Bms 300 Final Review Quiz

Pathogenic bacteria enter macrophages through the process of endocytosis. Once inside the cell, they are enclosed in vesicles and transported to the lysosomes. Lysosomes are organelles within the cell that contain enzymes capable of breaking down and destroying the bacteria, thus preventing infection. Exocytosis is the process by which materials are released from the cell, and it does not play a role in the destruction of bacteria within macrophages. Mitochondria are responsible for generating energy in the cell and are not directly involved in the destruction of pathogens.

The phosphate head groups are the hydrophilic region of biological membranes. This is because phosphate groups are polar and have a negative charge, making them attracted to water molecules. In biological membranes, the hydrophilic phosphate head groups face towards the aqueous environment, while the hydrophobic fatty acid side chains face inward, creating a barrier that allows the membrane to regulate the passage of molecules. The carbon to carbon bonds, glycerol backbone, and ester bonds are all components of the phospholipids that make up the biological membranes, but they do not specifically comprise the hydrophilic region.

In the peripheral nervous system, the neuronal dendrites and cell bodies are clustered in ganglia. Ganglia are small clusters of nerve cells located outside the central nervous system. They serve as relay points for transmitting signals between different parts of the body and the central nervous system. Ganglia play a crucial role in coordinating and regulating various bodily functions, such as sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions.

RNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleus of a cell. In order to perform their functions, they need to exit the nucleus and travel to the cytoplasm where ribosomes are located. The nuclear pores are large protein complexes that act as gateways, allowing molecules to pass in and out of the nucleus. Since RNA molecules need to exit the nucleus, they pass through these nuclear pores to reach the cytoplasm. Therefore, the correct answer is "nuclear pores".

In this scenario, water will not flow because the osmotic forces are balanced. Osmosis occurs when there is a difference in solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane, causing water to move from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. However, in this case, the left-hand compartment has a higher solute concentration (50 millimolar NaCl) compared to the right-hand compartment (100 millimolar urea). Since urea is a small, charged molecule that does not dissociate, it does not contribute to the osmotic pressure. Therefore, the osmotic forces are balanced and water will not flow.

The three-dimensional shape of a protein is determined by the interaction of its R groups. R groups, also known as side chains, are variable chemical groups attached to the amino acids that make up the protein. These R groups can be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or charged, and their interactions with each other and with water molecules play a crucial role in folding the protein into its unique tertiary structure. The specific arrangement of R groups determines the protein's function and stability.

The given correct answer is "all of the above are correct." This means that all of the statements mentioned in the question are true for compact bone. Collagen fibers do indeed provide resistance to lateral shear forces, hydroxyapatite (mostly calcium phosphate) provides resistance to compression forces, osteons are organized in columns that run parallel to the long axis of the bone, and an osteon contains a central canal occupied by a blood vessel.

fibrocartliage is a cartliage and collagen is the major component of cartilage

Kinesin is a motor protein that plays a crucial role in fast axoplasmic transport, which is the movement of cellular components along axons. Like myosin, kinesin also requires energy to function, and this energy is obtained from ATP hydrolysis. Therefore, kinesin is an ATPase, making the answer "ATPase" correct.

Histones are proteins that play a crucial role in DNA packaging. They bind to DNA and help in folding it into a more compact structure called a chromosome. This folding is necessary to fit the long DNA molecule into the nucleus of a cell. By wrapping around the DNA, histones provide support and stability to the chromosome structure. They also play a role in regulating gene expression by controlling access to the DNA. Therefore, the correct answer is that histones bind to DNA and assist in folding it into a chromosome.

The resting membrane potential is the electrical charge difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest. This potential is primarily determined by the movement of potassium ions (K+) across the membrane. K+ leak channels allow K+ ions to move out of the cell, contributing to the negative charge inside the cell and the positive charge outside. Therefore, the correct answer is the K+ leak channel.

Kinesin is an ATPase that moves vesicles along microtubules.

In mice with the dyspedic mutation, the lack of ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle prevents the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This release of Ca2+ is necessary for muscle contraction to occur. Without the release of Ca2+, the muscle cells are unable to contract properly, leading to the failure to breathe and ultimately death at birth.

Prokaryotes lack endoplasmic reticulum, which is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. The endoplasmic reticulum plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and calcium storage. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, do not have a complex internal membrane system like the endoplasmic reticulum. Instead, they have a simpler structure with no membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes carry out protein synthesis using ribosomes, have DNA and RNA for genetic information, and produce proteins, but they do not possess an endoplasmic reticulum.

Gullian Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disease that attacks and destroys Schwann cells, which are responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system. The destruction of Schwann cells leads to demyelination of axons, causing a disruption in the transmission of action potentials in the peripheral nervous system. Therefore, options a and d are correct as they accurately describe the effects of Gullian Barre syndrome.

