Block 7 Pace Quiz 2 Part 1

Human chorionic gonadotropin interacts with the LHCG receptor and promotes the maintenance of the corpus luteum during the beginning of pregnancy, causing it to secrete the hormone progesterone. Progesterone enriches the uterus with a thick lining of blood vessels and capillaries so that it can sustain the growing fetus. Due to its highly-negative charge, hCG may repel the immune cells of the mother, protecting the fetus during the first trimester. It has also been hypothesized that hCG may be a placental link for the development of local maternal immunotolerance. For example, hCG-treated endometrial cells induce an increase in T cell apoptosis (dissolution of T cells). These results suggest that hCG may be a link in the development of peritrophoblastic immune tolerance, and may facilitate the trophoblast invasion, which is known to expedite fetal development in the endometrium. It has also been suggested that hCG levels are linked to the severity of morning sickness in pregnant women.
Because of its similarity to LH, hCG can also be used clinically to induce ovulation in the ovaries as well as testosterone production in the testes. As the most abundant biological source is women who are presently pregnant, some organizations collect urine from pregnant women to extract hCG for use in fertility treatment.[10]
Human chorionic gonadotropin also plays a role in cellular differentiation/proliferation and may activate apoptosis
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced during pregnancy that is made by the developing embryo after conception, and later by the placental component syncytiotrophoblast. Some cancerous tumors produce this hormone; therefore, elevated levels measured when the patient is not pregnant can lead to a cancer diagnosis. However, it is not known whether this production is a contributing cause or an effect of tumorigenesis. The pituitary analog of hCG, known as luteinizing hormone (LH), is produced in the pituitary gland of males and females of all ages.

Based on the given information, it is not clear what the drawing represents or how it relates to the immune system. Therefore, an explanation cannot be provided.

The correct answer is NONE OF THE ABOVE because a keloid is formed due to an overgrowth of scar tissue. None of the cell types shown in the drawing are directly responsible for the formation of keloids.

To assure the rapid loss of c-Fos and c-Myc after their induction in normal cells, both proteins and their corresponding mRNAs are intrinsically unstable. Some of the changes that turn c-fos from a normal gene to an oncogene involve loss of sequences in the gene that make the Fos mRNA and protein short-lived. Conversion of the c-myc proto-oncogene into an oncogene can occur by several different mechanisms. In cells of the human tumor known as Burkitt’s lymphoma, the c-myc gene is translocated to a site near the heavy-chain antibody genes. An analogous transloca- tion in the mouse genome is also involved in mouse myelomas. In both cases, the tumor cells arise from antibody-producing cells, which carry out DNA rearrangements during their maturation. The c-myc translocation is a rare aberration of the normal rearrangement events, bringing it from its normal, distant chromosomal location into juxtaposition with the enhancer of the antibody genes. The translocated myc gene, now regulated by the antibody enhancer, is continually expressed, causing the cell to become cancerous. Localized reduplication of a segment of DNA containing the myc gene, which occurs in several human tumors, also causes inappropriately high expression of the otherwise normal Myc protein.

Prior risk to II-2 is 1/2. BUT two healthy boys decreases her risk. the chance of having 2 healthy is.
1/2 x 1/2 or 1/4. then multiply 1/4 by prior risk (1/2) this gives 1/8.
on the other colum you get 4/8 therefore II-2 risk is (1/1+4) or 1/5 and child has 1/2 chance =1/10

Hair follicles are composed of multiple layers, including the outermost layer called the epidermal keratinocytes. These keratinocytes are responsible for producing the hair shaft. Therefore, the statement "They contain epidermal keratinocytes" is characteristic of hair follicles.

During the one-minute interval when the woman stops at the 6 kilometer turnaround point, her body will dissipate the most heat through evaporation. Evaporation is the process by which sweat on the skin's surface turns into water vapor, taking away heat from the body in the process. Since the conditions are mild with low humidity, the sweat will evaporate quickly, allowing for efficient heat loss. Radiation, conduction, and convection are less effective in dissipating heat in this scenario. Countercurrent is not a heat loss mechanism.

