Respiratory System Assessment Quiz

The word "Doze" is not a measure, but rather a verb meaning to sleep lightly. On the other hand, "Dose" refers to a specific quantity of medication or a substance that is prescribed or administered. Therefore, "Dose" is the correct answer as it aligns with the concept of a measure.

Tachypnea refers to an increased respiratory rate. It is characterized by rapid breathing, usually exceeding the normal range of 12-20 breaths per minute. Tachypnea can be caused by various factors such as anxiety, fever, lung diseases, or metabolic disorders. The increased respiratory rate helps to compensate for the body's increased oxygen demand or to eliminate excess carbon dioxide. Therefore, tachypnea is the most appropriate term to describe an increased respiratory rate.

Clubbing of the fingertips refers to the enlargement and rounding of the fingertips. It is often associated with respiratory and congenital heart diseases. In these conditions, there is a decrease in the oxygen levels in the blood, leading to the widening of the blood vessels and the development of clubbing. This phenomenon is believed to be a result of chronic hypoxia and can be a valuable clinical sign in diagnosing respiratory and congenital heart diseases. Skin, bone, and blood diseases are not typically associated with clubbing of the fingertips.

The normal respiratory rate refers to the number of breaths a person takes per minute. A respiratory rate of 14-18 times per minute is considered normal for adults. This range ensures that enough oxygen is being taken in and carbon dioxide is being expelled efficiently. A respiratory rate that is too high or too low may indicate an underlying health issue.

The medical term for nosebleed is epistaxis. Epistaxis refers to the condition of bleeding from the nose, which can occur due to various reasons such as dryness, injury, or underlying medical conditions. It is a common occurrence and can range from mild to severe. Therefore, the given statement is true.

PPD stands for Purified Protein Derivative, which is a substance used in the Tuberculin test. The Tuberculin test is a diagnostic test used to determine if a person has been infected with the bacteria that cause tuberculosis. A small amount of PPD is injected under the skin, and if the person has been infected, a reaction will occur at the injection site. This reaction indicates that the person has been exposed to tuberculosis and further testing is needed to confirm the diagnosis. Therefore, the correct answer is Tuberculin test (Purified Protein Derivative).

The cartilage at the back of the mouth cavity that covers the windpipe during swallowing is called the epiglottis. The epiglottis acts as a flap that prevents food or liquid from entering the windpipe and instead directs them towards the esophagus. It helps to protect the respiratory system and ensures that food and air travel down the correct pathways.

Spasm and narrowing of the bronchi is a characteristic symptom of asthma. During an asthma attack, the muscles surrounding the airways tighten, causing the airways to become narrow and inflamed. This leads to difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Pertussis, on the other hand, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which primarily affects the upper respiratory system and does not cause bronchial spasms or narrowing. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is asthma.

The term "intercostal" refers to the space or area between the ribs. It is commonly used to describe the intercostal muscles, which are located between the ribs and play a role in breathing. The other options, "intracostal," "infracostal," and "costochondral," do not specifically relate to the space between the ribs. Therefore, "intercostal" is the correct answer in this context.

Surfactant is a substance that reduces the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli in the lungs. This reduction in surface tension helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing and allows for easier gaseous exchange during respiration. By reducing the surface tension, surfactant allows the alveoli to remain open and maintain their shape, ensuring efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream.

In this question, the blank space is asking for the correct term to describe the action of listening to the sounds produced by the lungs. The term for this action is "auscultation." Therefore, the correct answer is "auscultation."

Hyperresonance is a characteristic finding during percussion in a patient with pneumothorax. This is because pneumothorax is a condition where air accumulates in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse partially or completely. As a result, the affected lung becomes hyperinflated and resonates more intensely when percussed, leading to hyperresonance. Therefore, the statement "Hyperresonance is found during percussion in a patient of Pneumothorax" is true.

Afebrile refers to the absence of fever. It is a medical term used to describe a person who does not have an elevated body temperature. This term is commonly used in clinical settings to indicate that a patient does not have a fever.

The given answer "Loss" is the correct answer because it is the noun form of the verb "Lose". "Loss" refers to the act or instance of losing something, such as a defeat, failure, or misplacement. In this case, the word "Loss" is the missing noun form that completes the given options.

