore, the statement "Supplies ciliary muscle" is incorrect.

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167. The trochlear nerve: 

Explanation

The trochlear nerve is a pure motor nerve, meaning it is responsible for controlling the movement of a specific muscle or group of muscles. It exits the midbrain below the inferior colliculus, which is a structure in the brainstem involved in auditory processing. These two statements are correct, indicating that only options A and B are correct. The other options are incorrect because the trochlear nerve does not completely decussate (cross over) after it emerges from the midbrain, and it does not lie on the medial wall of the cavernous sinus as it passes forward into the orbit.

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168. A lesion involving the facial nerve in the facial canal will NOT give rise to: 

Explanation

A lesion involving the facial nerve in the facial canal will not give rise to loss of lacrimation because lacrimation (tear production) is controlled by the parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve that travel in a separate branch called the greater petrosal nerve. Lesions in the facial canal typically affect the motor fibers of the facial nerve, leading to symptoms such as paralysis of the orbicularis oculi (muscle responsible for blinking) and hyperacusis (increased sensitivity to sound). Loss of taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and decreased blinking can also occur due to facial nerve lesions, as the facial nerve also innervates the taste buds and the muscles responsible for blinking.

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169. The median nerve innervates all of the following except the: 

Explanation

The median nerve innervates the flexor carpi radialis, opponens pollicis, flexor digitorum superficialis, and palmaris longus. However, it does not innervate the flexor carpi ulnaris.

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170. Which completion is inaccurate? The right atrium...

Explanation

The right atrium does not have myocardium made up of three layers. Myocardium refers to the muscular layer of the heart, which is responsible for contracting and pumping blood. The right atrium, like the other chambers of the heart, is composed of myocardium, but it is not made up of three distinct layers. This statement is inaccurate.

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171. The trigeminal nerve:

Explanation

The trigeminal nerve supplies the temporal muscle. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for providing motor innervation to the muscles of mastication, including the temporal muscle. The temporal muscle is one of the muscles involved in the movement of the jaw, specifically in the action of closing the jaw. Therefore, the trigeminal nerve supplies the temporal muscle to enable this movement.

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172. Chorda tympani:

Explanation

The Chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve that carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. These fibers synapse in the submandibular ganglion, which then innervates the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. This explains why the correct answer is "Brings preganglionic parasympathetic fibers."

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173. Regarding the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk: 

Explanation

The cervical part of the sympathetic trunk possesses three ganglia.

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174. The true statement about the posterior compartment of the arm is: 

Explanation

The true statement about the posterior compartment of the arm is that it contains the profunda branchii artery and radial nerve.

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175. Of the following, which are direct tributaries to the sinus rectus:

Explanation

The direct tributaries to the sinus rectus are the inferior sagittal sinus and the greater cerebral vein. The sinus rectus is a dural venous sinus located within the falx cerebri, which is a fold of dura mater in the midline of the brain. The inferior sagittal sinus drains blood from the inferior part of the brain and the greater cerebral vein drains blood from the lateral aspects of the cerebrum. These two veins directly contribute to the sinus rectus, allowing for venous drainage from different regions of the brain.

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176. The abducent nerve: 

Explanation

The abducent nerve enters the orbit with the tendinous ring. This is the correct answer because the abducent nerve is responsible for innervating the lateral rectus muscle, which is responsible for abduction or outward movement of the eye. The tendinous ring is a structure in the orbit that serves as a pulley for the eye muscles. Therefore, the abducent nerve must enter the orbit with the tendinous ring in order to reach and innervate the lateral rectus muscle.

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177. Loss of pronation of the hand suggests a lesion of the

Explanation

Loss of pronation of the hand suggests a lesion of the median nerve. The median nerve is responsible for innervating the muscles that control pronation of the hand, specifically the pronator teres and pronator quadratus muscles. When there is a lesion or damage to the median nerve, the normal function of these muscles is compromised, resulting in the loss of pronation of the hand. This can manifest as the inability to rotate the palm downward or inward.

