Respiratory System - Science Project 9 Grade

The first part of the respiratory system is the nose. It is responsible for filtering, warming, and moistening the air we breathe before it enters the lungs. The nose also contains tiny hairs called cilia, which help to trap dust, pollen, and other particles, preventing them from entering the respiratory system. Additionally, the nose is lined with mucus-producing cells that further help to trap and remove harmful substances from the air.

Bronchioles are small airways in the lungs that branch off from the bronchi. They are responsible for further dividing the air passages and delivering air to the alveoli, where gas exchanges occur. The bronchioles do not belong to the trachea, larynx, or diaphragm, but are instead subdivisions of the bronchi.

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs. When it contracts, it flattens and creates more space in the chest cavity, allowing the lungs to expand and fill with air. This process is called inhalation. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome shape, pushing air out of the lungs. It is the main muscle involved in breathing.

Internal respiration serves to generate ATP. ATP is the main energy currency of the cell and is required for various cellular processes. During internal respiration, oxygen is delivered to the cells and used in the process of cellular respiration to produce ATP. This occurs in the mitochondria of the cells, where glucose and oxygen are metabolized to produce ATP through a series of chemical reactions. Therefore, internal respiration is essential for providing the necessary energy for cellular activities.

The normal number of breaths per minute is typically between 10 to 18 with a 2-second separation. This range is considered normal for a healthy adult at rest. The 2-second separation refers to the duration between each breath.

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions, including the respiratory system. The respiratory system consists of organs and tissues involved in the exchange of gases, such as the lungs and diaphragm. These organs are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, which controls breathing rate and depth based on the body's needs. Therefore, it is correct to say that the respiratory system is a part of the autonomic nervous system.

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The accessory muscles of the respiratory system are the sternocleidomastoid, platysma, and scalene muscles of the neck. These muscles are not directly involved in the normal breathing process but are recruited during times of increased respiratory demand or when the primary breathing muscles are compromised. The sternocleidomastoid muscle helps elevate the sternum and rib cage during deep inhalation, while the platysma muscle assists in elevating the hyoid bone and opening the airway. The scalene muscles aid in elevating the upper ribs and expanding the chest cavity during forced inhalation.