ITEC A&p (Respiratory) Q&a

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. It is positioned between these two cavities and plays a crucial role in the process of breathing. When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and moves downward, allowing the lungs to expand and fill with air. Conversely, when the diaphragm relaxes, it returns to its dome shape, pushing air out of the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is "Between chest cavity and abdominal cavity."

The Adam's apple is formed by the thyroid cartilage at the top of the larynx. The thyroid cartilage is a large, shield-shaped cartilage that sits on top of the larynx and is more prominent in males due to hormonal differences. It helps protect the vocal cords and plays a role in producing sound.

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue caused by infection. This infection can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It leads to symptoms such as cough, fever, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. Treatment for pneumonia usually involves antibiotics or antiviral medications, depending on the cause of the infection.

Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in the lung tissue. This inflammation can be caused by various types of infections, including bacterial, viral, or fungal. Symptoms of pneumonia often include cough, fever, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. Therefore, the correct answer is "It is an inflammation of the lung tissue caused by infection."

The exchange of gases in the lungs takes place in the alveoli. Alveoli are small air sacs located at the end of the bronchioles. They are surrounded by capillaries, which allow for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood. Oxygen from the air enters the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is expelled from the bloodstream into the alveoli to be exhaled. This exchange of gases is vital for the respiratory system to deliver oxygen to the body's cells and remove carbon dioxide.

Bronchioles arise from the bronchi. The bronchi are the main passageways that branch off from the trachea and enter the lungs. As the bronchi continue to branch out within the lungs, they become smaller and eventually give rise to the bronchioles. These bronchioles are responsible for carrying air to the alveoli, which are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. Therefore, the correct answer is bronchi.

The bronchioles are small airways in the lungs that branch out from the bronchi. Their main function is to transport air from the bronchi to the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. The bronchioles play a crucial role in delivering oxygen to the alveoli and removing carbon dioxide from them.

The bronchioles are small airways in the lungs that branch off from the bronchi. Their main function is to transport air from the bronchi to the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. The bronchioles help to distribute air evenly throughout the lungs and deliver it to the alveoli, where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is eliminated.

During inspiration, the diaphragm flattens out. This is because the diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs. When we inhale, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, causing it to flatten out. This movement increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing the lungs to expand and fill with air. As a result, oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body.

During inspiration, the diaphragm flattens outwards. This is because the diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. When we inhale, the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards, which causes it to flatten outwards. This movement increases the volume of the chest cavity, allowing the lungs to expand and fill with air. As a result, the diaphragm plays a crucial role in the process of breathing by facilitating inhalation.

The pleural cavity functions to prevent friction between the layers of the lungs. The pleural membranes that line the cavity and cover the lungs secrete a small amount of fluid, which acts as a lubricant. This allows the lungs to expand and contract smoothly during breathing without causing friction or discomfort.

Gaseous exchange refers to the process of oxygen entering cells and carbon dioxide exiting cells. This occurs through the exchange of gases between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues. Oxygen is taken up by cells for cellular respiration, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is removed from cells. This process is essential for the survival of cells and the overall functioning of the body.

During active exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and the external intercostals relax. This is because when we exhale forcefully, the diaphragm moves upwards, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and compressing the lungs. At the same time, the external intercostal muscles relax, allowing the rib cage to move downwards and inwards, further aiding in the expulsion of air from the lungs. This coordinated relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals helps to generate the necessary pressure gradient for effective exhalation during exercise.

During active exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and the external intercostal muscles also relax. This allows for the passive recoil of the lungs and chest wall, causing the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease. As a result, the pressure inside the lungs increases, forcing air out of the respiratory system. The relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals allows for a more forceful and efficient exhalation, which is necessary during exercise to expel carbon dioxide and waste gases from the body.

The outer layer of the pleura is called the parietal layer. This layer lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity and is attached to the chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum. It provides protection and support to the lungs and helps to maintain their shape and position within the chest cavity. The visceral layer, on the other hand, covers the surface of the lungs themselves. The hilum is a specific area on the lung where blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi enter and exit. There is no such thing as a squamous layer of the pleura.

Emphysema is a condition characterized by the loss of stretch and elasticity of the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs in the lungs. This loss of elasticity leads to the destruction of the walls of the alveoli, causing them to become enlarged and unable to effectively exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. This results in difficulty breathing and reduced lung function. Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, pleural lining, or lung tissue are not specific to emphysema and do not directly cause the characteristic symptoms of the condition.

The structure of the bronchi consists of hyaline cartilage and involuntary muscle. Hyaline cartilage provides support and maintains the shape of the bronchi, while involuntary muscle allows for the contraction and relaxation of the bronchi, helping to regulate airflow.

The pleura is a double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs. It consists of two layers - the visceral pleura which covers the surface of the lungs, and the parietal pleura which lines the inner surface of the chest cavity. The serous membrane is composed of simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue. It helps to reduce friction between the lungs and the chest wall during breathing and provides a smooth surface for the lungs to expand and contract.

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens out, which causes it to move downward and increase the volume of the chest cavity. This increase in volume creates a negative pressure within the lungs, causing air to be drawn in.

The trachea functions to collect foreign matter or bacteria through the goblet secretory cells. These cells produce mucus that traps particles and microbes, preventing them from entering the lungs. This is an important defense mechanism to protect the respiratory system from harmful substances.

External respiration refers to the process of breathing, which involves the inhalation and exhalation of air. It is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the external environment. Breathing is the action that allows this exchange to occur, as it involves the intake of oxygen through inhalation and the release of carbon dioxide through exhalation. Therefore, breathing is another term for external respiration.

The trachea is lined with ciliated epithelium. This type of epithelium is made up of cells that have tiny hair-like structures called cilia on their surface. The cilia move in coordinated waves, helping to sweep mucus and trapped particles out of the trachea and towards the throat, where they can be coughed up or swallowed. This mechanism helps to protect the lungs by clearing away any foreign particles or irritants that may have been inhaled.