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178. Parasympathetic structures for the lacrimal gland travel through the following

Explanation

The parasympathetic structures for the lacrimal gland travel through the foramen lacerum. This is the correct answer because the foramen lacerum is a small opening in the base of the skull that allows for the passage of several structures, including the greater petrosal nerve, which carries parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland. The other structures listed, such as the stylomastoid foramen, deep petrosal nerve, ciliary ganglion, and chorda tympani, are not directly involved in the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland.

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179. The area of the brain that is most directly involved in the reflex control of theautonomic system is

Explanation

The medulla oblongata is the correct answer because it is responsible for controlling many autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. It is located in the brainstem and serves as a connection between the spinal cord and the higher brain regions. The hypothalamus also plays a role in autonomic control, but it primarily regulates the release of hormones rather than directly controlling reflexes. The cerebral cortex and cerebellum are not directly involved in reflex control of the autonomic system.

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180. Which statement is false concerning the basal nuclei?

Explanation

The statement "They regulate the basal metabolic rate" is false concerning the basal nuclei. Basal nuclei are a group of structures located within the cerebrum that play a role in motor control and movement coordination. They do not regulate the basal metabolic rate, which is primarily controlled by the thyroid gland and the release of hormones such as thyroxine.

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181. The superior cervical ganglion: 

Explanation

The superior cervical ganglion is the only cervical ganglion that supplies the cranial nerves.

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182. Which of the following nerves transmit parasympathetic fibers

Explanation

The pelvic splanchnics are the nerves that transmit parasympathetic fibers. They arise from the sacral region of the spinal cord and innervate the pelvic organs, including the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs. These nerves play a crucial role in regulating various autonomic functions, such as digestion, urination, and sexual arousal.

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183. The motor nerves of the pharyngeal plexus come from which of the following?

Explanation

The motor nerves of the pharyngeal plexus come from the Vagus nerve. The pharyngeal plexus is a network of nerves that innervates the muscles of the pharynx, which are important for swallowing and speaking. The Vagus nerve, also known as cranial nerve X, is a major cranial nerve that supplies motor and sensory innervation to many organs in the head and neck region, including the pharynx. Therefore, it is responsible for providing the motor nerves to the pharyngeal plexus.

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184. Which motion of the arm and forearm would weaken, damage to the coracobrachialis muscle and its nerve supply?

Explanation

Rotation of the arm and forearm would weaken, damage to the coracobrachialis muscle and its nerve supply. This is because the coracobrachialis muscle plays a role in flexion and adduction of the arm, but not in rotation. Therefore, rotating the arm and forearm would not activate or stress the coracobrachialis muscle, leading to weakening or damage of the muscle and its nerve supply.

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185. Fibers in the greater splanchnic nerves are primarily

Explanation

The correct answer is visceral afferent and preganglionic. This is because the greater splanchnic nerves carry sensory information from the viscera (organs) to the central nervous system, making them visceral afferent. Additionally, they contain preganglionic fibers that synapse with postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic ganglia, which then innervate target organs.

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186. The heart is situated in the

Explanation

The heart is situated in the anterior mediastinum. The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the lungs. It is divided into several regions, including the anterior mediastinum. The anterior mediastinum is located in front of the heart and contains structures such as the thymus gland, lymph nodes, and connective tissue. Since the heart is located in this region, the correct answer is the anterior mediastinum.

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187. Anterior compartment muscles of the leg are innervated by: 

Explanation

The anterior compartment muscles of the leg, which include the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius, are innervated by the deep peroneal nerve. This nerve originates from the common peroneal nerve and provides motor innervation to these muscles, allowing for dorsiflexion of the foot and extension of the toes. The other nerves listed, such as the obturator nerve, superficial peroneal nerve, femoral nerve, and saphenous nerve, do not innervate the anterior compartment muscles of the leg.

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188. The long ciliary nerve: 

Explanation

The long ciliary nerve is a branch of the nasociliary nerve.

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189. Each of the following statements about the impulseconducting system of the heart is correct except: 

Explanation

The correct answer is "The atrioventricular node lies in the interventricular spetum." The atrioventricular node is actually located in the wall of the right atrium, not in the interventricular septum. The impulse-conducting system of the heart includes specialized cardiac muscle fibers that give the heart its automatic rhythmic beat. The sinoatrial node initiates the impulse for contraction, and the system consists of these specialized fibers.

