Bms 300 Final Review Quiz

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  • 1/73 Questions

    When pathogenic bacteria bind to macrophages, they enter the cell by _______, and travel in vesicles to the _______ where they are destroyed.

    • Exocytosis, nucleus
    • Exocytosis, lysosomes
    • Endocytosis, lysosomes
    • Exocytosis, mitochondria
    • Endocytosis, mitochondria
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About This Quiz

This BMS 300 Final Review Quiz assesses knowledge on hormonal signaling mechanisms, focusing on endocrine signaling, receptor types, and hormone action sites. It's designed to test comprehension of intracellular and cell surface receptors, and hormone-receptor interactions, crucial for advanced studies in biology and medicine.

Endocrinology Quizzes & Trivia

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  • 2. 

    The ______ comprise the hydrophilic region of biological membranes.

    • Phosphate head groups

    • Fatty acid side chains

    • Carbon to carbon bonds

    • Glycerol backbone

    • Ester bonds

    Correct Answer
    A. Phosphate head groups
    Explanation
    The phosphate head groups are the hydrophilic region of biological membranes. This is because phosphate groups are polar and have a negative charge, making them attracted to water molecules. In biological membranes, the hydrophilic phosphate head groups face towards the aqueous environment, while the hydrophobic fatty acid side chains face inward, creating a barrier that allows the membrane to regulate the passage of molecules. The carbon to carbon bonds, glycerol backbone, and ester bonds are all components of the phospholipids that make up the biological membranes, but they do not specifically comprise the hydrophilic region.

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  • 3. 

    In the peripheral nervous system, the neuronal dendrites and cell bodies are clustered in:

    • Nerves

    • Ganglia

    • Nuclei

    • Tracts

    • Efferents

    Correct Answer
    A. Ganglia
    Explanation
    In the peripheral nervous system, the neuronal dendrites and cell bodies are clustered in ganglia. Ganglia are small clusters of nerve cells located outside the central nervous system. They serve as relay points for transmitting signals between different parts of the body and the central nervous system. Ganglia play a crucial role in coordinating and regulating various bodily functions, such as sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions.

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  • 4. 

    All three types of RNA exit the nucleus through:

    • Nuclear pores

    • The rough endoplasmic reticulum

    • Ribosomes

    • The lipid bilayer

    • Lysosomes

    Correct Answer
    A. Nuclear pores
    Explanation
    RNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleus of a cell. In order to perform their functions, they need to exit the nucleus and travel to the cytoplasm where ribosomes are located. The nuclear pores are large protein complexes that act as gateways, allowing molecules to pass in and out of the nucleus. Since RNA molecules need to exit the nucleus, they pass through these nuclear pores to reach the cytoplasm. Therefore, the correct answer is "nuclear pores".

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  • 5. 

    Two solutions are separated by a membrane that contains only channels permeable to water (aquaporins). The solution in the left-hand compartment contains 50 millimolar NaCl, which dissociates completely, and the right hand compartment contains 100 millimolar urea which is a small, charged molecule that does not dissociate. Which of the following statements is correct?

    • Water will not flow because osmotic forces are balanced

    • Water will flow from right to left because the osmotic concentration of the NaCl is higher

    • Water will flow from left to right because the osmotic concentration of the urea is higher

    • Urea will diffuse from right to left

    • A and d are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. Water will not flow because osmotic forces are balanced
    Explanation
    In this scenario, water will not flow because the osmotic forces are balanced. Osmosis occurs when there is a difference in solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane, causing water to move from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. However, in this case, the left-hand compartment has a higher solute concentration (50 millimolar NaCl) compared to the right-hand compartment (100 millimolar urea). Since urea is a small, charged molecule that does not dissociate, it does not contribute to the osmotic pressure. Therefore, the osmotic forces are balanced and water will not flow.

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  • 6. 

    The three-dimensional shape (tertiary structure) of a protein results largely from the interaction of the _______ with one another or with water.

