Cardiopulmonary Anatomy & Physiology - Jardins
Questions over Jardin's Cardiopulmonary Anatomy & Physiology 5th Edition
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Which of the following line the anterior one-third of the nasal cavity?
- A.
Stratified squamous epithelium
- B.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
- C.
Pseudosstratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- D.
Simple squamous epithelium
Correct Answer
A. Stratified squamous epitheliumExplanation
Stratified squamous epithelium lines the anterior one-third of the nasal cavity. This type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers of flat cells, which provide protection against mechanical stress and abrasion. The anterior region of the nasal cavity is exposed to air and particulate matter, so it requires a more durable and protective lining. Stratified squamous epithelium is well-suited for this role as it can withstand the constant exposure to air and potential irritants.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which of the following form(s) the nasal septum? (choose 2)
- A.
Frontal process of the maxilla bone
- B.
Ethmoid bone
- C.
Nasal bones
- D.
Vomer
Correct Answer(s)
B. Ethmoid bone
D. VomerExplanation
The nasal septum is formed by the ethmoid bone and the vomer. The ethmoid bone is a small, delicate bone located between the eyes, and it contributes to the upper part of the nasal septum. The vomer is a thin, flat bone that forms the lower part of the nasal septum. Together, these two bones create a partition that separates the left and right nasal cavities, helping to maintain the structure and function of the nose.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Which of the following prevents the aspiration of foods and liquids?
- A.
Epiglottis
- B.
Cricoid cartilage
- C.
Arytenoid cartilages
- D.
Thyroid cartilages
Correct Answer
A. EpiglottisExplanation
The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage located at the base of the tongue that prevents food and liquids from entering the airway during swallowing. When you swallow, the epiglottis closes over the opening of the larynx, or voice box, to direct the food and liquid down the esophagus and into the stomach. This action prevents aspiration, which is when food or liquid enters the lungs instead of the stomach, which can lead to choking or pneumonia.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The Canals of Lambert are found in the
- A.
Trachea
- B.
Terminal Bronchioles
- C.
Alveoli
- D.
Main Stem Bronchi
Correct Answer
B. Terminal BronchiolesExplanation
The Canals of Lambert are found in the terminal bronchioles. These canals are small channels that connect adjacent airspaces in the lungs. They provide a pathway for air to flow between the terminal bronchioles and the alveoli, which are the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. The Canals of Lambert help to ensure efficient ventilation and distribution of air throughout the lungs.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The Eustachian Tubes are found in the
- A.
Nasopharynx
- B.
Oropharynx
- C.
Laryngopharynx
- D.
Oral Cavity
Correct Answer
A. NasopharynxExplanation
The Eustachian Tubes are found in the nasopharynx. These tubes connect the middle ear to the back of the throat and help to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the outside environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining proper hearing and preventing ear infections. The nasopharynx is the upper part of the throat, located behind the nose and above the soft palate. It is the correct location for the Eustachian Tubes.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The inferior portion of the larynx is composed of the
- A.
Thyroid Cartilage
- B.
Hyoid Bone
- C.
Glottis
- D.
Cricoid Cartilage
Correct Answer
D. Cricoid CartilageExplanation
The inferior portion of the larynx is composed of the cricoid cartilage. The cricoid cartilage is a ring-shaped structure that forms the lowermost part of the larynx. It sits just below the thyroid cartilage, commonly known as the Adam's apple. The cricoid cartilage provides support and protection to the larynx and helps maintain the airway during breathing. It is also an important landmark for surgical procedures involving the larynx.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which of the following has the greatest combined cross-sectional area
- A.
Terminal bronchioles
- B.
Lobar bronchi
- C.
Trachea
- D.
Segmental bronchi
Correct Answer
A. Terminal bronchiolesExplanation
Terminal bronchioles have the greatest combined cross-sectional area compared to the other options. This is because as the airways branch out and get smaller, the total cross-sectional area increases. Terminal bronchioles are the smallest airways in the respiratory system, and there are many of them, resulting in a larger combined cross-sectional area. The lobar bronchi, trachea, and segmental bronchi are larger airways compared to the terminal bronchioles, so their combined cross-sectional area is less.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The left main stem bronchus angles off from the carina at about
- A.
10 - 20 degrees from the carina
- B.
20 - 30 degrees from the carina
- C.
30 - 40 degrees from the carina
- D.
40 - 60 degrees from the carina
Correct Answer
D. 40 - 60 degrees from the carinaExplanation
The left main stem bronchus angles off from the carina at about 40 - 60 degrees. This angle allows for the left main stem bronchus to enter the left lung at a more acute angle compared to the right main stem bronchus. This anatomical difference is important because it allows the left lung to have a larger capacity for gas exchange and ventilation. Additionally, the angle of the left main stem bronchus helps to prevent aspiration of foreign objects into the left lung.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Ninety-five percent of the alveolar surface is composed of which of the following cell(s)? (choose 2)
- A.
Type I cells
- B.
Granular pneumocytes
- C.
Type II cells
- D.
Squamous pneumocytes
Correct Answer(s)
A. Type I cells
D. Squamous pneumocytesExplanation
The correct answer is Type I cells and Squamous pneumocytes. Type I cells are responsible for the majority of the alveolar surface area and are thin and flat, allowing for efficient gas exchange. Squamous pneumocytes are another term for Type I cells, so they are essentially the same thing. Granular pneumocytes and Type II cells make up a smaller portion of the alveolar surface and have different functions, such as producing surfactant and immune responses.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following is (are) released when the sympathetic nerve fibers are stimulated?