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190. A structure that can easily be injured during ligation of the superior thyroid artery is the:

Explanation

During ligation of the superior thyroid artery, the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve can easily be injured. This nerve provides motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle, which is responsible for controlling the tension of the vocal cords. Injury to this nerve can result in hoarseness or loss of voice. The other options listed are not typically at risk of injury during ligation of the superior thyroid artery.

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191. The left phrenic nerve: 

Explanation

The left phrenic nerve is located in front of the left scalenus anterior muscle.

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192. The sinustrial node is located

Explanation

The correct answer is "Near the junction of the crista terminalis and vena cava superior". The sinistral node, also known as the sinoatrial node (SA node), is a small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers located in the right atrium of the heart. It is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm. The SA node is situated near the junction of the crista terminalis and vena cava superior, which is an anatomical landmark in the right atrium.

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193. The superior cervical sympathetic ganglion: 

Explanation

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194. The cavernous sinus receives blood directly from:

Explanation

The cavernous sinus receives blood directly from the sphenoparietal sinus. The cavernous sinus is a dural venous sinus located on either side of the sella turcica in the middle cranial fossa. It receives blood from various sources, including the sphenoparietal sinus. The sphenoparietal sinus is a small venous channel that runs along the sphenoid bone and drains into the cavernous sinus. Therefore, the sphenoparietal sinus is one of the direct sources of blood for the cavernous sinus.

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195.
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres are distributed throughout the head in all of the following nerves except:

Explanation

The correct answer is Tympanic branch of the IX n. The tympanic branch of the IX n. is not responsible for distributing postganglionic parasympathetic fibers throughout the head. The other options listed are all branches of different cranial nerves (V2, V1, V3) that do distribute these fibers to various regions of the head. The greater palatine nerve also plays a role in distributing these fibers.

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196. Facial nerve: 

Explanation

The facial nerve supplies secretomotor fibers to the submandibular glands. This means that it is responsible for controlling the secretion of saliva from these glands. The other statements are either incorrect or unrelated to the function of the facial nerve.

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197. Sectioning of the V2 proximal to the foramen rotundum might cause the following

Explanation

Sectioning of the V2 proximal to the foramen rotundum would not cause paralysis of the buccinators muscle. The buccinators muscle is innervated by the buccal branch of the facial nerve (CN VII), not the maxillary nerve (V2). Therefore, sectioning of V2 would not affect the function of the buccinators muscle.

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198. The long ciliary nerve: 

Explanation

The long ciliary nerve contains sensory fibers from the cornea. This means that it is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the cornea to the brain. The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Sensory fibers in the long ciliary nerve allow for the perception of touch, pain, and other sensations in the cornea.

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199. False statement about the chorda tympani:

Explanation

The false statement about the chorda tympani is that it emerges from the skull through fissure petrotympanica. The chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) and it exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen, not the fissure petrotympanica. The chorda tympani is responsible for carrying taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and also contains parasympathetic fibers that innervate the sublingual salivary gland. It does access the tongue together with the lingual nerve (n. lingualis).

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200. Cranial nerves that are sensory only include the:

Explanation

The cranial nerves that are sensory only include the olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves.