    • Carboxycylic acid groups

    • Amine groups

    • Peptide bonds

    • R groups

    • Phosphodiester bond

    Correct Answer
    A. R groups
    Explanation
    The three-dimensional shape of a protein is determined by the interaction of its R groups. R groups, also known as side chains, are variable chemical groups attached to the amino acids that make up the protein. These R groups can be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or charged, and their interactions with each other and with water molecules play a crucial role in folding the protein into its unique tertiary structure. The specific arrangement of R groups determines the protein's function and stability.

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  • 7. 

    In compact bone,

    • Collagen fibers provide resistance to lateral shear forces

    • Hydroxyapatite (mostly calcium phosphate) provides resistance to compression forces

    • Osteons are organized in columns that run parallel to the long axis of the bone

    • An osteon contains a central canal occupied by a blood vessel

    • All of the above are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above are correct
    Explanation
    The given correct answer is "all of the above are correct." This means that all of the statements mentioned in the question are true for compact bone. Collagen fibers do indeed provide resistance to lateral shear forces, hydroxyapatite (mostly calcium phosphate) provides resistance to compression forces, osteons are organized in columns that run parallel to the long axis of the bone, and an osteon contains a central canal occupied by a blood vessel.

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  • 8. 

    The rope-like extracellular protein that gives skin and fibrocartliage its tough resilient characteristics is:

    • Keratin

    • Microtubules

    • Actin

    • Collagen

    • Elastin

    Correct Answer
    A. Collagen
    Explanation
    fibrocartliage is a cartliage and collagen is the major component of cartilage

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  • 9. 

    Like myosin in muscle movement, kinesin, which drives fast axoplasmic transport is a(n):

    • ATPase

    • GTP binding protein

    • Ca2+ binding protein

    • Kinase

    • All of the above are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. ATPase
    Explanation
    Kinesin is a motor protein that plays a crucial role in fast axoplasmic transport, which is the movement of cellular components along axons. Like myosin, kinesin also requires energy to function, and this energy is obtained from ATP hydrolysis. Therefore, kinesin is an ATPase, making the answer "ATPase" correct.

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  • 10. 

    The role of histones is to:

    • Bind to DNA and assist in folding DNA into a chromosome.

    • Permit mRNA molecules to fold properly after they are transcribed

    • Permit proteins to fold properly in endoplasmic reticulum

    • Bind to specific amino acids in the signal sequence

    • Escort mRNA molecules through nuclear pores

    Correct Answer
    A. Bind to DNA and assist in folding DNA into a chromosome.
    Explanation
    Histones are proteins that play a crucial role in DNA packaging. They bind to DNA and help in folding it into a more compact structure called a chromosome. This folding is necessary to fit the long DNA molecule into the nucleus of a cell. By wrapping around the DNA, histones provide support and stability to the chromosome structure. They also play a role in regulating gene expression by controlling access to the DNA. Therefore, the correct answer is that histones bind to DNA and assist in folding it into a chromosome.

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  • 11. 

    The resting membrane potential results primarily from which of the following channels being open?

    • Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel

    • Voltage-gated Na+ channel

    • Voltage-gated K+ channel

    • K+ leak channel

    • Both voltage-gated Na+ channel and Voltage-gated K+ channel

    Correct Answer
    A. K+ leak channel
    Explanation
    The resting membrane potential is the electrical charge difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest. This potential is primarily determined by the movement of potassium ions (K+) across the membrane. K+ leak channels allow K+ ions to move out of the cell, contributing to the negative charge inside the cell and the positive charge outside. Therefore, the correct answer is the K+ leak channel.

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  • 12. 

    Kinesin is a(n) ________ that moves _______ along ______.

    • Kinase, vesicles, microtubles

    • ATPase, microtubules, actin

    • Kinase, vesicles, actin

    • ATPase, vesicles, actin

    • ATPase, vesicles, microtubules

    Correct Answer
    A. ATPase, vesicles, microtubules
    Explanation
    Kinesin is an ATPase that moves vesicles along microtubules.

