Immune Responses To Bacteria And Fungi

2.

Which of the following are adaptive responses to extracellular bacteria?

T-helper cell directing production of antibodies
Neutralization
Phagocytosis
Activating complement
CTL direct killing

Correct Answer(s)

A. T-helper cell directing production of antibodies
A. Neutralization
A. Activating complement

Explanation

The adaptive immune response is specifically tailored to target and eliminate specific pathogens, including extracellular bacteria. T-helper cells play a crucial role in this response by directing the production of antibodies. These antibodies can bind to the bacteria and neutralize their activity, preventing them from causing harm. Additionally, activating the complement system is another adaptive response that can help eliminate extracellular bacteria. The complement system consists of a group of proteins that can directly kill bacteria or enhance the effectiveness of other immune cells in eliminating them. Therefore, T-helper cell directing production of antibodies, neutralization, and activating complement are all adaptive responses to extracellular bacteria.

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3.

What are some evasion strategies used by extracellular bacteria?

Being encapsulated
Interfering with lysosomal killing
Using clumping factor
Being bigger than other cells in the body

Correct Answer(s)

A. Being encapsulated
A. Using clumping factor

Explanation

Extracellular bacteria can employ evasion strategies such as being encapsulated, which allows them to form a protective layer around themselves, making it difficult for the immune system to detect and eliminate them. Additionally, they can use clumping factor, a protein that enables them to adhere to host cells or other bacteria, forming aggregates that can evade immune responses. These strategies enhance the bacteria's ability to avoid being killed by the immune system and establish persistent infections.

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4.

Which of the following are innate resonses to intracellula bacteria?

Neutralization
Macrophages that secrete IL-12
Activated CTLs
Activated NK cells
T1 helper cells

Correct Answer(s)

A. Macrophages that secrete IL-12
A. Activated NK cells

Explanation

Macrophages that secrete IL-12 and activated NK cells are innate responses to intracellular bacteria. Macrophages play a crucial role in the innate immune response by engulfing and destroying pathogens, and their secretion of IL-12 helps in activating other immune cells. Activated NK cells, on the other hand, are specialized in identifying and killing infected cells, including those infected by intracellular bacteria. These responses are part of the innate immune system's immediate defense mechanisms against bacterial infections.

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5.

Which of the follwing are adaptive responses to intracellular bacteria?

IL-12 activated NK cells
CMI response
Macrophages that activate NK cells
Humoral response

Correct Answer

A. CMI response

Explanation

The correct answer is CMI response. CMI (cell-mediated immunity) response is an adaptive immune response that involves the activation of T cells, specifically CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. These T cells recognize intracellular bacteria and eliminate them by releasing cytokines and inducing apoptosis. IL-12 activated NK cells are part of the innate immune response and can also play a role in eliminating intracellular bacteria, but they are not considered adaptive responses. Macrophages that activate NK cells are also part of the innate immune response. The humoral response, which involves the production of antibodies by B cells, is not typically effective against intracellular bacteria.

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6.

The formation of a granuloma may cause functional impairment and tissue necrosis. What is the purpose of a granuloma?

Alert release of neutrophils
Prevent dissemination
Lyse pathogen
Protect pathogen

Correct Answer

A. Prevent dissemination

Explanation

Granulomas are formed by the immune system in response to chronic inflammation or persistent infections. The purpose of a granuloma is to prevent the dissemination or spread of the pathogen or foreign substance. By encapsulating the pathogen within a granuloma, the immune system can isolate it from the surrounding tissues and limit its ability to cause further damage or spread to other parts of the body. Additionally, the granuloma may also help to recruit and activate immune cells to fight against the pathogen and promote tissue repair.

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7.

The best way for a intracellular bacteria to survive is to interfere with lysosomal killing.

True
False

Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Intracellular bacteria can survive by interfering with lysosomal killing. Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down and destroying foreign substances, including bacteria, within cells. By interfering with this process, intracellular bacteria can avoid being killed by lysosomes and continue to survive within the host cell. This allows them to establish a long-term infection and evade the immune system's defenses. Therefore, it is true that interfering with lysosomal killing is the best way for intracellular bacteria to survive.

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8.

Which of the following are the first line of defense against fungi?

CTLs
Neutrophils
NK cells
T helper cells
Macrophages

Correct Answer(s)

A. Neutrophils
A. Macrophages

Explanation

Neutrophils and macrophages are the first line of defense against fungi. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that are highly effective in killing and engulfing fungal pathogens. Macrophages, on the other hand, are specialized immune cells that engulf and destroy invading fungi through a process called phagocytosis. Both neutrophils and macrophages play crucial roles in the innate immune response against fungal infections, acting as the first line of defense to prevent the spread and growth of fungi in the body.

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9.

What is the major adaptive immune response to fungi?

Humoral
Macrophages
Cell mediated
NK cells

Correct Answer

A. Cell mediated

Explanation

The major adaptive immune response to fungi is cell mediated. This means that the immune system activates specific immune cells, such as T lymphocytes, to directly attack and destroy the fungal pathogens. This response is crucial in eliminating fungal infections and preventing their spread throughout the body. Unlike the humoral immune response, which involves the production of antibodies, the cell-mediated response primarily relies on the activation of immune cells to target and eliminate fungi. Macrophages and NK cells can also play a role in the immune response to fungi, but the cell-mediated response is the primary mechanism.

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10.

Some fungi evade the immune system by releasing enzymes that breakdown actin so they are undale to be phagocytized.

True
False

Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Some fungi have the ability to release enzymes that can break down actin, a protein involved in the immune response. This breakdown of actin makes it difficult for the immune system to phagocytize or engulf the fungi, allowing them to evade the immune response. Therefore, the statement is true.

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Immune Responses To Bacteria And Fungi

Which of the follwing are innate responses to extracellular bacteria?

Quiz Preview

Which of the following are adaptive responses to extracellular bacteria?

What are some evasion strategies used by extracellular bacteria?

Which of the following are innate resonses to intracellula bacteria?

Which of the follwing are adaptive responses to intracellular bacteria?

The formation of a granuloma may cause functional impairment and tissue necrosis. What is the purpose of a granuloma?

The best way for a intracellular bacteria to survive is to interfere with lysosomal killing.

Which of the following are the first line of defense against fungi?

What is the major adaptive immune response to fungi?

Some fungi evade the immune system by releasing enzymes that breakdown actin so they are undale to be phagocytized.