In axons, the movement of membrane proteins occurs through the transportation of vesicles along microtubules. Microtubules are long, hollow tubes made up of protein subunits called tubulins, which provide a track for the movement of vesicles. Vesicles are small, membrane-bound sacs that transport molecules within the cell. This process is known as fast axoplasmic transport and is essential for the proper functioning and maintenance of axons.

Duct systems are exterior systems, exposed to the environment outside of the body. Blood is completely cut off from the outside environment and is therefore an endocrine system

motor information always comes from the brain and is an efferent system. If an AP is propagating toward the brain, it is afferent and is sensory.

The signaling of GnRH to gonadotropes is an example of endocrine signaling. Endocrine signaling involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream, which then travel to target cells or tissues located at a distance from the source of the hormone. In this case, GnRH is released by the hypothalamus and travels through the bloodstream to the pituitary gland, where it stimulates the release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) that regulate the function of the gonads.

If a tumor is classified as a carcinoma, it indicates that the tumor originated from epithelial cells. Carcinomas are a type of cancer that starts in the epithelial tissue, which is the tissue that lines the surfaces and cavities of organs and structures in the body. Epithelial cells are responsible for protecting and covering the body's surfaces, and they can be found in various organs such as the skin, lungs, and digestive system. Therefore, if a tumor is classified as a carcinoma, it implies that it started from epithelial cells.

An action potential is an all or none potential, meaning that it either occurs fully or does not occur at all. It is generated when the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold. This means that if the threshold is not reached, the action potential will not be generated. Therefore, the correct answer is that an action potential is an all or none potential and has a threshold for generation.

Potentials initiated in a 5-centimeter long neuron that contains only passive membrane would normally dissipate within a few millimeters of the site of their initiation. This is because passive membrane properties do not allow for the propagation of electrical signals along the entire length of the neuron. Instead, the potentials would gradually decrease in strength as they travel away from their initiation site, eventually dissipating within a short distance.

Na+ and K+ v-gated channels are along the conductile region of the neuron, so this is the only choice with conductile region

Chondrocytes are the primary cell of cartilage

tRNA (transfer RNA) is covalently linked to an amino acid before it enters a ribosome. tRNA molecules have specific binding sites for both amino acids and mRNA. Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid and brings it to the ribosome during protein synthesis. The amino acid is covalently attached to the tRNA molecule through an ester bond, forming an aminoacyl-tRNA. This process is catalyzed by an enzyme called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Once the tRNA with the attached amino acid enters the ribosome, the amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain according to the information encoded in the mRNA.

Chrondrocyte is the cell of the cartilage
fibrocyte is the cell of the dermis is connective tissue proper

After an action potential reaches its peak, the membrane begins to repolarize because voltage-gated Na channels are closing and voltage-gated K channels are opening. The closing of the Na channels stops the influx of Na+ ions, which were responsible for depolarizing the membrane. At the same time, the opening of K channels allows K+ ions to leave the cell, leading to the restoration of the negative membrane potential. This combination of events results in the repolarization of the membrane.

Keratin is a type of protein that is found in keratinocytes, which are cells that produce keratin. Keratin is known to be an intermediate filament protein, meaning it is a structural protein that provides strength and stability to cells. It forms a network of filaments within cells, contributing to the structure and integrity of various tissues, such as the skin, hair, and nails. Therefore, the correct answer is intermediate filament protein.

The addition of the protease to the inside of the conductile region of the neuron would prevent or prolong the return of the membrane potential to the resting level. This is because the "ball and chain" on the voltage-gated Na+ channel, which is normally removed by the protease, plays a role in the repolarization of the membrane potential back to its resting level. By preventing or prolonging this return, the protease would disrupt the normal repolarization process. Additionally, the protease would also prevent the inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels, which would lead to a prolonged depolarization phase and further contribute to the prevention or prolongation of the return of the membrane potential to the resting level.

Tight junctions are the correct answer because they form a barrier between adjacent endothelial cells, preventing the movement of most hydrophobic molecules from the blood into the brain. Tight junctions create a seal between cells, preventing the leakage of substances between them. This is important in the brain capillaries to maintain the blood-brain barrier, which regulates the transport of molecules and protects the brain from potentially harmful substances. Gap junctions, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes do not provide the same level of tight sealing and would not be effective in preventing the movement of hydrophobic molecules.

The ribose molecules in RNA are linked to one another by phosphodiester bonds. These bonds are formed between the phosphate group of one ribose molecule and the hydroxyl group of the adjacent ribose molecule. This linkage creates a sugar-phosphate backbone in RNA, which provides stability to the molecule and allows for the formation of the RNA strand. Hydrogen bonds are involved in base pairing in RNA, while peptide bonds are involved in linking amino acids in proteins. Therefore, the correct answer is c. phosphodiester bonds.