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  • 13. 

    There is a mutation in mice called dyspedic where the animal lacks ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. These animals fail to breateh and die at birth because the mutation prevents:

    • The release of neurotransmitter from the lower motor neuron

    • The opening of Ligand-gated channels in the muscle cell

    • The depolarization of the T-tubule membrane adjacent to the SR

    • The release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

    • The opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels in the sarcolemma

    Correct Answer
    A. The release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
    Explanation
    In mice with the dyspedic mutation, the lack of ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle prevents the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This release of Ca2+ is necessary for muscle contraction to occur. Without the release of Ca2+, the muscle cells are unable to contract properly, leading to the failure to breathe and ultimately death at birth.

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  • 14. 

    In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes lack:

    • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • Ribosomes

    • DNA

    • RNA

    • Protein

    Correct Answer
    A. Endoplasmic reticulum
    Explanation
    Prokaryotes lack endoplasmic reticulum, which is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. The endoplasmic reticulum plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and calcium storage. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, do not have a complex internal membrane system like the endoplasmic reticulum. Instead, they have a simpler structure with no membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes carry out protein synthesis using ribosomes, have DNA and RNA for genetic information, and produce proteins, but they do not possess an endoplasmic reticulum.

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  • 15. 

    Gullian Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disease that attacks and destroys Schwann cells. The effect of this disease is to:

    • A. block or slow action potential propagation in the peripheral nervous system

    • B. prevent the uptake of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system

    • C. disrupt the function of cells responsible for the immune response in the central nervous system

    • D. demyelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system

    • A and d are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. A and d are correct
    Explanation
    Gullian Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disease that attacks and destroys Schwann cells, which are responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system. The destruction of Schwann cells leads to demyelination of axons, causing a disruption in the transmission of action potentials in the peripheral nervous system. Therefore, options a and d are correct as they accurately describe the effects of Gullian Barre syndrome.

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  • 16. 

    The movement of membrane proteins in axons occurs in _______ on _______ as fast axoplasmic transport.

    • The cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum

    • Vesicles, actin filaments

    • The cytoplasm, microtubules

    • Vesicles, microtubules

    • Vesicles, cytoplasmic proteins

    Correct Answer
    A. Vesicles, microtubules
    Explanation
    In axons, the movement of membrane proteins occurs through the transportation of vesicles along microtubules. Microtubules are long, hollow tubes made up of protein subunits called tubulins, which provide a track for the movement of vesicles. Vesicles are small, membrane-bound sacs that transport molecules within the cell. This process is known as fast axoplasmic transport and is essential for the proper functioning and maintenance of axons.

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  • 17. 

    Signaling of GnRH to gonadotropes is an example of which of the following:

    • Autocrine signaling

    • Paracrine signaling

    • Neutral signaling

    • Endocrine signaling

    • Neuroendocrine signaling

    Correct Answer
    A. Endocrine signaling
    Explanation
    The signaling of GnRH to gonadotropes is an example of endocrine signaling. Endocrine signaling involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream, which then travel to target cells or tissues located at a distance from the source of the hormone. In this case, GnRH is released by the hypothalamus and travels through the bloodstream to the pituitary gland, where it stimulates the release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) that regulate the function of the gonads.

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  • 18. 

    Which of the following BEST describes the difference between exocrine and endocrine

    • Exocrine refers to secretion of a substance into the bloodstream

    • Endocrine refers to secretion of a neurotransmitter

    • Exocrine refers to secretion of a substance into a duct

    • Endocrine refers to secretion of a substance into a duct

    • Exocrine refers to secretion of a neurotransmitter

    Correct Answer
    A. Exocrine refers to secretion of a substance into a duct
    Explanation
    Duct systems are exterior systems, exposed to the environment outside of the body. Blood is completely cut off from the outside environment and is therefore an endocrine system

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  • 19. 