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The neuroglia that form myelin in the CNS are:
The two types of photoreceptor cells of the retina are:
Cerebrospinal fluid is NOT found circulating in the:
The vascular tunic includes:
The central fovea is:
The structure that is NOT located in the diencephalon is the: 
In the autonomic nervous system all preganglionic fibres release the...
Which structure is NOT located in the region of the brain known as the...
The function of arachnoid villi is to:
Nucleus in brain common to IX, X and XI cranial nerves :
The vascular tunic includes:
Nucleus in brain common to IX, X and XI cranial nerves:
Which of the following nerve-plexus associations is...
Which of the following is NOT a spinal nerve plexus? 
The two anatomical divisions of the nervous system are:
The two distinct types of cells composing neural tissue are:
Approximately 75% of all parasympathetic outflow is provided by the:
Which of the following is the thick band of fibers located between the...
Neuroglia in the CNS that produce the myelin sheath are the:
Correct name of the structure of the brain, found deeply in the sulcus...
Which of the following combinations relating plexus to nerve...
In what strctures of the vestibular complex are receptors for the...
White matter of the CNS is composed of:
The cell bodies of neurones that narrow the pupil are located in...
The nerves of the brachial plexus serve the: 
The hindbrain is also known as the
Cranial nerves that innervate the extrinsic eye muscles include 
If the dorsal rootlets of T4 are cut (dorsal rhizotomy) there will be...
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the spinal cord?
Each of the following statements concerning the internal carotid...
The facial artery gives rise to branches that supply each of the...
Which structure is NOT located in the region of the brain known as the...
The postganglionic (second order) parasympathetic neurons are...
Each of the following statements concerning the internal carotid...
Which of the following nerves passes through the superficial inguinal...
The hypothalamus:
The four refracting media of eye, listed in the sequence in which they...
The … is the first large branch of the aorta
In the parasympathetic divison of the ANS, the preganglionic...
The pyramidal pathway is also called the
Oculomotor nerve leaves the skull through which of the following
Taste from the posterior one third of tongue is provided by which of...
The facial artery gives rise to branches that supply each of the...
Which of the following landmarks inficates the level of the...
Which of the following cranialnerves does not contain parasympathetic...
In what structures of the vestibular complex are receptors for the...
Superior to the hypothalamus and between the halves of the thalamus is...
Fiber tracts that connect one cerebral lobe to another within the same...
Afferent nerves conduct nerve impulses from: 
The chief artery of the face is the: 
Which of the nerves is not a branch of the lumbar plexus?
All of the following are true about the dural venous sinuses except:
Each of the following arteries supply blood to the scalp except the:
Each of the following arteries supplies blood to the scalp except the
The pterygopalatine, ciliary, submandibular, and otic ganglia are
White fibres that transmit impulses between opposite cerebral...
The precentral gyrus is an important motor area located within the:
The most common site for taking blood samples is the:
 optic nerve: 
Which of the following meningeal structures are located between the...
Hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized...
The thalamus:
Structures going through foramina
The following statements concerning the maxillary nerve is correct...
The pterygopalatine ganglion: 
Structures going through foramina:
All of the following ganglia are involved in parasympathetic supply of...
At which vertebral level the abdominal aorta passes through the...
During a sinus attack, painful sensation from the ethmoid cells is...
The filum terminale is a continuation of the: 
The nerve most likely to be traumatized with a fracture of the...
The role of the stapedius muscle is to:
When taking the blood pressure, the stethoscope is usually paced on...
The vertebral artery enters the cranial cavity through:
Wrong about medulla oblongata: 
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the glossopharyngeal...
Which of the following landmarks indicates the level of the...
The parasympathetic fibres from the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate
Which nerve is probably damaged if a patient cannot abduct the arm...
Which of the following arteries does not participate in the formation...
The Chorda tympani nerve:
Stapedius muscle is supplied by which of the following nerves :
The conductive tissue of the heart known as the cardiac pacemaker is...
Chordae tendinae are present in:
Parasympathetic ganglia are located
The submandibular ganglion contains preganglionic parasympathetic...
Which of the following is NOT true of neurons?
False concerning the trigeminal nerve is:
The 4th cranial nerve innervates:
The motor innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue is...
What nerve carries the sensory part of the cough reflex?
The parasympathetic nerve supply to the lacrimal gland travels ...
Somatosensory cortical area is located in:
The tickling sensation felt in the nasal cavity, just prior to a...
Firstorder sensory neurons of the cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear...
Which of the following nerves sends branches to the muscles of the arm
The type of sensory neurons that monitor the position of the skeletal...
The basilar artery terminates by dividing into which arteries