The correct answer is Tuberculosis. The patient's symptoms of pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, and cough, along with the presence of small tubercles in the lungs on chest X-ray, are indicative of tuberculosis. Additionally, the phlegm culture showing rod-shaped bacilli further supports the diagnosis of tuberculosis, as the bacteria responsible for this disease, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are rod-shaped. Pneumonia and pulmonary consolidation may present with similar symptoms, but the presence of tubercles and specific bacilli in the culture point towards tuberculosis as the likely diagnosis. Anthrax is less likely in this case, as its symptoms and findings differ from those described.

Hemoptysis refers to the spitting or coughing up of blood that originates from the respiratory tract, usually from the lungs or bronchial tubes. It is commonly associated with conditions such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, or lung cancer. On the other hand, hematemesis refers to the vomiting of blood that comes from the gastrointestinal tract, typically from the stomach or esophagus. Therefore, the correct answer for the given question is hemoptysis, as it specifically refers to the spitting of blood from the respiratory tract.

Rhinorrhea is the medical term for nasal discharge. It refers to the condition where there is an excessive production of mucus from the nose. This can be caused by various factors such as allergies, infections, or even certain medications. Rhinorrhea is commonly associated with symptoms like a runny nose, congestion, and sneezing. It is important to identify and treat the underlying cause of rhinorrhea to alleviate the symptoms and improve overall nasal health.

The correct answer is "presents." In this sentence, the word "presents" is used as a verb to indicate that the patient is appearing or showing up for their annual physical examination. The word "presence" is a noun and would not fit grammatically in this context.

The patient's difficulty while lying down and the need for two pillows while sleeping indicates orthopnea. Orthopnea refers to the condition where a person experiences difficulty breathing while lying flat and often requires propping up with pillows to alleviate symptoms. This is different from dyspnea, which refers to shortness of breath or difficulty breathing in general, not specifically related to body position.

The correct answer is "mucous" because it is the correct spelling of the word that describes the type of membrane that was found to be inflamed during the examination. The word "mucous" refers to the mucus membrane, which lines various parts of the body and produces mucus.

The word "breath" refers to the air that is taken into the lungs during the process of breathing. It is the inhalation and exhalation of air, which is essential for sustaining life. "Breathe" is the verb form of "breath" and it describes the action of inhaling and exhaling. Therefore, "breath" is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the air taken into the lungs.

Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP) is a fungal infection that is commonly seen in AIDS patients. HIV weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to opportunistic infections like PCP. PCP affects the lungs and can cause symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and fever. It is a leading cause of illness and death in people with AIDS. Therefore, it is the most likely infection among the options given to be common in AIDS patients.

The correct answer is "lose". In this sentence, the word "lose" is used as a verb, meaning to reduce or shed weight. The sentence suggests that the obese patient has been instructed to lose 10 pounds before their next visit.

The combining form for lungs is "Pneum/o and Pulmon/o" because both terms refer to the lungs. "Pneum/o" is derived from the Greek word "pneuma," meaning breath or air, and is commonly used in medical terminology related to the respiratory system. "Pulmon/o" is derived from the Latin word "pulmo," which also means lung. Both terms are used interchangeably to describe the lungs in medical terminology.

Breathing that takes place normally in the lungs is referred to as vesicular breathing. Vesicular breath sounds are soft, low-pitched sounds heard during inspiration and expiration. These sounds are produced by the movement of air through the smaller airways and the alveoli in the lungs. On the other hand, bronchial breath sounds are louder and higher-pitched, and are heard over the larger airways. Therefore, the correct answer is vesicular.

Perfuse means to force blood or other fluid to flow. The other options do not accurately describe this action. Profuse means to be abundant or excessive, oedema refers to the swelling caused by the accumulation of fluid in tissues, and haemorrhage refers to the escape of blood from ruptured blood vessels. Therefore, perfuse is the correct answer as it specifically describes the action of forcing fluid to flow.

COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a condition that affects the lungs and makes it difficult to breathe. It is typically caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke. The correct answer, "Bronchitis and Emphysema," accurately identifies two of the main diseases that fall under the COPD umbrella. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to the lungs, while emphysema is the damage to the air sacs in the lungs. Both conditions contribute to the narrowing of the airways and difficulty in breathing that is characteristic of COPD.