    Action potentials propagating toward the central nervous system carry:

    • A. motor information

    • B. sensory information

    • C. both sensory and motor information

    • D. efferent information

    • Sensory information and efferent information

    Correct Answer
    A. B. sensory information
    Explanation
    motor information always comes from the brain and is an efferent system. If an AP is propagating toward the brain, it is afferent and is sensory.

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  • 20. 

    If a tumor is classified as a carcinoma, you can conclude that the tumor originated as a _______ cell.

    • Osteocyte

    • Epithelial cell

    • Chrondrocyte

    • Fibrocyte

    • A cell in the dermis

    Correct Answer
    A. Epithelial cell
    Explanation
    If a tumor is classified as a carcinoma, it indicates that the tumor originated from epithelial cells. Carcinomas are a type of cancer that starts in the epithelial tissue, which is the tissue that lines the surfaces and cavities of organs and structures in the body. Epithelial cells are responsible for protecting and covering the body's surfaces, and they can be found in various organs such as the skin, lungs, and digestive system. Therefore, if a tumor is classified as a carcinoma, it implies that it started from epithelial cells.

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  • 21. 

    An action potential:

    • Is an all or non potential

    • Is graded with the number of voltage-gated channels that open

    • Has a threshold for generation

    • Will vary in size depending on the number of ligand-gated ionotropic channels that open

    • Is an all or non potential AND has a threshold for generation

    Correct Answer
    A. Is an all or non potential AND has a threshold for generation
    Explanation
    An action potential is an all or none potential, meaning that it either occurs fully or does not occur at all. It is generated when the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold. This means that if the threshold is not reached, the action potential will not be generated. Therefore, the correct answer is that an action potential is an all or none potential and has a threshold for generation.

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  • 22. 

    Potentials initiated in a 5-centimeter long neuron that contains only passive membrane would:

    • Remain unchanged along the entire length of the neuron

    • Initiate an action potential

    • Reinitiate themselves every few millimeters

    • Normally dissipate within a few millimeters of the site of their initiation

    • Reach threshold within a few millimeters of the site of their initiation

    Correct Answer
    A. Normally dissipate within a few millimeters of the site of their initiation
    Explanation
    Potentials initiated in a 5-centimeter long neuron that contains only passive membrane would normally dissipate within a few millimeters of the site of their initiation. This is because passive membrane properties do not allow for the propagation of electrical signals along the entire length of the neuron. Instead, the potentials would gradually decrease in strength as they travel away from their initiation site, eventually dissipating within a short distance.

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  • 23. 

    Voltage-gated Na+ and K= channels are clustered at the ____ of the ____ of a neuron

    • Internodal region, input region

    • Nodes of Ranvier, input

    • Dendrites, input region

    • Nodes of Ranvier, conductile

    • Cell body, input region

    Correct Answer
    A. Nodes of Ranvier, conductile
    Explanation
    Na+ and K+ v-gated channels are along the conductile region of the neuron, so this is the only choice with conductile region

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  • 24. 

    Following a bad cut in the skin, a scar will often form. A scar is formed by connective tissue cells, which in this case are likely ______ from the _______.

    • Epithelial cells, stratum corneum

    • Chondrocytes, dermis

    • Fibrocytes, dermis

    • Epithelial cells, stratum basale

    • Fibrocytes, stratum basale

    Correct Answer
    A. Fibrocytes, dermis
    Explanation
    Chondrocytes are the primary cell of cartilage

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  • 25. 

    Which of the following is covalently linked to an amino acid before it enters a ribosome?

    • TRNA (transfer RNA)

    • MRNA(messenger RNA)

    • RRNA (ribosomal RNA)

    • The protein transloactor

    • The start codon

    Correct Answer
    A. TRNA (transfer RNA)
    Explanation
    tRNA (transfer RNA) is covalently linked to an amino acid before it enters a ribosome. tRNA molecules have specific binding sites for both amino acids and mRNA. Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid and brings it to the ribosome during protein synthesis. The amino acid is covalently attached to the tRNA molecule through an ester bond, forming an aminoacyl-tRNA. This process is catalyzed by an enzyme called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Once the tRNA with the attached amino acid enters the ribosome, the amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain according to the information encoded in the mRNA.