- A.
Norepinephrine
- B.
Propranolol
- C.
Acetylcholine
- D.
Epinephrine
Correct Answer(s)
A. Norepinephrine
D. EpinephrineExplanation
When the sympathetic nerve fibers are stimulated, norepinephrine and epinephrine are released. These are both neurotransmitters that are involved in the "fight or flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system. Norepinephrine helps to increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and increase blood pressure, while epinephrine acts as a hormone to increase heart rate, dilate the airways, and increase blood flow to the muscles. Propranolol is a beta-blocker medication that blocks the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine, and acetylcholine is not released by sympathetic nerve fibers.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines which of the following?
- A.
Oropharynx
- B.
Trachea
- C.
Nasopharynx
- D.
Oral cavity
Correct Answer(s)
B. Trachea
C. NasopharynxExplanation
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is a type of tissue that lines the trachea and nasopharynx. This type of epithelium is characterized by its columnar shape and the presence of cilia, which help to move mucus and foreign particles out of the respiratory tract. Therefore, the correct answer is trachea and nasopharynx.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following is (are) accessory muscles of inspiration
- A.
Trapezius muslces
- B.
Internal abdominis obliquus muscles
- C.
Scalene muslces
- D.
Transversus abdominis muscles
Correct Answer(s)
A. Trapezius muslces
C. Scalene muslcesExplanation
The trapezius muscles and scalene muscles are both accessory muscles of inspiration. These muscles help to elevate the ribs and expand the thoracic cavity during inhalation, assisting the primary muscles of respiration (such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles) in the breathing process. The internal abdominis obliquus muscles and transversus abdominis muscles are actually muscles involved in expiration, not inspiration.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which of the following supply the motor innervation of each hemidiaphragm?
- A.
Vagus nerve
- B.
Phrenic nerve
- C.
Lower thoracic nerves
- D.
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Correct Answer(s)
B. Phrenic nerve
C. Lower thoracic nervesExplanation
The phrenic nerve and lower thoracic nerves supply the motor innervation of each hemidiaphragm. The phrenic nerve originates from the cervical spine and innervates the diaphragm, controlling its movement during respiration. The lower thoracic nerves, which arise from the thoracic spine, also contribute to the motor innervation of the diaphragm. These nerves play a crucial role in the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm, allowing for proper breathing and lung function.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The lung segment called the superior lingula is found in the
- A.
Left lung, lower division of the upper lobe
- B.
Right lung, lower lobe
- C.
Left lung, upper division of the upper lobe
- D.
Right lung, upper lobe
Correct Answer
A. Left lung, lower division of the upper lobeExplanation
The correct answer is left lung, lower division of the upper lobe. The superior lingula is a specific segment of the left lung, located in the lower division of the upper lobe. It is important to note that the lingula is only present in the left lung and not in the right lung.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Cartilage is found in which of the following structures of the tracheobronchial tree?
- A.
Bronchioles
- B.
Respiratory bronchioles
- C.
Segmental bronchi
- D.
Terminal bronchioles
Correct Answer
C. Segmental bronchiExplanation
Cartilage is found in the segmental bronchi of the tracheobronchial tree. Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that provides structural support and maintains the shape of the airways. It is present in the larger airways, such as the segmental bronchi, to prevent their collapse during respiration. Bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles are smaller airways that do not contain cartilage, as their main function is to facilitate the exchange of gases in the lungs.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The bronchial arteries nourish the tracheobronchial tree down to, and including, which of the following?
- A.
Respiratory bronchioles
- B.
Segmental bronchi
- C.
Terminal bronchioles
- D.
Segmental bronchi
Correct Answer
C. Terminal bronchiolesExplanation
The bronchial arteries are responsible for supplying blood to the tracheobronchial tree, which includes the respiratory bronchioles, segmental bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. Therefore, the correct answer is terminal bronchioles.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following elevates the soft palate?
- A.
Palatoglossal muscle
- B.
Levator veli palatine muscle
- C.
Stylopharyngeus muscles
- D.
Palatopharyngeal muscle
Correct Answer
B. Levator veli palatine muscleExplanation
The levator veli palatine muscle elevates the soft palate. The soft palate is the muscular structure at the back of the roof of the mouth, and it plays an important role in closing off the nasal cavity during swallowing and speaking. The levator veli palatine muscle contracts to lift the soft palate, allowing for proper closure and preventing food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Which of the following are called the resistance vessels?
- A.
Arterioles
- B.
Veins
- C.
Venules
- D.
Arteries
Correct Answer
A. ArteriolesExplanation
Arterioles are called the resistance vessels because they have a small diameter and can constrict or dilate to regulate blood flow and blood pressure. Their muscular walls provide resistance to the flow of blood, allowing for fine control over the distribution of blood throughout the body. This is in contrast to arteries, which are larger vessels that carry blood away from the heart, and veins and venules, which carry blood back to the heart.Rate this question:
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applied anatomy and physiology practice test questions
Anatomy and physiology questions - The respiratory system
Anatomy and physiology questions - The respiratory system
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