Many EPSPs must summate at the trigger zone in order to generate an action potential in neurons in the central nervous system. This means that the individual excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated by the input regions of the neuron need to reach a certain threshold and combine their effects in order to depolarize the membrane potential at the trigger zone enough to initiate an action potential. It is likely that at least 20 EPSPs, and possibly more, need to summate in order to reach this threshold and generate an action potential.

It could not be translation because that is mRNA -> amino acids
It does not bind eo the mitochondria and it must be able to bind to DNA

The signal peptide that emerges from the large ribosomal subunit is composed of hydrophobic amino acids, which allows it to interact with the hydrophobic interior of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. This interaction determines that the protein will be synthesized on the rough ER. Additionally, the signal peptide binds to a signal recognition particle (SRP), which helps to target the ribosome to the ER membrane. Once at the ER membrane, the signal peptide binds to the protein translocator, which facilitates the translocation of the growing polypeptide chain into the ER lumen. Therefore, all of the statements are correct.

In the Anterolateral System, the cell bodies are located opposite of the conductile region. Cell bodies are all located in the dorsal horn.

Oxytocin (OT) is secreted from the posterior pituitary
The anterior pituitary secretes (LH) (FSH) (Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH) (GH) (ACTH) (Prl)

Glycosylation is adding sugar molecules to the protein and occurs in the Endoplasmic reticulum

Voltage gated Ca2+ channels are located on the presynaptic cell body. When the influx in Na+ causes an increase in positive charge, the V-gated Ca2+ channels open, releasing neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters then trigger the Ligand gated Ionotropic channel to open and admit Sodium into the postsynaptic cell (input region)

The correct answer is c. the receptor that binds the neurotransmitter. The postsynaptic response at chemical synapses is primarily dictated by the receptor that binds the neurotransmitter. When a neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron, it binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. The binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor triggers a series of events that lead to the generation of an electrical signal in the postsynaptic neuron, thus determining the postsynaptic response. The type of neuron that releases the neurotransmitter and the neurotransmitter itself are also important factors, but the receptor plays a crucial role in determining the postsynaptic response.

Integration at synapses occurs when EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) summate with EPSPs and IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) summate with IPSPs. This means that the excitatory and inhibitory signals received by a neuron are added together to determine whether the neuron will fire an action potential. However, action potentials themselves do not summate. They are all-or-nothing events that are generated once a certain threshold is reached. Therefore, the correct answer is that all except "action potentials summate" are correct.

In the anterior pituitary, hormones are translated on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis and has ribosomes attached to its surface. These ribosomes translate the genetic information from mRNA into proteins, including hormones. Therefore, the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site where hormones are synthesized in the anterior pituitary.

During the synthesis of kinesin, ribosomal RNA catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds. Ribosomal RNA is a component of the ribosome, which is the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. It acts as a catalyst, bringing together the amino acids carried by transfer RNA molecules and facilitating the formation of peptide bonds between them. This process ultimately leads to the synthesis of kinesin, a motor protein involved in cellular transport.

The premotor cortex, responsible for planning motor activity, is located in the frontal lobe of the brain. This area is involved in the coordination and execution of voluntary movements. It receives input from other areas of the brain and integrates sensory information to plan and initiate motor actions. The frontal lobe is also involved in higher cognitive functions such as decision making, problem solving, and social behavior.

epimysium, endomysim and perimysium are all part of the extracellular protein matrix of muscle fibers

RNA is not produced from translation
Transcription does not produce protein, but produces RNA
Translation produced Amino Acid chains first

Elastin is not a secreted protein, so you know it cannot be all of the above.

The thalamic relay nucleus is where ALL second order neurons synapse

The signal peptide is responsible for targeting the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during protein synthesis. Without the signal peptide, the protein would not be able to enter the ER and therefore would not be processed in the Golgi apparatus or targeted to the lysosomes. Instead, it would remain in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the correct answer is cytoplasm.

Astrocytes are known to have the most active glutamate and K+ uptake mechanisms among the given cell types in the central nervous system. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that is released by neurons and needs to be cleared from the synaptic cleft to prevent overexcitation. Astrocytes play a crucial role in this process by taking up excess glutamate. Additionally, astrocytes also regulate the extracellular potassium levels by actively taking up potassium ions. Therefore, astrocytes are responsible for maintaining the balance of neurotransmitters and ions in the central nervous system.

Kinase adds PO4 which activates an amino acid
Phosphatase removes PO4 which inactivates the amino acid
Insulin is not an amino acid