Glucose provides cells with a source of Ac-CoA for fatty acid synthesis (blue arrows).    Fatty acid synthesis is enhanced in tumors due to oncogene-driven expression of the lipogenic enzymes ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS).

However, continuous citrate export introduces a deficit to the TCA cycle, and this must be replaced by an anaplerotic flux in order for fatty acid synthesis and cell growth to continue.

Metabolism of glutamine (red arrows) provides a mitochondrial oxaloacetate pool for continued citrate synthesis. After citrate cleavage by ACL in the cytoplasm, the resulting oxaloacetate can be converted to malate and ultimately lactate by the low NAD+/NADH ratio created by rapid glycolysis.

Glutamine may also be converted to lactate if mitochondrial malate is exported to the cytoplasm and decarboxylated by malic enzyme (ME). This pathway appears to be a major source of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis and other activities in tumor cells.

(slide 36 Cancer-Sands)

notice when mom has disease the children dont but when dad has it the kids do too.

The most likely diagnosis for the 4-week old male with severe jaundice, high indirect bilirubin, low fecal urobilinogen, and slight hepatomegaly is Uridyl glucuronyl transferase deficiency. This condition, also known as Gilbert syndrome, is a genetic disorder that affects the liver's ability to process bilirubin, leading to an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and causing jaundice. It is more common in individuals of Jewish descent and typically presents in infancy or early childhood. The other options, such as neonatal jaundice, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor syndrome, and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, do not fit the given clinical presentation and laboratory findings.

Merocrine secretion is the correct answer because milk protein is produced and secreted by the mammary glands through the process of merocrine secretion. In this mechanism, the protein is synthesized and packaged into vesicles within the Golgi apparatus. These vesicles then fuse with the cell membrane, releasing the protein into the extracellular space without any damage to the cell. This allows for continuous production and secretion of milk protein without harming the mammary gland cells.

The correct answer is Purine nucleoside phosphorylase. This is because the patient's lack of peripheral lymphoid tissue, along with the symptoms of recurrent infections, failure to thrive, developmental delay, and tremors, are indicative of a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disorder. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency is a type of SCID that is characterized by lymphopenia (low lymphocyte count) and normal B-cell count and immunoglobulin levels. This deficiency leads to impaired T-cell function and can result in a variety of clinical manifestations, including recurrent infections and developmental delays.

During pregnancy, it is common for blood pressure to decrease due to hormonal changes and increased blood volume. This is known as physiological hypotension. Since MM has maintained a healthy lifestyle and exercise regimen, it is expected that her blood pressure would be slightly decreased (low normal range) compared to her pre-pregnant state.

Sulphonamides are specific for bacterial folate synthesis. Folate is a vitamin that is essential for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Bacteria have a different pathway for folate synthesis compared to human cells. Sulphonamides inhibit the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, which is involved in the bacterial folate synthesis pathway. This inhibition disrupts the production of folate in bacteria, leading to their death. Since human cells do not have the same folate synthesis pathway, they are not affected by sulphonamides. Therefore, a child with a penicillin allergy can safely be given a sulphonamide for the treatment of otitis media.

The axillary tail of Spence is an extension of breast tissue that extends into the axilla (armpit). When a tumor is located in this area, the cancer cells are most likely to spread to the lymph nodes in the axilla, which are the lateral axillary lymph nodes. The other options, such as the deep cervical lymph nodes, parasternal lymph nodes, contra lateral breast lymph nodes, and anterior lymph nodes, are not the most likely locations for metastasis in this case.

Dermal dendritic cells are the most likely immune cell type in the skin to be the dominant antigen processing and presenting cell. These cells are specialized in capturing antigens, processing them, and presenting them to other immune cells, such as T cells. They are strategically located in the dermis, where they can efficiently encounter and interact with antigens. Langerhans cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells also play important roles in immune responses in the skin, but dermal dendritic cells are considered to be the main antigen-presenting cells in this context. Macrophages and epidermal cells are not as specialized in antigen processing and presentation as dendritic cells.