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  • 26. 

    In compact bone, the connective tissue cell type found in concentric rings of the osteon is the:

    • Chrondrocyte

    • Fibrocyte

    • Osteocyte

    • Hemotopoietic cell of the spongy bone

    • All of the above are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. Osteocyte
    Explanation
    Chrondrocyte is the cell of the cartilage
    fibrocyte is the cell of the dermis is connective tissue proper

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  • 27. 

    Just after an action potential reaches its peak (the point where the membrane potential is most depolarized) the membrane begins to re-polarize because:

    • Voltage-gated Na channels are opening

    • Voltage-gated Na channels are closing

    • Voltage-gated K channels are closing

    • Voltage-gated K channels are opening

    • Voltage gated Na channels are closing AND voltage-gated K channels are opening

    Correct Answer
    A. Voltage gated Na channels are closing AND voltage-gated K channels are opening
    Explanation
    After an action potential reaches its peak, the membrane begins to repolarize because voltage-gated Na channels are closing and voltage-gated K channels are opening. The closing of the Na channels stops the influx of Na+ ions, which were responsible for depolarizing the membrane. At the same time, the opening of K channels allows K+ ions to leave the cell, leading to the restoration of the negative membrane potential. This combination of events results in the repolarization of the membrane.

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  • 28. 

    Keratin, which is found in keratinocytes is a(n):

    • Actin complex

    • Motor protein

    • ATPase

    • Intermediate filament protein

    • Microtubule binding protein

    Correct Answer
    A. Intermediate filament protein
    Explanation
    Keratin is a type of protein that is found in keratinocytes, which are cells that produce keratin. Keratin is known to be an intermediate filament protein, meaning it is a structural protein that provides strength and stability to cells. It forms a network of filaments within cells, contributing to the structure and integrity of various tissues, such as the skin, hair, and nails. Therefore, the correct answer is intermediate filament protein.

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  • 29. 

    A protease, whose effect is to remove the "ball and chain" on the voltage-gated Na+ channel, is added to the inside of the conductile region of a neuron. The effect of this treatment would be to:

    • Reduce the duration of the action potential

    • Prevent the membrane from reaching the threshold

    • Prevent or prolong the return of the membrane potential to the resting level

    • Prevent the inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels

    • Prevent or prolong the return of the membrane potential to the resting level AND prevent the inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels

    Correct Answer
    A. Prevent or prolong the return of the membrane potential to the resting level AND prevent the inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels
    Explanation
    The addition of the protease to the inside of the conductile region of the neuron would prevent or prolong the return of the membrane potential to the resting level. This is because the "ball and chain" on the voltage-gated Na+ channel, which is normally removed by the protease, plays a role in the repolarization of the membrane potential back to its resting level. By preventing or prolonging this return, the protease would disrupt the normal repolarization process. Additionally, the protease would also prevent the inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels, which would lead to a prolonged depolarization phase and further contribute to the prevention or prolongation of the return of the membrane potential to the resting level.

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  • 30. 

    In the capillaries in the brain, you would expect _______ between adjacent endothelial cells to prevent the movement most hydrophobic molecules from the blood into the brain

    • A. gap junctions

    • B. desmosomes

    • C. hemidesmosomes

    • D. tight junctions

    • C and d are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. D. tight junctions
    Explanation
    Tight junctions are the correct answer because they form a barrier between adjacent endothelial cells, preventing the movement of most hydrophobic molecules from the blood into the brain. Tight junctions create a seal between cells, preventing the leakage of substances between them. This is important in the brain capillaries to maintain the blood-brain barrier, which regulates the transport of molecules and protects the brain from potentially harmful substances. Gap junctions, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes do not provide the same level of tight sealing and would not be effective in preventing the movement of hydrophobic molecules.

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  • 31. 