Hyaline Membrane Disease, also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), occurs in newborns due to the absence or deficiency of surfactant, a substance that helps keep the lungs open. Without surfactant, the lung collapses, causing respiratory distress. This condition is characterized by the formation of a hyaline membrane lining the alveoli, which makes it difficult for oxygen to enter the bloodstream. Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and pneumonitis are different respiratory conditions and not specifically related to the collapse of the lung due to surfactant deficiency.

The given statement is false. COPD stands for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, not Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Distress. COPD is a chronic lung disease that causes airflow obstruction and breathing difficulties. It includes conditions such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Supination refers to the act of turning the palm forward or up. It involves the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces upwards or forwards. This movement is commonly observed when holding a bowl of soup or when performing a bicep curl. Pronation, on the other hand, refers to the opposite movement where the palm faces downwards or backwards. Dorsiflexion refers to the movement of bending the foot upwards towards the shin, while rotation refers to the circular movement around an axis.

A non-productive cough refers to a cough that does not produce any phlegm or sputum. This type of cough is often caused by irritation or inflammation in the respiratory tract. It is called non-productive because it does not help to clear the airways or remove any mucus. Non-productive coughs can be caused by various factors such as allergies, asthma, viral infections, or irritants in the environment. Treatment for a non-productive cough usually involves addressing the underlying cause and using medications to reduce inflammation and soothe the throat.

The hilum of the lung is the area where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lung. It is located on the mediastinal surface of the lung. The mediastinal surface is the side of the lung that faces the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the chest containing the heart, great vessels, and other structures. Therefore, the correct answer is "Mediastinal surface."

Raynaud's phenomenon is characterized by a sudden spasm of peripheral arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to certain areas of the body, typically the fingers and toes. This reduced blood flow can cause the affected areas to become cold and numb. Therefore, Raynaud's phenomenon is the most appropriate explanation for the given symptoms of cold and numb skin areas.

Based on the given information, the most likely diagnosis for the 44-year-old male with symptoms of breathlessness and cough, who works as a labourer with a construction company, would be pneumoconiosis. Pneumoconiosis is a lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust particles, often occurring in occupations with exposure to dust, such as construction work. The accumulation of dust-like particles in the lungs seen on the chest X-ray supports this diagnosis. Emphysema is a different condition characterized by the destruction of lung tissue, bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchial tubes, and lung collapse refers to the partial or complete collapse of a lung, which do not align with the given symptoms and occupational exposure.

Barking cough and stridor are symptoms commonly associated with croup. Croup is a viral infection that causes inflammation and swelling of the upper airway, particularly the larynx and trachea. This inflammation leads to the characteristic barking cough and a high-pitched sound during inhalation called stridor. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by wheezing and shortness of breath, while pertussis is a bacterial infection causing severe coughing spells. Emphysema is a lung disease primarily caused by smoking, leading to shortness of breath and damage to the air sacs in the lungs.

ARDS stands for Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. This condition is characterized by severe lung inflammation and fluid accumulation in the lungs, leading to difficulty in breathing. It is typically caused by injuries to the lungs, such as pneumonia, sepsis, or trauma. The term "adult" in ARDS differentiates it from a similar condition called neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, which affects newborns.

The statement "Intercostal muscles are the chief muscles of inspiration" is incorrect. The diaphragm is the chief muscle of inspiration, not the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm contracts and flattens during inhalation, increasing the volume of the chest cavity and causing air to be drawn into the lungs. The intercostal muscles, located between the ribs, assist in the expansion of the chest cavity during deep breathing but are not the primary muscles responsible for inspiration. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

A lung scintiscan is a diagnostic test that uses radioactive material to create images of the lungs. The radioactive material is injected intravenously or inhaled by the patient. This allows the radioactive material to be distributed throughout the lungs, and the resulting images can help identify any abnormalities or diseases in the lung tissue. MRI, CT scan, and pulmonary angiography do not typically involve the use of radioactive material in the same way as a lung scintiscan.

Mesothelioma is a type of malignant tumor that originates in the pleura, which is the thin membrane that lines the lungs and chest cavity. It is commonly caused by exposure to asbestos and can take several years or even decades to develop. Mesothelioma is a distinct form of cancer and is not classified as pulmonary sarcoma, mesotheliosarcoma, or pleurosarcoma, which are different types of tumors. Therefore, the correct answer is Mesothelioma.