Quiz On Cancer Immunology

Explanation
HER2 is not a Tumor Specific Antigen because it is a protein that is overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells, particularly breast cancer, but it is also found in normal cells. Tumor specific antigens, on the other hand, are proteins that are only present on the surface of tumor cells and not found in normal cells. Therefore, HER2 does not meet the criteria of being a tumor specific antigen.

Explanation
CTLs, or cytotoxic T lymphocytes, are the most effective response to a tumor. CTLs are a type of white blood cell that can recognize and kill infected or abnormal cells, including tumor cells. They do this by releasing cytotoxic molecules that induce cell death in the target cells. This immune response helps to eliminate the tumor and prevent its spread. Antibodies, macrophages, and NK cells also play important roles in the immune response against tumors, but CTLs are specifically designed to target and destroy tumor cells.

Explanation
The given answer "None of the above" is correct because all of the options mentioned are actually tumor evasion strategies. Sequestration is a strategy where tumors hide from the immune system by isolating themselves in certain areas of the body. Tumors can also lose their expression of antigens that would normally trigger an immune response, thus evading detection. Additionally, producing anti-tumor antibodies is another strategy tumors can use to evade the immune system. Therefore, none of the options listed are examples of strategies that are not tumor evasion strategies.

Explanation
IFN (Interferon) causes an increase in class I MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) molecules. Class I MHC molecules are responsible for presenting antigens to cytotoxic T cells, which play a crucial role in the immune response against viral infections and tumor cells. IFN stimulates the expression of class I MHC molecules on the surface of cells, enhancing their ability to present antigens to cytotoxic T cells. This helps to activate the immune response and promote the elimination of infected or abnormal cells.

Explanation
LAKs, or Lymphokine-activated killer cells, are derived from peripheral blood of a patient and cultured with recombinant IL-2. IL-2 is a cytokine that is known to stimulate the growth and activation of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. LAKs are a type of NK cell that has been activated and expanded in culture with IL-2. They are used in immunotherapy to treat certain types of cancer. TILs (Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes) are also derived from peripheral blood and cultured with IL-2, but they are not mentioned in the question. JAKs and BCG are not derived from peripheral blood and are not cultured with IL-2.

Explanation
BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) is a vaccine used as a treatment for tuberculosis (TB). It is derived from a weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which is related to the bacteria that cause TB. BCG is administered to individuals to stimulate their immune response and provide protection against TB. It is primarily used in areas with a high prevalence of TB to prevent severe forms of the disease, such as meningitis, in young children. BCG is not 100% effective in preventing TB, but it can reduce the severity of the disease and prevent complications.

Explanation
President Carter is the correct answer because he was indeed treated with immunotherapy. In 2015, he was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma, a type of skin cancer that had spread to his liver and brain. He underwent treatment with a new form of immunotherapy called pembrolizumab, which helps the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. This treatment was successful, and President Carter's cancer went into remission.

Explanation
The appendix, bone marrow, and lymph nodes are all organs, tissues, and glands that play a crucial role in coordinating elements in the immune system. The appendix is a small pouch located near the junction of the small and large intestines, and it contains a high concentration of immune cells that help fight off infections in the digestive system. The bone marrow is responsible for producing various types of immune cells, such as white blood cells, which are essential for the body's defense against pathogens. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped structures that filter lymph fluid and contain immune cells that help identify and destroy harmful substances in the body.

Explanation
Interferon, a biologic response modifier, is used to treat malignant melanoma. Malignant melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can spread to other parts of the body. Interferon helps to boost the body's immune response to fight against the cancer cells and slow down the progression of the disease. It is often used as an adjuvant therapy after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence and improve the overall survival rate in patients with malignant melanoma.

Explanation
Cancer immunotherapy is a type of treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer cells. This treatment approach has been successful in humans and has shown promising results. Since dogs also have an immune system, cancer immunotherapy can be effective in treating cancer in dogs as well. Therefore, the answer "Yes" is correct.