    The ribose molecules in RNA are linked one to another by:

    • A. hydrogen bonds

    • B. peptide bonds

    • C. phosphodiester bonds

    • D. hydrophobic bonds

    • B and c are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. C. phosphodiester bonds
    Explanation
    The ribose molecules in RNA are linked to one another by phosphodiester bonds. These bonds are formed between the phosphate group of one ribose molecule and the hydroxyl group of the adjacent ribose molecule. This linkage creates a sugar-phosphate backbone in RNA, which provides stability to the molecule and allows for the formation of the RNA strand. Hydrogen bonds are involved in base pairing in RNA, while peptide bonds are involved in linking amino acids in proteins. Therefore, the correct answer is c. phosphodiester bonds.

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  • 32. 

    Intracellular receptors require which of the following domains?

    • Transactivation domain, DNA binding domain, hormone binding domain

    • Translation domain, DNA binding domain, hormone binding domain

    • Transactivation domain, mitochondrial binding domain, hormone binding domain

    • Transactivation domain, DNA binding domain, mitochondrial binding domain

    • Membrane binding domain, translation domain, nuclear binding domain

    Correct Answer
    A. Transactivation domain, DNA binding domain, hormone binding domain
    Explanation
    It could not be translation because that is mRNA -> amino acids
    It does not bind eo the mitochondria and it must be able to bind to DNA

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  • 33. 

    Which of the following is (are) true for action potential generation in neurons in the central nervous system?

    • A single EPSP drives the membrane potential at the trigger zone to threshold

    • A potential with an amplitude less than 2 mV reaches the trigger zone and is sufficient to generate an action potential

    • Many (at least 20 and probably many more) EPSPs must summate at the trigger zone

    • The opening of ligand-gated channels in the input region opens nearby voltage-gated Na+ channels confined to the cell body and dendrites of the same cell

    Correct Answer
    A. Many (at least 20 and probably many more) EPSPs must summate at the trigger zone
    Explanation
    Many EPSPs must summate at the trigger zone in order to generate an action potential in neurons in the central nervous system. This means that the individual excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated by the input regions of the neuron need to reach a certain threshold and combine their effects in order to depolarize the membrane potential at the trigger zone enough to initiate an action potential. It is likely that at least 20 EPSPs, and possibly more, need to summate in order to reach this threshold and generate an action potential.

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  • 34. 

    Which of the following is not released by cells in the anterior pituitary?

    • Luteinizing hormone (LH)

    • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

    • Oxytocin (OT)

    • Growth hormone (GH)

    • All of the above are released by cells in the anterior pituitary

    Correct Answer
    A. Oxytocin (OT)
    Explanation
    Oxytocin (OT) is secreted from the posterior pituitary
    The anterior pituitary secretes (LH) (FSH) (Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH) (GH) (ACTH) (Prl)

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  • 35. 

    The signal peptide that emerges from the large ribosomal subunit:

    • Is composed of hydrophobic amino acids

    • Determines that the protein will be synthesized on rough endoplasmic reticulum

    • Binds to a signal recognition particle

    • Binds to the protein translocator in the endoplasmic reticulum

    • All of the above are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above are correct
    Explanation
    The signal peptide that emerges from the large ribosomal subunit is composed of hydrophobic amino acids, which allows it to interact with the hydrophobic interior of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. This interaction determines that the protein will be synthesized on the rough ER. Additionally, the signal peptide binds to a signal recognition particle (SRP), which helps to target the ribosome to the ER membrane. Once at the ER membrane, the signal peptide binds to the protein translocator, which facilitates the translocation of the growing polypeptide chain into the ER lumen. Therefore, all of the statements are correct.

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  • 36. 