All of the following are true except:
Components of the osseus labyrinth include all of the following...
The optic nerve is made up of the
All of the following are components of a reflex arc EXCEPT 
Nasociliary nerve: 
Pulsations felt just above the zygomatic arch and in front of the ear...
The facial nerve:
Which of the following glands is NOT endocrine?
A body structure or body region that is NOT innervated by nerves...
All of the following would be supplied by sciatic nerve except the
Each of the following statements concerning the vertebral artery is...
Which of the following accompanies the optic nerve through the optic...
The superior sagittal sinus:
The chorda tympani carries:
The superficial vein that runs up the ulnar side od the upper limb is...
Which of the following structures is component of the auditory...
Correct statement about the left atrioventricular valve include each...
The facial nerve or one of its brances pass through all of the...
Destruction of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion would affect...
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the...
The sensory supply to the skin over the lower eyelid comes from the
The median and lateral apertures are the connection between the:
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the otic ganglion come from:
The muscles of mastication, their nerves and their vessels are located...
The trochlear nerve:
Which of the following venous sinuses of the dura mater drains the...
The function of the chordae tendinesea is to
All of the following structures are involved in the accommodation...
The following are true about the circulation of the cerebrospinal...
The trapezoid body in the pons is:
Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic nerve...
Which completion is inaccurate? The heart is
The following statements concerning the basal nuclei are correct...
False concerning the autonomic ganglia in the head and neck:
Which of these forearm muscles has a double innervation? 
Which pair of valves is open during the ventricular systole?
Each of the following statements concerning the axillary artery is...
The following important nuclei lie beneath the floor of the fourth...
Loss of lacrimation (dry eye) can be due to an injury to which nerve?
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel in all of the following...
At the junction of the falx cerebri with tentorium cerebelli lies...
Which structure is most closely follows the esophagus through the...
The highest center of autonomic nervous system coordination is the:
The facial nerve:
Select the neurons that may be adrenergic:
The fourth ventricle is contained within
Most autonomic sensory neurons are associated with: 
What is white matter band between the head of caudate nucleus and...
Which of the following lies superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis...
Which of these muscles is not supplied by branches of the brachial...
A lesion in the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve resilts in...
Correct answer about the processes of the eyeball ciliary body ring:
The fossa ovalis is a prominent depression seen in the
Arteries and veins pass through all of the following in the skull...
Each of the following statements concerning the carotid body and...
Wrong about the thoracic duct:
White rami communicantes contain
Herniation of the intervertebral disc between the fifth and sixth...
The sensory neurones that convey pain from the eyeball are located in...
False concerning the pterygopalatine ganglion:
Each of the following structures is in the popliteal fossa except the
The somatic nervous system and autonomic (visceral) nervous systems...
The sphenoid bone transmits all of the following structures except:
True statement about the sympathetic trunk
There is semilunar valve between the
The posterior tibial artery pulse is taken: 
Each of the following structures is in the cubital fossa except...
Wrong about the greater petrosal nerve:
The trochlear nerve: 
A lesion involving the facial nerve in the facial canal will NOT give...
The median nerve innervates all of the following except the: 
Which completion is inaccurate? The right atrium...
The trigeminal nerve:
Chorda tympani:
Regarding the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk: 
The true statement about the posterior compartment of the arm...
Of the following, which are direct tributaries to the sinus rectus:
The abducent nerve: 
Loss of pronation of the hand suggests a lesion of the
Parasympathetic structures for the lacrimal gland travel through the...
The area of the brain that is most directly involved in the reflex...
Which statement is false concerning the basal nuclei?
The superior cervical ganglion: 
Which of the following nerves transmit parasympathetic fibers
The motor nerves of the pharyngeal plexus come from which of the...
Which motion of the arm and forearm would weaken, damage to the...
Fibers in the greater splanchnic nerves are primarily
The heart is situated in the
Anterior compartment muscles of the leg are innervated by: 
The long ciliary nerve: 
Each of the following statements about the impulseconducting system of...
A structure that can easily be injured during ligation of the superior...
The left phrenic nerve: 
The sinustrial node is located
The superior cervical sympathetic ganglion: 
The cavernous sinus receives blood directly from:
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres are distributed throughout the...
Facial nerve: 
Sectioning of the V2 proximal to the foramen rotundum might cause the...
The long ciliary nerve: 
False statement about the chorda tympani:
Cranial nerves that are sensory only include the:
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