    In a postmortem study of a spinal cord you find degeneration of neuronal conductile regions in the spinothalamic tract of the anterolateral system. You conclude that the cell bodies that died to cause the degeneration are located in the:

    • Ventral horn on the same side of the cord as the degenerating axons in the tract

    • Dorsal horn on the opposite side of the cord as the degenerating axons in the tract

    • Dorsal horn on the same side of the cord as the degenerating axons in the tract

    • Thalamus on the same side

    • Dorsal column nuclei

    Correct Answer
    A. Dorsal horn on the opposite side of the cord as the degenerating axons in the tract
    Explanation
    In the Anterolateral System, the cell bodies are located opposite of the conductile region. Cell bodies are all located in the dorsal horn.

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  • 37. 

    Tunicamycin is a drug that prevents the early stages of protein glycosylation. Where would you expect this drug to have its major effect?

    • A.) In the nucleus

    • B.) In the ribosome

    • C.) In the cytoplasm

    • D.) In the endoplasmic reticulum

    • B and c are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. D.) In the endoplasmic reticulum
    Explanation
    Glycosylation is adding sugar molecules to the protein and occurs in the Endoplasmic reticulum

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  • 38. 

    There is a toxin produced by a fish-hunting snail that blocks voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the output regions of lower motor neurons. The effect of this toxin is to paralyze the fish by:

    • Preventing the repolarization of the action potential in the somatic efferent.

    • Preventing neurotransmitter release.

    • Preventing the action potential from reaching the output region of the lower motor neuron.

    • Preventing the initiation of action potentials in the lower motor neuron.

    • C and d are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. Preventing neurotransmitter release.
    Explanation
    Voltage gated Ca2+ channels are located on the presynaptic cell body. When the influx in Na+ causes an increase in positive charge, the V-gated Ca2+ channels open, releasing neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters then trigger the Ligand gated Ionotropic channel to open and admit Sodium into the postsynaptic cell (input region)

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  • 39. 

    At chemical synapses, ____ primarily dictates the postsynaptic response.

    • A. the type of neuron that releases the neurotransmitter

    • B. the ability of the neurotransmitter to move through the ligand-gated channel

    • C. the receptor that binds the neurotransmitter

    • D. the neurotransmitter that binds to the receptor

    • Both a and d are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. C. the receptor that binds the neurotransmitter
    Explanation
    The correct answer is c. the receptor that binds the neurotransmitter. The postsynaptic response at chemical synapses is primarily dictated by the receptor that binds the neurotransmitter. When a neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron, it binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. The binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor triggers a series of events that lead to the generation of an electrical signal in the postsynaptic neuron, thus determining the postsynaptic response. The type of neuron that releases the neurotransmitter and the neurotransmitter itself are also important factors, but the receptor plays a crucial role in determining the postsynaptic response.

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  • 40. 

    Integration at synapses occurs when:

    • EPSPs summate with EPSPs

    • IPSPs summate with IPSPs

    • EPSPs summate with IPSPs

    • Action potentials summate

    • All except "action potentials summate" are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. All except "action potentials summate" are correct
    Explanation
    Integration at synapses occurs when EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) summate with EPSPs and IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) summate with IPSPs. This means that the excitatory and inhibitory signals received by a neuron are added together to determine whether the neuron will fire an action potential. However, action potentials themselves do not summate. They are all-or-nothing events that are generated once a certain threshold is reached. Therefore, the correct answer is that all except "action potentials summate" are correct.

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  • 41. 

    In the anterior pituitary, hormones are translated (in) on:

    • The nucleus

    • The Golgi apparatus

    • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

    • Rough endoplasmic reticulum

    • Free ribosomes

    Correct Answer
    A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
    Explanation
    In the anterior pituitary, hormones are translated on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis and has ribosomes attached to its surface. These ribosomes translate the genetic information from mRNA into proteins, including hormones. Therefore, the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site where hormones are synthesized in the anterior pituitary.

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  • 42. 

    During the synthesis of kinesin, _____ catalyzes the formation of _____.

    • Messenger RNA, peptide bonds

    • Transfer RNA, ionic bonds

    • Ribosomal RNA, peptide bonds

    • Transfer RNA, peptide bonds

    • Ribosomal RNA, hydrogen bonds

    Correct Answer
    A. Ribosomal RNA, peptide bonds
    Explanation
    During the synthesis of kinesin, ribosomal RNA catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds. Ribosomal RNA is a component of the ribosome, which is the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. It acts as a catalyst, bringing together the amino acids carried by transfer RNA molecules and facilitating the formation of peptide bonds between them. This process ultimately leads to the synthesis of kinesin, a motor protein involved in cellular transport.

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  • 43. 

    Motor activity is planned in the premotor cortex, which is found in the:

    • Cerebellum

    • Temporal lobe

    • Parietal lobe

    • Frontal lobe

    • Occipital lobe

    Correct Answer
    A. Frontal lobe
    Explanation
    The premotor cortex, responsible for planning motor activity, is located in the frontal lobe of the brain. This area is involved in the coordination and execution of voluntary movements. It receives input from other areas of the brain and integrates sensory information to plan and initiate motor actions. The frontal lobe is also involved in higher cognitive functions such as decision making, problem solving, and social behavior.

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  • 44. 

    Movement of bone by skeletal muscle requires mechanical connections between the contracting muscle fibrils and the bone. Of these mechanical connections, which of the following is (are) intracellular structures?

    • Epimysium

    • Endomysim

    • Perimysium

    • Alpha-actinin forming z-lines

    • All of the above are intracellular structures

    Correct Answer
    A. Alpha-actinin forming z-lines
    Explanation
    epimysium, endomysim and perimysium are all part of the extracellular protein matrix of muscle fibers

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  • 45. 

    RNA polymerase functions as part of _____ to produce ______.

    • Translation, protein

    • Replication, DNA

    • Transcription, RNA

    • Translation, RNA

    • Transcription, protein

    Correct Answer
    A. Transcription, RNA
    Explanation
    RNA is not produced from translation
    Transcription does not produce protein, but produces RNA
    Translation produced Amino Acid chains first

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  • 46. 

    Elastin, which is found in connective tissue is an example of:

    • Cytoplasmic proteins

    • Transmembrane proteins

    • Lysosomal proteins

    • Secreted proteins

    • All of the above are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. Secreted proteins
    Explanation
    Elastin is not a secreted protein, so you know it cannot be all of the above.

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  • 47. 

    Destruction of the thalamic relay nucleus on the right side of the brain would block the arrival of:

    • All modalities of somatosensory information from the left side of the body

    • Pain, temperature and crude touch from the left side of the body

    • Fine touch and proprioception from the left side of the body

    • Pain, temperature, and crude touch from the right side of the body

    • Fine touch and proprioception from the right side of the body

    Correct Answer
    A. All modalities of somatosensory information from the left side of the body
    Explanation
    The thalamic relay nucleus is where ALL second order neurons synapse

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  • 48. 

    The insulin receptor is a type of cell surface receptor that is activated by phosphorylation after ligand binding. Specifically, the amino acid that is activated by a ______ is _______.

    • Kinase; tyrosine

    • Phosphatase; tyrosine

    • Kinase; insulin

    • Phosphatase; insulin

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Kinase; tyrosine
    Explanation
    Kinase adds PO4 which activates an amino acid
    Phosphatase removes PO4 which inactivates the amino acid
    Insulin is not an amino acid

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  • 49. 

    An experiment is performed in which the sequence of bases coding fot the signal peptide is deleted from an mRNA molecule. When this mRNA is expressed, the resulting protein would be expected to be found in the:

    • Lysosomes

    • Golgi apparatus

    • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • Cytoplasm

    • All except (cytoplasm) are true

    Correct Answer
    A. Cytoplasm
    Explanation
    The signal peptide is responsible for targeting the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during protein synthesis. Without the signal peptide, the protein would not be able to enter the ER and therefore would not be processed in the Golgi apparatus or targeted to the lysosomes. Instead, it would remain in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the correct answer is cytoplasm.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 18, 2023 +

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  • Mar 18, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Dec 14, 2010
    Quiz Created by
    Elsagehorn
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